Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Alternative forms of the parametric Go/No-Go task: development and comparison.","authors":"Roxane L Bartoletti, Ambre Denis-Noël, Scott A Langenecker, Dirk Steiner, Xavier Corveleyn","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2707993","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2707993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Parametric Go/No-Go (PGNG) task assesses cognitive domains, including executive functioning and processing speed, within three difficulty levels. The PGNG task was originally developed for clinical and research assessments, in only one version (using target consonants, XYZ). The study aims to develop six alternative tri-consonant forms of the preexistent form and to test their equality. We hypothesized performance differences between each difficulty level of a given PGNG version, and that, in contrast, all the tri-consonant alternate versions would be equivalent in performance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 349 participants were recruited online to complete one of seven task versions - each a unique tri-consonant variation with three difficulty levels. The dependent variables measured were Percentage of Correct Target (PCT), Percentage of Correct Inhibition (PCI), Efficiency, Response Time (RT), and Response Time Coefficient of Variation (RTCoV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For each version, we found level 1 to be the most challenging compared to level 2, and level 3 to be the most challenging, with the lowest accuracy and the longest response time. No differences were found in RTCoV measure across any of the tri-consonant versions. However, differences between tri-consonant versions were observed depending on the specific performance measures and levels of the PGNG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As expected, there were differences between difficulty levels on all measures and versions, with performances being globally different in levels 1, 2, and 3. The overall results showed that all the tri-consonant versions were similar on temporal measures (RT and RTCoV). Four tri-consonant versions (XYZ, BCM, NPV, and RST) were similar in terms of performance on all five performance measures. The observed differences are discussed through Baddeley's model of working memory and the implication of multisensory information.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"857-870"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood-based biomarkers and the current landscape of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: ethical considerations and practical guidance.","authors":"Savana M Naini, William G Mantyh, Eric J Waldron, David J Satin, Michael R Basso, McKenna Garland, Stephanie McManimen, Douglas M Whiteside","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2681010","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2681010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease (AD), most notably the introduction of blood-based biomarkers (BBMs), have prompted a revision in diagnostic criteria for AD. In comparison to other established neurodiagnostic testing (i.e. amyloid positron emission tomography [PET] and cerebral spinal fluid [CSF] assays), AD BBMs offer a scalable, low-cost, and accessible method to aid in the diagnosis of AD which, in turn, may offer more expedient intervention. Despite this headway in AD diagnosis, several concerns about the clinical implementation of BBMs remain--and specifically, who should be receiving them. Palmqvist et al. (2025) recently published clinical practice guidelines to clarify the use of BBMs in specialty care settings; however, there remains variability in the administration and interpretation of test results to patients. As BBMs expand, it is critical that clinicans do not overlook the consideration of alternative causes of cognitive decline, which can lead to misdiagnosis of AD. This article expands on current clinical guidelines for biomarker testing, discussing ethical and practical considerations of AD BBMs, and offering a shared decision-making (SDM) framework to encourage patient-centered care when considering appropriateness of BBMs in specialty care settings. The framework includes 1) patient education, 2) clarifying patient values, and 3) offering clinical guidance. Future directions of AD BBMs and health disparities are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"769-781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Phosphorylated Tau217-A Pivotal Plasma Biomarker for Predicting the Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease: A Reanalysis of ADNI Data.","authors":"Qingjie Lian, Qingyuan Sun, Xiaodong Han, Huixuan Ma, Jinxuan Guo, Boye Wen, Pin Wang, Ruina Li, Aidi Shan, Tong Cui, Jin Gong, Wenxian Sun, Cuibai Wei","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2671206","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2671206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It remains uncertain whether plasma biomarkers can demonstrate reliable and robust prognostic performance in predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia comparable to that of amyloid positron emission tomography (Aβ-PET) across different follow-up durations, and whether multi-plasma biomarker panels offer clinically meaningful incremental value over a core plasma biomarker. We aimed to identify the optimal plasma biomarker for differentiating MCI subjects who progressed to dementia (MCI-Converter) from those who did not (MCI-Nonconverter), and compare its discriminative performance with that of Aβ-PET and multi-plasma biomarker panels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on follow-up diagnostic information, we included 47 MCI-Converters and 66 MCI-Nonconverters from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, five-fold cross-validated logistic regression models, Cox proportional hazards models, Spearman correlations, and linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were applied to evaluate inter-group differences, discriminative performance, conversion risk, and correlations between plasma biomarkers and Aβ-PET measures, as well as longitudinal cognitive decline. Risk stratification analyses were further conducted using LMM by categorizing participants into low-, moderate-, and high-risk strata according to plasma phosphorylated tau 217 (p-tau217) two-cutpoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>P-tau217 demonstrated the most significant inter-group differences, the highest hazard ratio, and best distinguished MCI-Converters from MCI-Nonconverters, with its discriminative performance comparable to that of Aβ-PET measures and multi-plasma biomarker models. P-tau217 exhibited the strongest associations with global and domain-specific cognitive declines, as well as Aβ-PET. High-risk participants exhibited the fastest cognitive decline rate, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% for Aβ-PET amyloid status and a PPV of 82.2% for MCI-Converters. Low-risk participants showed a negative predictive value (NPV) of 78.3% for Aβ-PET amyloid status and an NPV of 84.9% for MCI-Nonconverters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>P-tau217 is the optimal and robust biomarker for predicting the conversion from MCI to AD dementia, thereby streamlining and promoting plasma biomarker - based prediction of MCI-to-dementia conversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"782-798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147874437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can lexical properties of words produced on a semantic fluency task distinguish older adults with cognitive decline from older adults with stable cognitive scores?","authors":"Adrienne Jankowski, Matthew J Holcomb, Julie A Suhr","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2725549","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2725549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Deficits in semantic fluency are commonly observed across many types of dementia. However, deficits in semantic fluency are not always representative of a decline in language skills. Prior studies have suggested that the examination of the lexical properties of words produced on semantic fluency tasks may reveal disruptions in discrete cognitive processes that could assist in the detection of specific types of dementia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The mean word frequency, age of acquisition, and phonological neighborhood size of items generated on a semantic fluency task (fruits and vegetables) were compared between a sample of individuals with mild cognitive impairment or dementia (cognitively impaired, <i>N</i> = 65) and a sample of healthy older adults with normal cognition who were cognitively stable over an average of 5 years following initial assessment (cognitively stable, <i>N</i> = 72). Relations of these variables to scores on tests of language, executive functioning, and processing speed were also explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After controlling for age and education, the cognitively impaired group produced words of higher mean word frequency and lower mean age of acquisition than the cognitively stable group. Mean phonological neighborhood displayed the opposite pattern to expectations, with the cognitively stable group generating words with more phonological neighbors. Relations of evaluated word properties to tests of varied cognitive domains were explored in the overall sample, with mixed results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Word properties of items generated on a semantic fluency task differed between cognitively impaired and cognitively stable groups. Future studies should investigate word properties of semantic fluency responses in the context of severity of cognitive impairment, thoroughly examine susceptibility to sociocultural factors, evaluate if findings are consistent across semantic fluency tasks, and explore ability to offer incremental validity for differential diagnosis and early detection over total scores alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"809-821"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148850621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement bias for age, sex, and years of education in selected RDoC tasks.","authors":"Emily T Sturm, Anastasia G Sares, Raana M Manavi, Maiele E Minzie, Jazmin M Diaz, Andrea Mendez-Colmenares, John R Duffy, Jason R Tregellas, Don C Rojas, Jared W Young, Michael L Thomas","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2632223","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2632223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Measurement bias - systematic errors that lead to inaccuracies in assessing latent constructs - threatens to invalidate analysis and interpretation of ourcome scores collected in the context of clinical trials, longtiudinal research, and other types of neurocognitive studies; however, there has been little effort to examine this issue in tasks recommended by the National Institute of Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) for neuropsychological research.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We aimed to evaluate measurement bias for sex, age, years of education, educational discouragement, underrepresented racial/ethnic identity, and household income in seven RDoC-recommended tasks. We recruited a sample of 320 individuals balanced for race, age, sex, and income. All participants completed a demographic survey and battery of neurocognitive tasks. We used Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models to assess bias related to these factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence of negative bias associated with older age was found for the Continuous Performance Task (CPT), and evidence of positive bias with older age was found for the Flanker task. Evidence of positive bias associated with sex, favoring women, was found for the Self-Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT). Additionally, evidence of negative bias associated with years of education was found for the CPT. No evidence of bias was found for the Sternberg task, Probabilistic Learning Task, or Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). Overall, we did not find evidence of bias related to income, race, or educational discouragement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Certain tasks in this battery may be biased due to age, sex, and education, suggesting that researchers should be cautious when using these particular tasks as part of a battery in neuropsychological research with diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"822-837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13160564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2683930","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2683930","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148143544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitators and barriers to adopting technology in neuropsychology: the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) disruptive technology initiative survey.","authors":"Brittany Wolff, Laura M Campbell, Travis Marchman, Amanda D Ball, Sophie I Leib, Robert M Bilder, Jared F Benge","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2703680","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2703680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to characterize contemporary technology use in U.S. clinical neuropsychology and identify perceived barriers, facilitators, benefits, competencies, and training needs associated with technology adoption.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The AACN Disruptive Technology Initiative developed the Facilitators and Barriers to Adopting Technology in Neuropsychology survey, which was administered from October 2024 through February 2025 to licensed practitioners and trainees through professional organizations and social media. The Qualtrics survey included multiple-choice and open-ended items assessing practice characteristics, technology use, perceived productivity effects, and training experiences. After data cleaning, 302 valid responses were retained for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize quantitative data, and natural language processing-based topic modeling was applied to open-ended responses to identify thematic categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents most commonly reported routine use of computerized assessment platforms and automated scoring systems, whereas home-based, mobile, and ecologically embedded approaches were used less frequently. Commonly endorsed barriers included limited patient access to devices or reliable internet, insufficient validation of available tools, privacy and security concerns, institutional resistance, and financial disincentives related to billing and RVU structures. Reported benefits included greater scoring efficiency, streamlined workflow, faster report turnaround, and expanded access for geographically remote or mobility-limited patients. Although respondents generally endorsed moderate-to-high technological literacy, most reported minimal formal training and substantial reliance on self-directed learning. Younger clinicians also reported greater technological literacy and higher rates of technology uptake.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>U.S. clinical neuropsychology is in a transitional phase in which technology is increasingly integrated into practice but remains unevenly adopted across settings and modalities. These findings underscore the need for competency-based training across career stages, stronger validation and implementation infrastructure, and reimbursement models that support secure, ethical, and sustainable technology integration in neuropsychological practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"871-887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148497223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition, motor dexterity, and non-verbal memory in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the impact of anxiety and depression.","authors":"Houda Soubata, Emmanuelle Mazur-Lainé, Julie B Leclerc, Bruno Gauthier, Pierre J Blanchet, Kieron P O'Connor, Marc E Lavoie","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2681009","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2681009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Adults with Tourette syndrome (TS) are more prone to depression and comorbid anxiety disorders than neurotypical individuals. Conflicting findings regarding their cognitive performance may stem from various factors, including comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our primary goal is to assess patients' inhibition to interference, motor dexterity, nonverbal memory, and visuospatial functions, and to examine the impact of concomitant anxious-depressive symptoms that often accompany TS. It is hypothesized that individuals with TS who also have anxiety and depression symptoms will demonstrate significantly altered inhibition, motor dexterity, and visuospatial skills compared to both the neurotypical and non-comorbid clinical groups. We also propose identifying neuropsychological variables that best discriminate between comorbid and non-comorbid groups, as well as between these groups and neurotypical controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compared the neuropsychological profile of 128 participants divided into three groups: a TS+ clinical group with anxiety and depression comorbidities (<i>n</i> = 21), a TS- clinical group without significant comorbidity (<i>n</i> = 37), and a neurotypical control group (<i>n</i> = 70). Neuropsychological assessments included the Stroop Color-Word Test (inhibition), the Purdue pegboard (motor dexterity), and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figures (visuospatial functions and nonverbal memory).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant group differences emerged in interference inhibition. Both TS- and TS+ participants outperformed controls in fine motor dexterity tasks. However, only the TS+ group showed impairments in visuospatial functions and nonverbal memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that anxiety and depressive comorbidity in individuals with TS may specifically alter nonverbal memory and visuospatial functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"838-856"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent variables in cognitive decline: introducing a behavioral-relational factor.","authors":"Lauren Chrzanowski, L Blake Peeples, Benjamin T Mast","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2703678","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2703678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Latent variable analyses have been used to model the cognitive and functional (cf) decline associated with cognitive changes. The present study replicated and expanded upon this latent variable approach to include a second factor reflecting caregiver burden and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (br).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used ADNI data from 422 consented Wave 4 participants who had completed a MoCA, Functional Activity Questionnaire, Logical Memory II (delayed memory task), Trails Making Test - Part B, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Geriatric Depression Scale. Of the participants included in the analysis, 239 were considered cognitively normal, 110 had a diagnosis of MCI and 27 had a diagnosis of dementia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model (CFI = .964; RMSEA = .091). All cognitive and functional measures loaded significantly on the cf factor (range: <i>r</i> = -.707 to .747; <i>p</i>s < .0001). All behavioral-relational measures loaded significantly on the br factor (range: <i>r</i> = .237 to .760; <i>p</i>s < .0001). Additionally, both latent variables were significantly associated with diagnosis type, such that cf declined and br increased with diagnosis severity.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This current study findings emphasize the importance of assessing cognitive performance from a whole-person perspective. Future research should focus on using these factors to predict dementia-related outcomes (e.g. nursing home placement, progression of decline).</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"799-808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergent validity of measures of daily functioning in older adults.","authors":"Mika Veres, Lakshmi Kannan, Zia Kennedy, Audrey Gobeo, Takehiko Yamaguchi, Tania Giovannetti, Maureen Schmitter-Edgecombe, Kevin Duff","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2740482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2740482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although information on daily functioning is needed for accurate diagnoses of neurocognitive disorders, little has been published on the psychometric properties of measures of daily functioning. Convergent validity is one such psychometric property that examines the relationship between scales that purport to assess the same construct. Whereas the convergent validity of measures of daily functioning has typically been examined relative to cognitive tests, the current objective was to analyze the relationships between different measures of daily functioning in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred thirty-seven older adults (age: <i>M</i> = 74.8, SD = 5.6; education: <i>M</i> = 16.9, SD = 2.4) completed a battery of functional assessments, including two subjective scales (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Studies - Activities of Daily Living for Mild Cognitive Impairment 23-item version and Quick Dementia Rating System) and three performance-based measures (Independent Living Scales, Night-Out Task, and Virtual Kitchen Challenge). Scales were initially compared with Spearman's correlations and then factor analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Small to medium but statistically significant correlations (<i>p < 0.01</i>) were found among the scores of all functional measures, with better functioning on one scale being seen on other scales (r_s = 0.21 to 0.61). Three factors were identified, and scores loaded together based on type of scoring (i.e. correct/incorrect vs. timed) and by assessment method (i.e. subjective vs. performance-based).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite differences between these measures that assess daily functioning, their associations suggest that they tap a similar construct. Factor loadings were based on type of scoring within the performance-based measures (i.e. correct/incorrect vs. timed) and type of assessment method (i.e. subjective or performance-based). While further exploration is needed in larger, more diverse samples and using additional functional scales, these findings have implications for both clinical practice and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}