Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Diagnosing specific learning disorder in adults Part II: bias, base rates, and a path forward.","authors":"Allyson G Harrison, Richard Sparks","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2654023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2654023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The diagnosis of specific learning disorders (SLDs) in adults has increased substantially over the past two decades, particularly within selective postsecondary and professional training settings. Part II of this paper examines why adult SLD diagnosis is especially vulnerable to error and bias, despite diagnostic criteria requiring substantial, developmentally grounded academic impairment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We synthesize empirical research from neuropsychology, education, and psychometrics to identify systematic sources of diagnostic distortion in adult SLD assessment. Particular emphasis is placed on statistical artifacts (e.g. restriction of range), base-rate neglect, contextual performance effects, performance validity, reliance on self-report, and the misapplication of sociostructural frameworks to clinical decision-making.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>To combat overdiagnosis and ground diagnosis in empirically-supported practices, we propose a four-step diagnostic framework for first time diagnosis of SLD in adults: 1) Documented academic achievement below at least the 16^th percentile relative to the general population norms; 2) Clear evidence of onset in early school years, including impairment when scaffolding and supports are removed; 3) Evidence that academic difficulties persisted despite adequate educational opportunity and, when available, targeted intervention; and 4) Exclusion of contextual, motivational, neurological/medical, language, or instructional explanations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accurate diagnosis of SLD in adulthood requires population-referenced criteria, corroborated evidence of childhood onset, objective demonstration of current academic impairment, systematic exclusion of alternative explanations, and assessment of performance credibility. Adoption of a structured, evidence-based diagnostic framework is essential to preserving the scientific validity, ethical application, and equitable use of SLD diagnoses in adult educational and professional settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint factor structure of self-reported cognitive and affective problems in a help-seeking population.","authors":"Johanna K Stenberg, Suoma E Saarni, Johanna Nukari, Jan-Henry Stenberg, Tom H Rosenström","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2651921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2026.2651921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Self-reported cognitive and affective complaints are crucial in diagnosing neuropsychiatric conditions like adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While common, these complaints often reflect factors beyond measurable cognitive deficits, highlighting the need for validated assessment tools. This study uses a transdiagnostic approach to (1) explore factor models underlying self-reported cognitive and affective problems and (2) examine how these complaints relate to objective neuropsychological performance, aiming to improve clinical assessment and understanding.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were collected from 808 adolescents and adults seeking support for self-perceived learning and co-occurring mental health challenges from the Finnish Rehabilitation Foundation between 2014 and 2021. Self-reported cognitive and affective (depression and anxiety) complaints were assessed with the Questionnaire of Learning and Mental Health Problems (KOMO), and neuropsychological test data were additionally obtained from a subgroup of 70 participants. The structure of cognitive and affective complaints and their correlations with neuropsychological test performance were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model best explaining the data included a general factor for affective complaints but correlated factors for cognitive complaints. In that model, transdiagnostic affective symptoms correlated more strongly with cognitive complaints (<i>r</i> = .36‒.72) than specific depressive symptoms (<i>r</i> = .05‒.10). Mathematics and visuospatial-visuomotor complaints showed the strongest negative associations with neuropsychological test performance, while attention-executive function complaints had unexpected positive associations with performance in several cognitive domains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study replicates the transdiagnostic structure of affective problems and suggests that cognitive complaints do not fit a comparable general factor structure. Findings highlight the complexity of self-reported cognitive issues - particularly those related to attention and executive function - and underscore the need for comprehensive assessments that go beyond self-report measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention and physiological responses to task-irrelevant sounds in misophonia.","authors":"Louisa J Rinaldi, Romarua Agbude, Nora Andermane, Dominique Makowski, Sophie Forster, Julia Simner, Jamie Ward","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2633236","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2633236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Misophonia is a disorder in which certain sounds (known as triggers) cause a negative and often overwhelming emotional response. Common triggers include human-produced and repetative sounds such as chewing and tapping. The extent to which this response is modulated by task focus - such as whether a sound is attended or not - is largely unknown. Similarly, the extent to which these responses are specific to triggers or found, to some degree, for a wider range of stimuli is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, two groups (misophonics, controls) engage in a visuo-motor task during the presence of irrelevant sounds (misophonic triggers, unpleasant sounds, neutral sounds) whilst the effects of distraction (poorer performance in the visuo-motor task) and psychophysiological responsiveness (heart and skin conductance) are measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that misophonic triggers elicit more distraction than other sounds (for people with misophonia), but this is set against a backdrop of an overall tendency for people with misophonia to be more distracted by all sounds. We found no differences in skin conductance, but significant group differences in heart rate and heart rate variability across both sounds and silence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that misophonia is linked to trait-like differences in attentional style and emotional regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"266-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between intraindividual cognitive variability, self-reported cognitive dysfunction, and functional difficulties in persons with multiple sclerosis: a preliminary investigation.","authors":"Kaitlin E Riegler, Lindsay O Neto, Aaron P Turner, Sarah A Raskin, Elizabeth S Gromisch","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2639497","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2639497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intraindividual cognitive variability (IIV) may be associated with subtle cognitive difficulties and potentially be an early indicator of decline. This study aimed to examine the relationships between IIV, self-reported cognitive difficulties, and functional difficulties in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three measures of IIV, intraindividual standard deviation (ISD), maximum discrepancy score (MDS), and coefficient of variance (CoV), and 1 mean composite were created from 11 neuropsychological indices. Participants (<i>n</i> = 35) completed the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), Test of Everyday Cognitive Abilities (TECA), and a questionnaire about whether they experienced memory-related problems in eight functional areas. Partial Spearman correlations examined the associations between cognitive performance, PDQ, TECA, and number of self-reported functional memory problems, controlling for premorbid functioning (Test of Premorbid Functioning; TOPF) or a composite of fatigue, depression, and anxiety symptom ratings (SymptoMScreen) in separate matrices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In both matrices, the number of self-reported functional memory problems was correlated with the PDQ (ρ = .39-.47) and ISD (ρ = -.38), as well as CoV in the SymptoMScreen matrix (ρ = -.31). PDQ was correlated with both MDS (ρ = -.33) and ISD (ρ = -.33) only when controlling for SymptoMScreen. In both matrices, TECA was correlated with CoV (ρ = .46-.50) and mean performance (ρ = -.66 to -.68), as well as ISD when controlling for TOPF (ρ = .31).</p><p><strong>Conclusion(s): </strong>The number of self-reported functional memory problems was associated with worse ratings of perceived cognition (i.e. PDQ). Increased dispersion on different metrics, but not mean performance, was associated with fewer reported functional memory problems and self-reported cognitive dysfunction, when controlling for premorbid functioning or symptoms. Both IIV metrics and mean performance were related to greater difficulty completing timed everyday activities. Results suggest a disconnect between pwMS's perceptions of their functional difficulties with an objective measurement of their abilities. Further evaluation into IIV is needed to help guide earlier identification and intervention of cognitive problems in pwMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"252-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive assessment in the context of hyperbaric oxygen: a scoping review.","authors":"Michala Torp, Camilla Strøm, Bjørn Arenkiel, Kamilla Miskowiak, Anne Norup, Shai Efrati, Ole Hyldegaard","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2579873","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2579873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO₂) treatment is used to treat a variety of conditions, but its effects on cognitive functioning are inconsistently assessed. This scoping review identifies the current literature on cognitive testing in relation to HBO₂ treatment.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to 1) identify which cognitive domains have been investigated in relation to HBO₂; 2) identify the neurocognitive tests used; and 3) propose a standardized cognitive assessment program applicable to future HBO₂ clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of four databases was conducted up to March 2025 for clinical studies involving adult patients treated with HBO₂, with neurocognitive testing as one of the outcomes. Cognitive domains were categorized using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, and test sensitivity was evaluated in randomized controlled trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 3,238 records, 98 studies published between 1963 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal considerable variation in the cognitive domains investigated and in the assessment methods employed, reflecting the diversity of disorders treated and a lack of consensus in the field of HBO₂ treatment. To improve consistency and comparability across future HBO₂ research, we propose a standardized, computerized cognitive test battery assessing psychomotor speed, attention, memory, and executive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"304-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145540940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agreement between cognitive screening tools: a comparison of MoCA, ACE-III, M-ACE, and MoCA-MIS.","authors":"Monika McAtarsney-Kovacs, Raju Sapkota, Shahina Pardhan, Ian van der Linde","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2596181","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2596181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Early detection of cognitive decline is critical, yet commonly used screening tools may yield divergent results. This study examined the alignment of four widely used instruments in a community-dwelling cohort.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Seventy-nine participants (M_age = 71.20, SD = 6.29; 39 male, 40 female) were recruited from the general community and assessed under standardized laboratory conditions. Participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III), from which scores for the MoCA Memory Index Score (MoCA-MIS) and the Mini-Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) were also calculated. Test agreement was examined using observed agreement and Cohen's kappa, and score relationships were evaluated using Pearson correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All but one test pair (M-ACE vs MoCA-MIS) showed strong score correlations. However, agreement between MoCA and ACE-III for classifying participants as below threshold was only <i>fair</i>. MoCA identified twice as many participants as impaired compared with ACE-III, raising the possibility of either greater sensitivity or higher false-positive classification. Overall, 41% of participants (<i>n</i> = 32) scored below threshold on at least one measure, but only 6% (<i>n</i> = 5) were below threshold across all four. Of four participants with a prior mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis, only one, who had more pronounced deficits, scored below threshold in all tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite strong inter-test correlations, substantial divergence in classification outcome was observed, particularly between MoCA and ACE-III. Reliance on a single screening instrument risks misclassification, with implications for both over- and under-diagnosis. Greater harmonization between screening tools is needed to improve diagnostic consistency. Clinical practice should therefore combine multiple-instrument approaches, potentially including premorbid function, and interpret screening test scores cautiously. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment may provide a more complete picture, particularly in cases where diagnostic confidence is low, although this is not routine practice in all services.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"237-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145888976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The iTrail making test (iTMT): an evaluation of novel testing paradigms, hidden indices of measurement, and diagnostic accuracy in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Donnchadh Murphy, Jonathan Scott, Craig Newman, Rupert Noad","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2617339","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2617339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Trail Making Test (TMT) is an important test when assessing for cognitive difficulties in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, the pencil-and-paper format can be susceptible to administration and scoring errors and may disproportionately reflect motor impairments rather than cognitive performance. The current study sought to evaluate the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of two novel computerized versions of the TMT: iTMT-Tap and iTMT-Drag.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study used a quasi-experimental diagnostic accuracy design, and included 34 healthy controls, 28 people with Parkinson's disease with normal cognition (PD-NC), and 31 people with Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Participants were administered a short battery of cognitive tests, including three counterbalanced versions of the TMT (traditional TMT, iTMT-Tap & iTMT-Drag). Additionally, the iTMT-Tap and iTMT-Drag were readministered following a brief break.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both the iTMT-Tap and iTMT-Drag demonstrated adequate convergent validity and retest reliability and achieved acceptable classification accuracy for identifying PD-MCI. The current study identified hidden indices of measurement which may minimize administration time or the confounding impact of motor functioning, and these indices achieved fair diagnostic accuracy also.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this research suggest that the iTMT-Tap and iTMT-Drag may be a valid substitute for the traditional TMT, and subject to further validation, could be a useful addition to clinical practice. Recommendations for future research and subsequent clinical deployment are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"225-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of high performance on remote vs. in-person self- administered neuropsychological measures: the Mobile Toolbox and MyCog Mobile.","authors":"Stephanie Ruth Young, Manrui Zhang, Elizabeth Mc Manus Dworak, Aaron James Kaat, Sarah Pila, Miriam Alana Novack, Greg Joseph Byrne, Callie Madison Jones, Vitali Ustsinovich, Jiwon Kim, Richard Gershon, Cindy J Nowinski","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2579871","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2579871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the role of administration setting (remote vs. in-person) on performance on four self-administered, smartphone-based neuropsychological measures delivered via the Mobile Toolbox (MTB) and MyCog Mobile (MCM) platforms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants self-administered four cognitive tasks (i.e. Executive Function, Face Memory, Picture Memory, and Working Memory) on a smartphone either in the lab or remotely (in-person <i>N</i> = 292, remote <i>N</i> = 701). Robust methods were used to examine performance differences across in-person and remote samples while controlling for covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Remote testing was associated with higher Picture Memory Trial 1 scores (β = 1.114, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and lower Face Memory First Letter scores (β = -3.194, <i>p</i> < 0.001); the latter effect was moderated by education and version. Picture Memory Trial 2 showed only an indirect effect of setting through an interaction with age (β = 0.048, <i>p</i> < 0.001). No setting effects were found for Executive Function or Working Memory tasks. All observed setting effect sizes were small (partial η²≤.014). Perfect scores were more common remotely on memory tasks; however, sparse perfect scores for Trial 1 in the in-person group and ceiling effects on Trial 2 limit interpretation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Performance on self-administered smartphone tasks was largely comparable across settings, with only small, subtest-specific differences in performance on memory tasks. These results support remote self-administration for research use while highlighting the need for design strategies that preserve score validity across settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"281-291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12590352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145377617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-off between speed and accuracy: associations between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meticulousness in PANS.","authors":"Helena Holmäng, Rosanna Fagerudd, Parisa Hajjari, Malin Huldt Oldmark, Klara Jakobsson, Alexandra Serrano Toro, Ingrid Vinsa, Elisabeth Fernell, Nouchine Hadjikhani, Christopher Gillberg, Jakob Åsberg Johnels, Mats Johnson, Max Thorsson","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2617355","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2026.2617355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite increasing recognition of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS), its neuropsychological underpinnings remain limited, particularly in relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. PANS manifests abruptly with severe OCD and/or eating restrictions alongside concurrent neuropsychiatric symptoms, causing distress and functional impairment. This study aimed to examine the relationship between neurocognitive performance and OCD symptom severity in children and adolescents with PANS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twelve children and adolescents with PANS were assessed on a total of 39 occasions using a novel touchscreen-based button-choice reaction time task. The task was designed to capture subtle aspects of attentional focus, motor precision, and response speed. Analyses examined associations between OCD symptom severity, assessed for each testing session, and performance measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater OCD symptom severity was associated with heightened attentiveness (noticing the lit-up button) and more centered touch positioning, but not with faster reaction times. A significant interaction was observed, whereby increased attentiveness and precision in touch placement were linked to longer reaction times, suggesting a trade-off between speed and perfectionistic response strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, while OCD symptom severity was not directly associated with reaction time, it significantly shaped response monitoring and touch positioning. These findings indicate a neurocognitive profile in PANS characterized by heightened self-monitoring and meticulousness, potentially reflecting mechanisms underlying OCD symptomatology. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between neurocognitive performance and OCD symptom severity in PANS, as revealed through digital assessment, contributing to a deeper understanding of the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"292-303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability, validity, and clinical utility of a nonverbal cognitive test.","authors":"Bern G Lee","doi":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2582593","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13803395.2025.2582593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>People who struggle to provide verbal responses may be underserved by neuropsychology. A nonverbal cognitive test (NCT) was developed to fill this need. Reliability, concurrent validity, criterion-related validity, and clinical utility are presented.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The NCT and neuropsychological tests were administered to 122 adults aged 19-91, including 87 healthy adults (CN) and 35 adults with cognitive impairment (CI) meeting diagnostic criteria for a neurocognitive disorder. The overall sample was used to determine internal consistency and concurrent validity of the NCT (Experiment 1). The criterion-related validity and clinical utility of the NCT were assessed among the above 35 older adults with CI and 49 older adult CN participants with similar age and education (Experiment 2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The NCT (alpha = .84) is internally consistent. Seven NCT subtests assessing learning, recall, attention, and working memory demonstrated concurrent validity (<i>r</i>'s > .6) with neuropsychological tests. CN outperformed people with CI on the NCT and all subtests. Receiver Operating Characteristic shows a large area under the curve (.98). A cut-score of 75.5 differentiated people with CI from CN (true positive rate = .91; false positive rate = .04).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The NCT demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties and clinical utility for use as a cognitive test.</p>","PeriodicalId":15382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"213-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145444961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}