Journal of Attention Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Factor Structure of the Conners Continuous Performance Test Third Edition (CCPT-3): Exploratory Factor Analysis in a Mixed Clinical Sample.","authors":"Olaf Lund, Rune Raudeberg, Hans Johansen, Mette-Line Myhre, Espen Walderhaug, Amir Poreh, Jens Egeland","doi":"10.1177/10870547251341928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251341928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) is a computerized test of attention frequently used in clinical neuropsychology. In the present factor analysis, we seek to assess the factor structure of the CCPT-3 and evaluate the suggested dimensions in the CCPT-3 Manual.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data from a mixed clinical sample of 931 adults referred for neuropsychological assessment across four centers were analyzed. Nine standard and eight experimental measures were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis to evaluate factor models ranging from one to six factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis supported a four-factor model with one overall attention factor and three factors of distinct mechanisms underlying inattention: impulsivity, vigilance, and sustained attention. This closely aligns with the four dimensions outlined in the CCPT-3 Technical Manual and the factor analyses from the CCPT-II. There were some differences between the four-factor model and the interpretations recommended in the Technical Manual. Perseverations were associated with the inattention factor rather than the impulsivity factor, and reaction time was exclusively linked to impulsivity. Incorporating error measures into the vigilance factor suggests that decreases in responsivity, rather than decreases in correct responses, underpin vigilance decrements. Including response bias by inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and by blocks in the analysis indicates that a decrease in arousal may also explain impairments in sustained attention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study supports the notion in the Technical Manual that CCPT-3 measures both overall attention and three different mechanisms that mediate inattention: impulsivity, vigilance and sustained attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251341928"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene-Environment Interplay Between Perceived Stress and ADHD Symptoms in Adults.","authors":"Yoon-Mi Hur","doi":"10.1177/10870547251347990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251347990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The association between perceived stress (PS) and ADHD symptoms in adulthood is well established, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study employed a genetically informative design to investigate the roles of gene-environment (GE) correlation and gene-environment interaction (G × E) in explaining this association. Three G × E interaction models were considered: the diathesis-stress model, the bioecological model, and the differential sensitivity model.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In total, 1,270 twins (mean age: 23.3 ± 2.4 years) participated in an online survey, which included ADHD symptoms and PS scales. The PS scale measured stress across five categories: Friendship Stress (FS), Family Conflicts (FC), Financial Difficulties (FD), Academic Stress (AS), and Future Career Concerns (FCC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bivariate Cholesky model-fitting analyses revealed significant genetic correlations between ADHD symptoms and all five PS categories, indicating a pervasive influence of GE correlations on these associations. Further bivariate G × E model-fitting analyses showed that G × E interaction effects were not significant for FS or FC but were significant for FD, AS, and FCC. Specifically, the relationship between FD and ADHD symptoms aligned with the differential sensitivity model, where genetic variance was heightened at extreme levels of FD. The association between AS and ADHD symptoms followed the bioecological model, characterized by increased shared environmental variance at higher stress levels. Finally, the association between FCC and ADHD symptoms was consistent with the diathesis-stress model, where genetic influences amplified with increasing stress levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings underscore the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the ADHD symptoms-PS relationship and suggest the importance of incorporating these mechanisms into intervention strategies for ADHD symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251347990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Goal Achievement in Adults With ADHD: A Participant-Centered Evaluation of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation From the TUNED Trial.","authors":"Maitê Schneider, Carolina Prietto Ferrazza, Roberta Francieli da Silva Bomber, Felipe Picon, Diego Luiz Rovaris, Paulo Roberto Stefani Sanches, Danton Pereira, André Russowsky Brunoni, Joan A Camprodon, Wolnei Caumo, Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau, Eugenio Horacio Grevet, Luis Augusto Rohde, Douglas Teixeira Leffa","doi":"10.1177/10870547251341595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251341595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Few trials in ADHD incorporate participant-centered outcomes that evaluate the impact of interventions on meaningful life activities. Additionally, in psychiatry, the translation of changes in symptom rating scales into meaningful impacts on participants' lives has been questioned. The Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for the Treatment of Inattention Symptoms in Adult Patients with ADHD (TUNED) trial demonstrated improved inattention symptoms, assessed using a clinician-administrated scale, after a 4-week treatment with daily home-based tDCS in adults with ADHD. Here, our primary objective was to evaluate the impact of tDCS in ADHD using a participant-centered and clinically relevant outcome.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We analyzed data from the TUNED trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04003740), a randomized, double-blind, parallel, sham-controlled study testing tDCS in adults with ADHD. At the baseline assessment, all participants were instructed to select up to three goals they desired to achieve during the trial period. The goals had to be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. Our main outcome was the number of goals achieved at the end of the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 64 participants randomized, 55 completed the trial and were included in the analyses (26 [47%] inattentive presentation and 29 [53%] combined presentation; mean (<i>SD</i>) age, 38.1 [9.8] years; 40% women). In the active tDCS group (<i>n</i> = 25), eight participants (32%) achieved one goal, 5 (20%) achieved two goals, 3 (12%) achieved all three goals, and 9 (36%) achieved no goals. In the sham tDCS group (<i>n</i> = 30), 3 (10%) participants achieved one goal, 3 (10%) achieved two goals, 3 (10%) achieved all three goals, and 21 (70%) achieved no goals. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that participants in the active tDCS group were more likely to achieve a higher number of goals compared to those in the tDCS sham group (OR = 3.05, 95% CI [1.06, 8.75], <i>p</i> = .03]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated that tDCS can significantly enhance the ability to achieve personal goals in adults with ADHD. By using a participant-centered approach, our findings not only support tDCS as a promising treatment for ADHD but also align with the growing emphasis on personalized medicine and clinically relevant, participant-reported outcomes in clinical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251341595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling ADHD Through Eye-Tracking Procedures: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Georgia Andreou, Ariadni Argatzopoulou","doi":"10.1177/10870547251344731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251344731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review aimed to examine the application of eye-tracking technology in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), focusing on the scientific fields involved, methodologies employed, research goals, and outcomes related to its effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Following PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews, a total of 22 studies using eye-tracking with children diagnosed with ADHD were identified and analyzed. Data were extracted regarding study aims, methodological approaches, disciplinary origins, and key findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of studies originated from neuroscience and psychiatry, with contributions from artificial intelligence, machine learning, virtual reality, and biomedical engineering. Eye-tracking technology was used for three main purposes: (1) identification and diagnosis of ADHD, (2) investigation of cognitive and behavioral mechanisms-particularly attention and inhibitory control, and (3) as an intervention tool to improve cognitive functions. Findings indicated that eye-tracking, especially when integrated with virtual reality or machine learning, may support efficient ADHD diagnosis. Moreover, studies reported that distinct eye movement patterns are associated with attention deficits, inhibitory control issues, impaired working memory, and challenges in emotional and social processing. Interventions using eye-tracking demonstrated potential in training attention control and motor coordination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eye-tracking technology holds promise as both a diagnostic and interventional tool for children with ADHD. Future research should address methodological limitations, explore long-term effectiveness, and further investigate multimodal integration with emerging technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251344731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Infant Heart Rate Variability and Visual Attention Predict Autism and Concerns for ADHD?","authors":"Emma M Jaisle, Erica D Musser, Maylinn Yon, Susana Garcia, Antonia M H Piergies, Meghan Miller","doi":"10.1177/10870547251345539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251345539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Investigate whether patterns of heart rate variability (indexed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and visual attention at 12 to 18 months of age predict elevated ADHD symptoms, autism, or neither during the preschool period.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ninety infants 12 to 18 months of age (<i>M</i> = 17.27, <i>SD</i> = 1.93; 36 females; 82.2% non-Hispanic) participated in a split-screen eye-tracking task of dynamic social and non-social moving objects. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was derived from heart rate data collected at baseline and during the task condition. Between 24 and 65 months of age (<i>M</i> = 38.22, <i>SD</i> = 11.14), participants were evaluated and classified into one of three outcome groups: ADHD Concerns (<i>n</i> = 21), Autism (<i>n</i> = 12), or Comparison (i.e., non-Autism/non-ADHD Concerns; <i>n</i> = 57).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ADHD Concerns group exhibited significantly less whole-screen looking time (<i>t</i>(76) = -2.98, <i>p</i> = .004, <i>d</i> = 0.82) and spent a significantly lower proportion of time attending to the social portion of the stimulus (<i>t</i>(76) = -2.53, <i>p</i> = .01, <i>d</i> = 0.67) than the Comparison group. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity moderated the association between proportion of time spent looking at the social portion of the stimulus in infancy and ADHD symptoms during the preschool period (<i>b</i> = 0.004, 95% CI [0.0001, 0.01], <i>t</i>(89) = 2.11, <i>p</i> = .04), such that greater quantity/intensity of ADHD symptoms was associated with a smaller proportion of look time to the social portion of the stimulus for infants engaging in HRV withdrawal, but not HRV augmentation. Hypotheses focused on autism were not supported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infants demonstrate distinct patterns of visual attention predictive of elevated ADHD symptoms in the preschool period. Heart rate variability may also demonstrate predictive utility in the context of early ADHD when examined in relation to social attention, but not independently.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251345539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Customized Medication Adherence Enhancement Program for Adolescents and Young Adults With ADHD (CAE-ADHD): Primary Outcomes.","authors":"Molly McVoy, Salayna M Abdallah, Emma Church, Joy Yala, Farren Briggs, Jennifer B Levin","doi":"10.1177/10870547251328526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251328526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>ADHD is a generally persistent neurodevelopmental condition that can have significant consequences if left untreated, and medication, often in conjunction with psychotherapy, is the first-line treatment with well-established efficacy. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) represent a particularly vulnerable and understudied subgroup and there remains a significant concern regarding transition to treatment independence, treatment engagement and medication adherence in this population. We report the results from a pilot trial evaluating Customized Adherence Enhancement-ADHD (CAE-ADHD), a psychosocial intervention for AYAs with ADHD, aimed to increase independence in managing ADHD and improve ADHD symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used an iterative process to modify an existing psychosocial intervention to address engagement, independence, and adherence in AYAs with ADHD, originally developed for AYAs with bipolar disorder. To develop the CAE-ADHD intervention, we conducted focus groups and cognitive interviews with AYA with ADHD. We then conducted a pilot feasibility and efficacy study in AYAs with ADHD (<i>n</i> = 12) with follow-up visits at 8 and 12 weeks into the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample consisted of 12 participants ages 16 to 24 years with a diagnosis of ADHD, obtained via self-report, and currently prescribed stimulant medication. Mean age of the sample was 19.5 years, 58.33% female, 25% non-White. Participation and retention were strong with 93.33% of sessions completed overall and 10/12 participants completing all sessions. AYAs showed a trend toward improvement in ADHD symptoms as measured by the ADHD RS-5, statistically significant improvement in transition readiness and ADHD knowledge. There was no significant change in adherence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This first of its kind feasibility and efficacy pilot study for a novel intervention, CAE-ADHD, found high engagement and improvement in ADHD symptoms, transition readiness, and ADHD knowledge from baseline to week 12.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":"29 8","pages":"591-601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Disturbances, ADHD, and Self-Harm Among Youth.","authors":"Songül Derin, Idil Altintas, Saliha B Selman","doi":"10.1177/10870547251327479","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251327479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Previous studies have linked ADHD with self-harm, but the processes underlying this association are not fully understood. This research aims to investigate the role of sleep disturbances as a potential pathway between ADHD diagnosis and self-harm behaviors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study included 90 youth aged between 11 and 18 years, divided into two groups: a case group of 45 youth diagnosed with ADHD and a control group of 45 youth without ADHD. Both groups completed the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury to evaluate self-harm behaviors and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children to assess sleep disturbances. A path analysis was conducted to examine whether a significant proportion of the association between ADHD and self-harm was shared with sleep disturbances, while controlling for gender, youth education, family income, maternal education, and overall anxiety and depression scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An ADHD diagnosis was significantly associated with sleep disturbances (β = .62, <i>p</i> < .001) and self-harm behaviors (β = .35, <i>p</i> = .03). Additionally, sleep disturbances were significantly linked to self-harm (β = .51, <i>p</i> = .002) and played a significant role in the association between ADHD and self-harm (indirect effect β = .32, <i>p</i> = .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that sleep disturbances account for a substantial proportion of the shared variance in the association between ADHD and self-harm. While the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations, these results highlight the importance of addressing sleep issues in clinical care for ADHD to potentially reduce self-harm risks and improve outcomes for at-risk youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"635-644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C. G. Jung's Concept of \"Manic Mood\" From 1904: An Early Contribution to the Disorder of the Adult Form of ADHD?","authors":"Steffen Müller, Maria Strauß, Holger Steinberg","doi":"10.1177/10870547251319077","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251319077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adult ADHD has increasingly become a focus in adult psychiatry. Despite well-established diagnostic criteria and specific therapeutic approaches, contemporary discussions often dismiss ADHD as a \"fad.\" This study examines Carl Gustav Jung's 1904 concept of \"manic mood\" and its potential alignment with the modern understanding of ADHD in adults.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this paper is to investigate and discuss whether Jung's concept of \"manic mood\" can be considered part of the intellectual history of adult ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Jung's concept of \"manic mood\" is analyzed and presented using the literary-historical method of \"close reading,\" placing the analysis within the context of the early 20th-century discussion of \"chronic-manic concepts.\" This analysis is compared with the current diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>Jung's concept of \"manic mood,\" described in 1904, has clear parallels to diagnostic criteria used for adult ADHD. It is conceivable that the patients presented by Jung would be diagnosed with adult ADHD today. Jung's work fits into the discussion of \"chronic-manic concepts\" of the early 20th century and thus makes a relevant original contribution to the nosological-diagnostic classification of forms in the spectrum of ADHD-affective disorders-personality disorders. The parallel between Jung's disease construct of \"manic mood\" and the current view of ADHD supports our hypothesis that the adult form of ADHD represents a consistent disease phenomenon and should therefore not be degraded as a \"fad.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"645-655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Adverse Cardiac Events in Individuals Prescribed Stimulants Across the Lifespan.","authors":"Destin Groff, Wen-Jan Tuan, Kraig Holt, James R Latronica, Curtis Bone","doi":"10.1177/10870547251313880","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251313880","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prescription stimulants are an effective FDA approved treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) however their safety has come under scrutiny. Multiple studies demonstrate safe use in pediatric populations, but prescriptions are increasing to adults and it is not evident which comorbidities might place people at risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events for individuals exposed to stimulants across the lifespan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a case control study utilizing the TriNetX research network database. Individuals were included for study if they were younger than 90 years old and prescribed stimulants between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2020. We utilized summary statistics, chi2, and multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for cardiovascular events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 987,762 individuals prescribed stimulants, 49,902 experienced an adverse cardiovascular event. Individuals with atherosclerotic heart disease had the highest odds of adverse events (aOR = 36.7, <i>p</i> < .001). Hypertension (aOR = 2.78 <i>p</i> < .001), cocaine use (aOR = 1.64 <i>p</i> < .001), and anxiety (aOR = 1.46 <i>p</i> < .001) were also strongly predictive of adverse outcomes, but risk varied by age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Atherosclerotic heart disease and its antecedents pose the greatest risk for cardiovascular events for people prescribed stimulants. Mental health diagnoses are also independent predictors and age may be an effect modifier of these relationships. ADHD was not an independent risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events when controlling for other biopsychosocial variables in adult populations. Additional research focused on predictive models and prospective studies may be warranted to better inform clinical decisions regarding stimulant prescriptions for the broad demographic of patients that may benefit from these medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"628-634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.","authors":"Iris L Rapoport, Annabeth P Groenman","doi":"10.1177/10870547251315601","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251315601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for ADHD, yet our understanding of how sex and gender impact stimulant treatment outcomes remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ for female and male individuals despite possible sex and gender-related differences in effectiveness, adverse events, and pharmacokinetics. This theoretical framework identifies five key knowledge gaps relating to sex and gender effects in stimulant treatment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We investigate the stimulant treatment trajectories of girls and women with ADHD from diagnosis and prescription to daily use and outcomes. We examine the impact of reproductive life transitions and hormonal fluctuations and their interactions with gender socialization and gendered expectations on treatment effectiveness, stigma, and adherence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By synthesizing existing literature, proposing testable predictions, and suggesting future research directions, we highlight the urgent need for studies that systematically investigate these factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Addressing these gaps could significantly improve treatment outcomes for girls and women with ADHD, particularly during biological and gender role transitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"602-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}