Journal of Attention Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the Construct Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale for DSM-5 and Prevalence of ADHD in a Danish Population Sample.","authors":"Kaj Sparle Christensen, Ole Jakob Storebø, Bo Bach","doi":"10.1177/10870547241312575","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547241312575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the validity of the ASRS-5 as a new screening tool for ADHD and evaluates its proposed screening cut-off in a general population context.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A nationally representative sample of 2,002 individuals aged 18 to 80 years was surveyed using the ASRS-5, with complete data obtained from 714 participants. Psychometric analysis evaluated fit to the Rasch model, response categories, dimensionality, differential item functioning, local dependency, and reliability. A cut-off score of 14, based on a simple additive scale, was applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ASRS-5 generally conformed to the expectations of the Rasch model. However, disordered response categories were observed for item 6, and gender-related differential item functioning was noted in items 3, 4, and 6. The ASRS-5 demonstrated a unidimensional construct, and a cut-off score of 14 identified 6.0% of the sample as potential ADHD cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the ASRS-5 aligns well with the Rasch model, certain measurement challenges exist. The recommended cut-off score effectively identifies an ADHD prevalence consistent with the 6.5% reported in the original ASRS-5 study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"437-444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143022961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telomere Length and Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children at 6-12 Years.","authors":"Irene Campos-Sánchez, Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz, Dries S Martens, Isolina Riaño-Galán, Aitana Lertxundi, Sabrina Llop, Mónica Guxens, Cristina Rodríguez-Dehli, Nerea Lertxundi, Raquel Soler-Blasco, Martine Vrijheid, Tim S Nawrot, John Wright, Tiffany C Yang, Rosie McEachan, Kristine Bjerve Gützkow, Vaia Lida Chatzi, Marina Vafeiadi, Mariza Kampouri, Regina Grazuleviciene, Sandra Andrusaityte, Johanna Lepeule, Desirée Valera-Gran","doi":"10.1177/10870547251314923","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251314923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the association between telomere length (TL) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12 years.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data from 1,759 children belonging to the HELIX project cohorts and the Asturias, Gipuzkoa and Valencia cohorts of INMA project were included. TL was determined by blood sample using a PCR protocol. ADHD symptoms were described by parents using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form. Multiple negative binomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall estimates showed no associations between TL and ADHD symptoms. However, we observed that a longer TL was significantly associated with a lower risk of presenting hyperactivity symptoms in children belonging to the HELIX project (IRR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.87, 0.99]; <i>p</i> = .022).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While our study did not find a consistent association between TL and ADHD symptoms across all cohorts, the significant association found within the HELIX cohort suggests that longer TL may be linked to a lower risk of hyperactivity symptoms. Further research is needed to explore this association in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"474-485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Association Between ADHD, Sleep, and Homework Problems: The Role of Behavioral Indicators of Neuropsychological Functioning.","authors":"Liv Smets, Finja Marten, Lena Keuppens, Dieter Baeyens, Bianca E Boyer, Saskia Van der Oord","doi":"10.1177/10870547251329772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251329772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Around 70% of adolescents with ADHD experience sleep and/or homework problems. Both impairments have been previously associated with neuropsychological deficits but have not been simultaneously examined in adolescents with ADHD and clinical sleep problems. Therefore, this study investigated how sleep problems are associated with homework problems and how parent-rated behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning are part of this association in adolescents with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Parental ratings of homework problems (HPC) and behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning (CAMEL) of adolescents with ADHD and comorbid sleep problems (ADHD/sleep; <i>n</i> = 53), adolescents with ADHD only (<i>n</i> = 24), and neurotypical adolescents (NT; <i>n</i> = 53) were collected. Homework problems and behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning were compared between the three groups. A path analysis was performed to investigate whether the behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning are part of the relation between sleep problems in ADHD and homework problems.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found no differences for either homework problems or behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning between the ADHD/sleep and ADHD only groups, except for a small significant difference in arousal regulation, but both ADHD groups showed more homework problems and behavioral indicators of weaker neuropsychological functioning compared to the NT group. Behavioral indicators of weaker neuropsychological functioning were related to the increased homework problems experienced in the ADHD/sleep and ADHD only groups compared to NT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In adolescents with ADHD, sleep problems were not associated with more homework problems by weaker behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning. However, regardless of sleep problems, the behavioral indicators of neuropsychological functioning relate to the homework problems in adolescents with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251329772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the ADHD Phenotype and Parsing Heterogeneity Via Emotional Dysregulation and Personality: A Latent Profile Analysis in College Students.","authors":"Patrick K Goh, Da Eun Suh, Ashlyn W W A Wong, Elizabeth A Bodalski, Will H Canu","doi":"10.1177/10870547251326676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251326676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Past work has provided support for the relevance of personality traits and emotional dysregulation (ED), individually, for characterizing ADHD phenotypes beyond symptoms in college-aged populations. Yet, no studies have attempted to integrate these constructs into current ADHD conceptualizations within the context of one another. The current study thus sought to determine whether personality traits and ED dimensions, together, could facilitate meaningful differentiation of college students meeting symptom and impairment criteria for ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included 1,858 college students aged 18 to 29 years (<i>M</i> = 19.4 years, 70.4% female) with either self-reported ADHD diagnoses and/or clinical levels of symptoms and impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Latent profile analyses provided support for a three-profile solution comprised of a Primarily Inattentive/ED Present/Emotionally Unstable profile, a Moderate ADHD Severity/ED Absent/Normative Personality Traits profile, and a High ADHD Severity/ED Absent/Normative Personality Traits profile. Consideration of ED dimensions and personality traits, namely Emotional Stability, meaningfully enriched profiles beyond ADHD sum scores. Concurrent validation of profiles suggested significant differences with respect to impairment domains and internalizing problems.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Additional work is needed to characterize the integration of personality and ED into ADHD conceptualizations to inform more comprehensive assessment and treatment practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251326676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Internal Restlessness, Drinking Motives, and Alcohol Use Outcomes in College Students.","authors":"Anna L Sherman, Amy L Stamates, Lisa Weyandt","doi":"10.1177/10870547251330038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251330038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>ADHD and alcohol use are prevalent among college students, but few studies have examined internal restlessness (i.e., the mental discomfort experienced when suppressing hyperactive behaviors) in relation to alcohol use. Consequently, the current study sought to examine a path model testing associations between internal restlessness, drinking motives (i.e., coping, social, enhancement, and conformity), alcohol use, and consequences in college students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred and ninety-one college students completed an online survey regarding their use of alcohol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After controlling for ADHD diagnosis, there were significant positive associations between internal restlessness and coping (<i>B</i> = 0.025, <i>p</i> = .004), socializing (<i>B</i> = 0.026, <i>p</i> = .004), enhancement (<i>B</i> = 0.038, <i>p</i> < .001), and conformity (<i>B</i> = 0.026, <i>p</i> < .001). Two significant indirect effects were found for the association between internal restlessness and consequences through enhancement (95% CI [0.001, 0.009]) and coping (95% CI [0.000, 0.011]) motives and alcohol use, respectively. All other indirect pathways were nonsignificant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings revealed that internal restlessness was associated with the four drinking motives; however, greater internal restlessness was related to more alcohol consequences to the extent that they also reported strong coping and enhancement motives. Findings can be used to tailor intervention and prevention efforts to target emotional regulation and to reduce risk for college students who experience internal restlessness.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251330038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143719383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of Co-occurrence Between ADHD and Anxiety in a Community-based Child Sample.","authors":"Sonia Tremblay, Erik G Willcutt","doi":"10.1177/10870547251324806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251324806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study aimed to elucidate characteristics of co-occurring ADHD and anxiety in a community-based sample of children. Previous work has highlighted the prevalence and associated impairment of each condition alone, but less research has focused on the co-occurrence of these disorders.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present study first sought to examine the prevalence of this co-occurrence in a sample of 2,257 school-age children. The study also compared academic, social, and adaptive impairment among children with ADHD alone, anxiety alone, both ADHD and anxiety, or neither condition. Lastly, the study explored sex differences in the prevalence of co-occurring ADHD and anxiety and their associated impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results supported previous findings surrounding prevalence of the co-occurrence, as children with ADHD were over twice as likely to exhibit elevated anxiety than children without ADHD. While ADHD was more common in boys, among all children with ADHD more girls displayed co-occurring anxiety. Both ADHD and anxiety were associated with impairment in nearly all domains of functioning, but children with both conditions broadly displayed the most functional impairment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results of the current study underscore the clinical relevance of the co-occurrence between ADHD and anxiety in children and suggest that future research is warranted to further investigate this phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251324806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symptoms of ADHD and Other Common Mental Disorders Influence Academic Success in South African Undergraduates.","authors":"Nawal Mohamad, Kim-Louise Rousseau, Fatimah Dowlut, Milton Gering, Kevin G F Thomas","doi":"10.1177/10870547241310659","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547241310659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent among university students. These symptoms, particularly the inattentive cluster, predispose students to poorer academic performance and worse academic adjustment. Moreover, ADHD symptoms are often comorbid with other common mental disorders; this comorbidity also leads to poor outcomes. South African students often have fewer resources to successfully transition to university. Hence, our longitudinal study used data from a sample of South African first-year undergraduate students to investigate (a) associations between ADHD symptoms and academic performance/adjustment, (b) separate influences of the inattentive and hyperactivity-impulsivity clusters on academic performance/adjustment, and (c) the influence of the combination of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities on academic performance/adjustment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We collected data three times through the first semester of 2023. Predictors within our regression models included sociodemographic variables, psychological variables (self-reported symptoms of ADHD, depression, anxiety, and risky alcohol use), and high school academic performance. Outcomes were first-semester GPA and self-reported academic adjustment (magnitude of change across the semester and overall adjustment at the end of the semester).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed that, unlike academic performance (<i>N</i> = 506), magnitude of change in academic adjustment (<i>N</i> = 180) was significantly predicted by ADHD symptoms and the combination of ADHD (<i>p</i> = .02), depression (<i>p</i> < .001), and anxiety symptoms (<i>p</i> = .01). Inattentive ADHD symptoms predicted both academic performance and magnitude of change in academic adjustment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that the presence of ADHD symptoms (both with and without other common mental disorders) is associated with a smaller magnitude of academic adjustment, and that the presence of inattentive symptoms of ADHD is associated with both poorer academic performance and smaller magnitude of academic adjustment. These findings are significant in informing future interventions targeting the academic outcomes of first-year university students.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"363-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11800717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operationalizing In-session Treatment Engagement Strategies and Behaviors for Adolescents With ADHD and Their Parents.","authors":"Margaret H Sibley, Lourdes M Rodriguez, Melissa Lopez, Erika M Brochu, Fabiana V Bracho, Mercedes Ortiz, Jasmine Hashimoto","doi":"10.1177/10870547241308632","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547241308632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Many treatment engagement challenges are documented for adolescents with ADHD. Across contexts, helping professionals (i.e., therapists, prescribers, educators, coaches) might benefit from an engagement strategy toolbox to facilitate work with adolescents with ADHD and their families.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current study describes the development and psychometric testing of the ADHD Engagement Process Code (AEPC), a measure that operationalizes engagement strategies in the context of a blended behavioral/motivational interviewing treatment for adolescent ADHD (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily; STAND). The AEPC also operationalizes in-session parent and adolescent engagement-related behaviors. Behavior counts and global codes were coded for 840 audio-recorded STAND sessions delivered by 21 therapists to 121 adolescents. Subsets of tapes were double coded using the AEPC's parent, adolescent, and therapist coding systems to assess kappa for line-by-line verbalizations and intraclass correlations for session-level behavior counts and global scores. Construct validity was assessed. We explored low frequency and low variability codes and examined correlations between codes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AEPC codes possessed good to excellent inter-rater reliability and strong discriminant validity. Three low frequency codes and one low variability global were identified indicating opportunities for AEPC refinement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AEPC is publicly available (https://osf.io/kshfy/) and offers a library of adolescent-specific codes for those interested in measuring provider, parent, or adolescent engagement behaviors in relevant populations or contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"336-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents' Experiences of Raising 7- to 11-Year-Old Children With ADHD and Perception of a Proposed Parenting Program: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Louise E Brown, Mary Tallon, Garth Kendall, Mark Boyes, Bronwyn Myers","doi":"10.1177/10870547241309526","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547241309526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the experiences of Australian parents raising primary school-aged children with ADHD and gather feedback on a proposed ADHD parenting program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews undertaken with 11 Australian parents of 7- to 11-year-old children with ADHD. Interviews were conducted over Webex, audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed in NVivo Ltd. software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified four themes: (1) \"I love my child but their ADHD traits are challenging,\" (2) \"Compliance, control, and completion,\" (3) \"It's hard, burdensome, and exhausting and I can feel like I'm alone,\" and (4) \"What a welcome relief.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Parents report that although raising neurotypical children is difficult, the presence of childhood ADHD increases the emotional and support burden placed on them. Parents were also very interested in and supportive of the proposed ADHD parenting program. The program aims to enhance parents' understanding of the neurocognitive implications of ADHD and to foster secure parent-child attachment, attuned parental responsiveness, and age-appropriate development of traits that promote well-being, adaption and recovery in people with ADHD.).</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"312-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11800703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could Maladaptive Daydreaming Delay ADHD Diagnosis Until Adulthood? Clinical Characteristics of Adults With ADHD Based on Diagnosis Age.","authors":"Ali Kandeğer, Hasan Ali Güler, Münise Seda Özaltın, Ömer Bayırlı, Hacer Söylemez, Elif Yıldız, Bengi Semerci","doi":"10.1177/10870547241310990","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547241310990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Our study aimed to compare the sociodemographic, diagnostic, clinical, and self-report scale data of adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood/adolescence versus adulthood and to identify risk factors associated with delayed/missed diagnosis for ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sociodemographic, clinical, and diagnostic data of 214 adults with ADHD, followed at the Adult Neurodevelopmental Disorders Clinic, Selçuk University, between January 2022 and January 2024, were analyzed. The diagnostic evaluations were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Clinician Version. Clinical data included age, gender, years of education, alcohol/substance use, diagnosis age, and current medication use for ADHD. Data collected from self-report scales included both ADHD-related measurements and comorbidity-related measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that only 34.4% (<i>n</i> = 74) of sample received a formal ADHD diagnosis during childhood/adolescence. Adults diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were older and had higher education levels, more severe ADHD symptoms, and increased maladaptive daydreaming (MD) scores, compared to those diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the severity of MD was associated with being in the group diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood while controlling for other significant parameters from bivariate analyses, such as age, years of education, and current medication use for ADHD. Finally, analyses conducted separately in both groups showed that: (1) increased MD severity was a predictor of higher ADHD symptoms in those diagnosed in adulthood, but not in those diagnosed in childhood/adolescence, and (2) MD severity had a stronger correlation with ADHD symptoms, the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and symptoms of excessive mind wandering, depression, and anxiety in those diagnosed in adulthood compared to those diagnosed in childhood/adolescence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MD may delay ADHD diagnosis until adulthood by masking and compensating ADHD symptoms and delay in referral to mental health professionals, and it might also be a predictive symptom for recognizing ADHD in adults who have never been diagnosed; however, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"387-396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}