Journal of Attention Disorders最新文献

{"title":"The Ability to Direct Attention in Working Memory Is Not Impaired in Adults With Symptoms of ADHD.","authors":"Amy L Atkinson, Beatriz Pinheiro Sanchez, Matthew Warburton, Heather Allmark, Richard J Allen","doi":"10.1177/10870547251330039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251330039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Neurotypical individuals can prioritize particularly valuable information in working memory. This is a well-replicated effect, demonstrated across a wide variety of task factors and age groups. However, it is not clear if individuals with symptoms of ADHD are able to do this effectively, as there is some evidence this group struggle to allocate attention in working memory tasks. Two experiments were conducted online to investigate this.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were presented with series of four colored shapes, and asked to report the color of each shape in a counterbalanced order following a brief delay. In some trials (equal value condition), all shapes were equally valuable with the correct recall of each shape gaining the participant 2 points. In other trials (differential value condition), the first item presented during the encoding phase was more valuable than the rest (5 point for the first item vs. 1 point for the other items). Trial-by-trial feedback was either provided (Experiment 1) or omitted (Experiment 2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across both experiments, there was a clear prioritization effect at the first (targeted) serial position, with higher accuracy in the differential value condition relative to the equal value condition. There were also clear costs at the less valuable serial positions. These effects did not differ as a function of ADHD symptoms. There were also no significant correlations between scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Screener and the prioritization effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, these findings demonstrates that the ability to prioritize particularly valuable information in working memory is not impaired in individuals with symptoms of ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251330039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Elyssa Osianlis, Elizabeth H X Thomas, Lisanne Michelle Jenkins, Caroline Gurvich","doi":"10.1177/10870547251332319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251332319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with elevated symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD typically persist into adulthood and can impair functioning and overall quality of life. In females (including women and people assigned female at birth), ADHD is under-recognized, and knowledge about the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sex hormones is lacking. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence investigating the relationship between ADHD symptoms (including medication effects) and sex hormones in females.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Searches were conducted within Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from 1980 to January 2025. Included studies investigated ADHD symptoms in the context of hormonal changes in females, including studies specifically exploring ADHD and sex hormones, as well as hormonal life stages (puberty, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy). Narrative synthesis was utilized for data extraction, grouping studies by hormonal phase.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 11 studies were included in this review. Evidence was largely suggestive of a relationship between ADHD symptoms and sex hormones in females, specifically in puberty and across the menstrual cycle. Findings were limited by the small number of studies reviewed, often with small sample sizes and considerable diversity in participant populations and outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sex hormones and phases related to hormonal changes (such as puberty and the menstrual cycle) may be associated with ADHD symptom changes in females. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between sex hormones and ADHD symptoms and requires investigation of a wider range of hormonal milestones in females, including menopause.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251332319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining for Associations between Motor Disturbances and ADHD Status in Young Adults.","authors":"MinKyoung Song, Sydnee A Stoyles, Martina Mancini, Kerri Winters-Stone, Fay B Horak, Jessica Tipsord, Leeza Maron, Elizabeth Nousen, Joel T Nigg","doi":"10.1177/10870547251332029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251332029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Some studies show an association between ADHD and impaired balance/gait in children. However, it remains largely unexplored whether such an association exists in adults. We explore that association in this study.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 45 adults aged 17 to 21 (25 with, and 20 without ADHD), most obtained from a longitudinal cohort study beginning in childhood. We measured balance/gait using objective measures from inertial sensors during the Instrumented Stand and Walk Test. Demographics and severity of ADHD symptoms were measured via questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Young adults with ADHD showed a tendency toward worse balance and impaired gait in a dual-task activity than adults without ADHD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest balance and gait impairments are associated with ADHD in young adults. Balance/gait measures may hold promise as markers for persistent neurodevelopmental disorders, and the novel task used here may hold promise for measuring these impairments in adults with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251332029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining How Students With ADHD Use an Extended Time Accommodation on a Low-Stakes Math Assessment.","authors":"Jordan L Bernard, Sara E Witmer","doi":"10.1177/10870547251332046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547251332046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Students with ADHD are often provided with an extended testing time accommodation due to various skill deficits. However, little empirical work has examined the ways in which students use their extra time, if at all, and how use relates to overall performance. Further understanding of how students use this accommodation in practice can help to inform accommodation decision-making procedures so that students with disabilities recieve the appropiate support to be able to demonstrate their underlying knowledge and skills on tests.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current study utilized the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) 2017 eighth-grade process data to examine the use and nonuse of extended time accommodations among students with ADHD as well as among comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Less than half of students with ADHD who were eligible for an extended time accommodation used it. Access to the accommodation, rather than actual use, corresponded to higher rates of test completion. Those students who spent more time on the final five items of the test performed better overall when compared to their peers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings raise questions about the underlying needs of students with ADHD during testing and whether mere access to extended time sufficiently addresses those needs. Additional critical analysis of the provision and use of extended time for students with attention problems appears warranted. Implications for future research and practice are offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547251332046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Reported ADHD Diagnosis Status Among Working-Age Adults in the United States: Evidence From the 2023 National Wellbeing Survey.","authors":"Andrew S London, Shannon M Monnat, Iliya Gutin","doi":"10.1177/10870547251319861","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251319861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate the percentage of U.S. working-age (18- to 64-year-old) adults in 2023 who self-reported ever being diagnosed with ADHD by a health care professional.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We analyze data from the 2023 National Wellbeing Survey (<i>N</i> = 7,053) to estimate self-reported lifetime ADHD diagnosis status among working-age adults, overall and by sex, age, race/ethnicity, nativity, education, and rural-urban residence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among U.S. working-age adults in 2023, we estimate that 13.9% (95% confidence interval [13.0%, 15.0%]) self-reported ever being diagnosed with ADHD by a health care professional. We find statistically significant variation by each of the demographic variables analyzed, with higher rates among working-age adults who are female, younger, non-Hispanic White, U.S.-born, less well-educated, and residing in metro areas with 250,000 to 1 million people (relative to those living in metro areas with 1+ million population).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The percentage of U.S. working-age adults who self-report in 2023 that they have ever been diagnosed with ADHD by a health care professional (13.9%) is substantially higher than estimates from 2012 (4.25%) and a 2023 estimate of 7.8% among adults of all ages (18+ years). The increase over time may reflect changes in diagnostic criteria for children and adults, greater acceptance of adult diagnosis, over- and mis-diagnosis, and methodological issues. The difference between the 2023 estimates likely reflects study-specific differences in the constructs measured, the age range of the samples, and methodological differences in the online panels used for sampling, in quality control approaches, and in post-survey weight construction. Additional data collection and empirical research is needed to validate or refine provisional estimates based on samples drawn from online panels, and to determine explanations for the observed increase over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"399-410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising Rate of Hospitalizations in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Spain.","authors":"Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla, José Manuel Ramos, María Inés López-Ibor, Carlos Chiclana-Actis, Manuel Faraco, Joaquín González-Cabrera, Eduardo González-Fraile, Gemma Mestre-Bach, Héctor Pinargote-Celorio, Manuel Corpas, Lucía Gallego, Octavio Corral, Vicente Soriano","doi":"10.1177/10870547251320210","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251320210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a leading mental disorder among adolescents globally and is associated with premature mortality. Knowing the trends and key determinants of ADHD in youth are critical for earlier diagnosis and interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively examined all hospitalizations in patients aged 11 to 18 years with ADHD in Spain, using data from the Spanish National Registry of Hospital Discharges spanning 2000 to 2021. We compared our data with available literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over the 22-year study period, there were 2,015,589 hospitalizations among adolescents in Spain, with 118,609 (5.9%) cases involving mental disorders. There were 10,292 admissions with ADHD, representing 8.7% of all hospitalizations among youth with mental disorders. Median age was of 14 years. Boys represented 72.6%. Admissions with ADHD experienced a 17-fold increase during the last decade (<i>p</i> < .001). The in-hospital mortality rate for adolescents with ADHD was 0.1%, lower than for other mental disorders. During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, admissions decreased but resumed its rising trend thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hospital admissions for ADHD among adolescents have significantly increased in Spain during the last two decades. This increase outpaced the mild upward trend in ADHD diagnoses over the same period, which is not due to actual increases in the incidence of ADHD, which has remained stable at 5% worldwide. Factors beyond increased awareness, improved identification, and changes in diagnostic criteria must be considered. Boys represented 72.6% of these admissions. In-hospital mortality in adolescents with ADHD was lower than for admissions with other mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"411-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization of the Arabic Version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 (ASRS-5) Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Variability of ADHD Screening According to Sociodemographic Variables.","authors":"Mohammed M J Alqahtani, Nouf Mohammed Al Saud, Nawal Mohammed Alsharef, Ahmad N AlHadi, Saleh Mohammed Alsalhi, Elham H Al-Hifthy, Yasser Ad-Dab'bagh, Nader Alrahili, Fawwaz Abdulrazaq Alenazi, Barakat M Alotaibi, Sultan Mahmoud Alsaeed, Boshra A Arnout, Latifah ALQasem, Abdulkarim Alhossein, Yasser Jubran Alqahtani, Samirah A AlGhamdi, Jeremy Varnham, Saeed Abdulwahab Asiri, Maysaa W Buraik","doi":"10.1177/10870547251313879","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251313879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Adult Self-Report Scale-5 (the ASRS-5-AR) within a large sample of adults residing in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study applied the ASRS-5-AR to a random sample of 4,299 Saudi and non-Saudi adults, aged 19 to 66 years (31.16 ± 9.26 years), living in the regions of Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Province in Saudi Arabia. Collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, JASP 0.18.3.0 software, and MedCalc 22.030 statistical software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ASRS-5-AR demonstrated strong internal consistency, with all six items showing significant positive correlation with the total score (.675-.735). Results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed a goodness-of-fit coefficient of 0.983 for the one-factor model and McDonald's omega, Cronbach's α, and Spearman-Brown coefficients of 0.786, 0.788, and 0.724, respectively. In addition, the findings revealed statistically significant differences in self-reported ADHD symptoms based on age (<i>F</i> = 18.68; <i>p</i> < .001), level of education (<i>F</i> = 2.61; <i>p</i> < .05), and marital status (<i>F</i> = 22.30; <i>p</i> < .001). However, there were no significant differences in self-reported ADHD symptoms between males and females (<i>t</i> = 0.625; <i>p</i> > .05) or Saudi and non-Saudi participants (<i>t</i> = 0.409; <i>p</i> > .05) or based on region of residence (<i>t</i> = 2.19; <i>p</i> > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides valuable insights into the psychometric properties of the ASRS-5-AR within a large sample of adults in Saudi Arabia. The findings demonstrate acceptable reliability of the ASRS-5-AR within this population. While these findings suggest the ASRS-5-AR may be a useful tool for initial assessment, further research is crucial. Future studies should focus on establishing accurate cutoff scores by comparing a general population sample with a clinically diagnosed sample of adults with ADHD in Saudi Arabia. This will allow for a more accurate evaluation of the scale's utility in identifying individuals who may require further clinical assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"445-457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiating Functional Connectivity Patterns in ADHD and Autism Among the Young People: A Machine Learning Solution.","authors":"Bernis Sütçübaşı, Tuğçe Ballı, Herbert Roeyers, Jan R Wiersema, Sami Çamkerten, Ozan Cem Öztürk, Barış Metin, Edmund Sonuga-Barke","doi":"10.1177/10870547251315230","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251315230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>ADHD and autism are complex and frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions with shared etiological and pathophysiological elements. In this paper, we attempt to differentiate these conditions among the young people in terms of intrinsic patterns of brain connectivity revealed during resting state using machine learning approaches. We had two key objectives: (a) to determine the extent to which ADHD and autism could be effectively distinguished via machine learning from one another on this basis and (b) to identify the brain networks differentially implicated in the two conditions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data from two publicly available resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resources-Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) and the ADHD-200 Consortium-were analyzed. A total of 330 participants (65 females and 265 males; mean age = 11.6 years), comprising equal subgroups of 110 participants each for ADHD, autism, and healthy controls (HC), were selected from the data sets ensuring data quality and the exclusion of comorbidities. We identified region-to-region connectivity values, which were subsequently employed as inputs to the linear discriminant analysis algorithm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Machine learning models provided strong differentiation between connectivity patterns in participants with ADHD and autism-with the highest accuracy of 85%. Predominantly frontoparietal network alterations in connectivity discriminate ADHD individuals from autism and neurotypical group. Networks contributing to discrimination of autistic individuals from neurotypical group were more heterogeneous. These included language, salience, and frontoparietal networks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results contribute to our understanding of the distinct neural signatures underlying ADHD and autism in terms of intrinsic patterns of brain connectivity. The high level of discriminability between ADHD and autism, highlights the potential role of brain based metrics in supporting differential diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"486-499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Association Between Heavy Metals and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Sharanpreet Kaur, Josefa Canals-Sans, Paula Morales-Hidalgo, José A Alda, Victoria Arija","doi":"10.1177/10870547251315276","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251315276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to heavy metals has been associated with affecting children's neurodevelopment, particularly increasing the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current exploratory study aims to investigate potential associations between presence of 15 different heavy metals in urine and ADHD. A total of 190 urine samples of participants from clinical and non-clinical population (non-ADHD = 66; ADHD = 124) aged between 6 and 15 years from Barcelona and Tarragona (Spain) were analysed. Logistic regressions adjusted by sex, age, SES, BMI and diet quality were performed. Highest quartiles (3rd and 4th) of Pb (lead) (aOR 5.33; CI [1.89, 14.98]), Cd (cadmium) (aOR 3.69, CI [1.38, 9.83]), Cu (copper) (aOR 16.46, CI [4.66, 58.14]) and Sb (antimony) (aOR 3.04, CI [1.12, 8.23]) were significantly associated with increased odds of ADHD DSM-5 diagnosis. Additionally, Cu and Cd were associated with higher scores of inattention symptoms. Whereas, Cu and Sb were associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity severity. This exploratory study provides preliminary valuable evidence, suggesting potential associations between environmental factors, such as metal exposure, with ADHD in school-aged children. These findings highlight the importance of further research to support these associations and, if confirmed, explore strategies to mitigate the potential impacts of these toxicants on children's health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"423-436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Risk Factors for ADHD Among Children at a Mongolian Public School: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","authors":"Mallika Iyer, Adrian R Martineau, Polyna Khudyakov, Chuluun-Erdene Achtai, Tungalag Altan, Narankhuu Yansanjav, Ariunzaya Saranjav, Uyanga Buyanjargal, Davaasambuu Ganmaa","doi":"10.1177/10870547251318485","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547251318485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with numerous hypothesized risk factors that have not yet been thoroughly investigated in many non-Western populations, including Mongolian schoolchildren. Exploring these risk factors could yield insight on which children are more likely to be impacted and on how risk differs across locations and cultures.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to assess whether elevated scores reported by parents and teachers on the Conners-3 Assessment, a detailed survey tool used to assess ADHD symptoms, correspond with indicators of lower socioeconomic status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis involving 201 schoolchildren aged 8 to 13 attending a public school in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. We investigated associations between factors including student age, parental education level, family income, exposure to cigarette smoke, calcium intake and vitamin D status with Conners-3 scores for inattention, hyperactivity, and defiance/aggression. Cohen's <i>d</i> effect sizes and adjusted mean differences (aMD) for Conners-3 scores between groups were calculated using multivariable analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed large effect sizes between different types of accommodation, a key indicator of socioeconomic status in modern Mongolia, and moderate effect sizes between different levels of parental education. Other findings included that engaging in over 2 hr of outdoor activity was independently associated with an increased inattention score (aMD 0.53, 95% CI [0.03, 1.03]) and increased hyperactivity score (aMD 0.63, 95% CI [0.10, 1.16]). A lower household income was independently associated with an increased inattention score (aMD 0.0005, 95% CI [0.000011, 0.001042]) and increased defiance/aggression score (aMD 0.0009, 95% CI [0.0004, 0.0015]). Factors such as calcium intake, Vitamin D level, exposure to cigarette smoke, and parental employment status did not yield significant associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found that Conners-3 scores indicating higher symptoms of ADHD among Mongolian schoolchildren were associated with lower household income and high outdoor activity, and should be further investigated in relation to type of accommodation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"458-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143542074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}