Journal of Attention Disorders最新文献

{"title":"ADHD Symptoms, Maladaptive Schemas, and Dysfunctional Automatic Thoughts: Exploring Theorized Relationships in Emerging Adults.","authors":"Christie T Pickel, Brian T Wymbs","doi":"10.1177/10870547261478353","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261478353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults emphasize the role of dysfunctional cognitions in reinforcing and exacerbating distress and impairment. However, research supporting theorized connections between ADHD symptoms, maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts (NAT; e.g., \"I'm stupid\"; \"It's pointless\"), overly-positive avoidant thoughts (OPAT; e.g., \"I have plenty of time-I'll do it later\"), and impairment is limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study sought to evaluate the cognitive behavioral framework for adult ADHD in a community sample of 141 emerging adults (<i>M</i> age = 19.84; 85.5% White; 72.1% female; 20% reported ADHD diagnosis), while controlling for relevant covariates (age, sex, and self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression). Hierarchical stepwise regressions were used to test theorized relationships between ADHD symptoms, maladaptive schemas, and dysfunctional automatic thoughts, and examine how each of these are related to impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ADHD symptoms and two maladaptive schemas (Insufficient Self-Control and Dependence/Incompetence) jointly predicted OPAT: ADHD symptoms and Insufficient Self-Control were positively associated with OPAT, whereas Dependence/Incompetence was negatively associated. Two maladaptive schemas (Insufficient Self-Control and Failure to Achieve) were found to be positively associated with NAT. Finally, ADHD symptoms and NAT were positively related to impairment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results are consistent with the cognitive-behavioral framework for adult ADHD and underscore the importance of CBT clinicians addressing relevant dysfunctional thoughts (i.e., NAT) and underlying core beliefs (i.e., insufficient self-control) held by clients seeking care for ADHD-related impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261478353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148721597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across Gender and Sexual Identity Groups in Youth: A Whole-of-Population Study.","authors":"Byron Rangiwai, Nicholas Bowden, Brodie Fraser, Zoe Kristensen, Sujin Kwak, Sujata Saha, Hiran Thabrew, Hien Vu, Rachael Lawrence Lodge","doi":"10.1177/10870547261474553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261474553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To estimate attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence across gender identity, transgender status, and sexual identity using whole-population linked data in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide cohort study using the 2023 NZ Census linked to administrative health data within Stats NZ's Integrated Data Infrastructure. Individuals aged 5 to 24 years were included. ADHD was identified from lifetime diagnosis and treatment records. Modified Poisson regression models estimated adjusted incident rate ratios (IRRs) by gender, transgender status, and sexual identity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,266,456 individuals, 43,095 (3.4%) had ADHD. ADHD prevalence was higher among those identifying with another gender (10.3%) than males (4.6%) or females (2.0%), and among transgender (9.9%) than non-transgender individuals (3.4%). Among those aged 15 to 24 years, ADHD prevalence was higher in non-heterosexual (8.0%) than heterosexual individuals (3.6%). Adjusted analyses showed similarly elevated rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADHD prevalence was substantially higher among gender-diverse, transgender, and sexual diverse populations, highlighting the need for inclusive and equitable assessment and care pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261474553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressed or Disengaged? Disentangling Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome, ADHD, and Depression in Adults.","authors":"Julian Kafka, Deborah Ebener, Serena Bujtor, Louis K Nicholas","doi":"10.1177/10870547261475377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547261475377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the associations between cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), ADHD, and depression in adults to clarify patterns of comorbidity and inform efforts to establish the nosological status of CDS. In addition, the latent structure of adult CDS symptoms was examined, and the clinical relevance of empirically derived CDS dimensions was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Clinically referred adults completed self-report measures of CDS and depressive symptoms and were assessed for ADHD, anxiety, and depression using multi-informant diagnostic procedures. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the dimensional structure of CDS symptoms. Group comparisons examined differences in depressive symptom severity across diagnostic groups, and correlational analyses evaluated associations between CDS factor scores and depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure of CDS symptoms reflecting cognitive complaints and lethargy. Individuals with CDS reported significantly greater depressive symptom severity than individuals with ADHD. Both CDS factors were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, with lethargy demonstrating a stronger association than cognitive complaints.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings support CDS as a multidimensional construct in adults that is closely linked to depressive symptomatology. The observed factor structure and its associations with depression suggest that CDS symptoms extend beyond attentional dysfunction alone and may reflect broader internalizing processes. Although CDS was rarely observed in isolation, its distinct symptom profile and pattern of associations differentiate it from ADHD. Further research is needed to clarify whether CDS is best conceptualized as a transdiagnostic process, a cross-diagnostic clinical syndrome, an internalizing disorder, or an attentional disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"10870547261475377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADHD Characteristics Are Linked to Divergent Risk-Taking Behaviors.","authors":"Anselm B M Fuermaier, Hui Dong, Yehuda Pollak, Barbara R Braams, Tycho J Dekkers","doi":"10.1177/10870547261432427","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261432427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Decades of research on individuals with ADHD across the lifespan have consistently demonstrated an increased tendency for negative risk-taking. However, the potential for positive forms of risk-taking has been largely overlooked. Very recently, Braams et al. were the first to report an increased likelihood of prosocial risk-taking, a subtype of positive risk-taking, among adolescents with ADHD. Building on their findings, the present preregistered study investigates self-reported likelihoods of engaging in negative, positive, and prosocial risk-taking and examines their associations with ADHD characteristics, as well as internalizing symptoms as comparison measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This correlational study analyzed survey data from 611 participants drawn from the Dutch general population. Participants rated their likelihood of engaging in negative, positive, and prosocial risk-taking behaviors and completed standardized questionnaires assessing ADHD characteristics as well as internalizing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Correlation analyses, regression models, and categorical analyses were used to examine the unique and combined contributions of ADHD characteristics and internalizing symptoms to different forms of hypothetical risk-taking behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ADHD characteristics were robustly associated with negative risk-taking likelihood. Associations with positive and prosocial risk-taking were present but weaker and less consistent across analytical methods. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that ADHD traits accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in risk-taking behaviors, while internalizing symptoms also contributed, though to a lesser extent. The likelihood of engaging in risk-taking behavior decreased with increasing age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings support the emerging view that ADHD characteristics may be linked not only to negative but also to positive and prosocial forms of risk-taking. However, effects on positive and prosocial risk taking are more complex and warrant further research, particularly with clinical samples and psychometrically refined instruments. Our findings may foster a more nuanced understanding of ADHD and could have important implications for self-concept development and clinical care in individuals with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"1067-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13328927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Candidate Mediators Linking ADHD Symptoms and Internalising Problems in Adolescence: An Exploratory Longitudinal Mediation Analysis.","authors":"Aja Louise Murray, Katie Dryburgh, Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke","doi":"10.1177/10870547261419589","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261419589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>ADHD and internalising symptoms such as anxiety and depression are known to be associated in adolescence and understanding the mechanisms linking them is important for improving mental health outcomes for adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Our objective was to examine these mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, we leverage a high-quality longitudinal dataset, the Millennium Cohort Study (<i>n</i> = 2,607 male, <i>n</i> = 2,791 female) to simultaneously evaluate a range of hypothesised mediating mechanisms. These include indirect effects via peer problems, conduct problems, self-esteem, injuries and accidents, relationships with parents, academic performance, risky decision-making, parental mental health, educational motivation, and general health. We used exploratory longitudinal mediation analysis with regularised structural equation modelling (regSEM) to examine 14 candidate mediators of the ADHD-internalising association across ages 11, 14 and 17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regularisation with lasso did not result in the de-selection of any of these mediators; however, only two were statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results suggest there may be many mediators of small effect involved in the relation between ADHD symptoms and later internalising problems but point to self-esteem and parental mental health as priority mechanisms for further study in future causal and interventional research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"986-998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13328922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147365396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Attention Performance and Empathy in Children Diagnosed with ADHD.","authors":"Seyma Soyal, Baris Metin","doi":"10.1177/10870547261419885","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261419885","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated not only with cognitive impairments but also with deficits in social cognitive abilities, including empathy. Although attention and empathy have been individually studied in children with ADHD, the link between performance-based attention measures and empathy remains underexplored. Thus, this study examined the relationship between attention performance and empathy in children diagnosed with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample included 53 children aged 7 to 12, consisting of 27 children diagnosed with ADHD and 26 typically developing control group. All participants were recruited from educational and clinical settings. Attention was measured using a computer-based Go/No-Go task, and empathy was assessed using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). ADHD symptom severity was assessed using the Turgay DSM-IV-Based Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with ADHD made significantly more omission errors and scored lower on RMET than typically developing group. Significant negative correlations were found between RMET total score and omission errors and inattention scores. Regression analyses further supported these associations by indicating that attention-related variables significantly predicted empathy performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Attention performance is closely associated with empathy in children with ADHD. These findings underscore the need for early and integrative interventions targeting both attentional and socio-cognitive dimensions in children with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"999-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146180078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of the CAARS-2 Self-Report to Sophisticated Malingering.","authors":"Robert Weis, Avery M Sund","doi":"10.1177/10870547261427112","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261427112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales Second Edition (CAARS-2) is a norm-referenced screening measure of ADHD symptoms and associated clinical concerns in adults. Unlike its predecessor, the CAARS-2 features a Negative Impression Index (NII) to detect unrealistically negative ratings or an exaggerated description of problems. Data presented in the CAARS-2 manual indicate that the NII differentiates simulators and adults with genuine ADHD with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We attempted to replicate these findings by conducting a simulation study with 222 adults with and without ADHD. Unlike the original studies, however, simulators were provided a plausible reason for feigning ADHD, coached to simulate and warned to avoid detection, and incentivized for credibly feigning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, simulators earned significant elevations on CAARS-2 scales assessing the number and severity of DSM inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Simulators' DSM scores did not differ significantly from those shown by participants with ADHD. The NII demonstrated high specificity (92%) to honest examinees with ADHD, but low sensitivity to simulators (8%). Most simulators were able to earn elevated CAARS-2 scores while avoiding detection. Most simulators were also able to provide credible responses while still earning high ADHD Index Scores (81%) and endorsing significant impairment in at least one functional domain (90%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Clinicians should continue to corroborate elevated CAARS-2 symptom scores with objective evidence of real-world functional limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"1080-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147443637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metacognitive Ratings on Cognitive Tasks: Task Difficulty and Effort Rating Differences in Children With ADHD and Neurotypical Children.","authors":"Adrian P Torres, Maggie E Toplak","doi":"10.1177/10870547261428879","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261428879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The role of metacognitive monitoring, or the subjective evaluation of performance during cognitive tasks, has been less well studied in children with ADHD compared to accuracy or performance on these tasks. Given that children with ADHD often display lower performance on cognitive tasks, particularly those involving executive attention and control, we examined whether metacognitive monitoring differed between children with ADHD and neurotypical children.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eighty children aged 8-12 years (38 with ADHD, 42 neurotypical) completed a battery of cognitive tasks, including measures of intelligence, executive functioning (set-shifting and interference control), and an unstructured performance task (UPT). After each task, participants provided ratings of task difficulty and effort (how hard they tried).</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>Children with ADHD reported overall lower effort across cognitive tasks compared to neurotypical children; however, no group differences were found on task difficulty ratings. Metacognitive ratings of effort were significantly associated across performance tasks, suggesting that the degree of trying may reflect a trait-level factor. Ratings of task difficulty were generally weakly associated, suggesting ratings are influenced by task-specific factors. Metacognitive ratings of effort and task difficulty were not correlated, and these ratings were also distinct from task performance, with generally weak, non-significant associations. Metacognitive ratings of effort, not ratings of task difficulty, predict difficulties experienced by children with ADHD, beyond what is captured by performance on these tasks alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"970-985"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13328931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147521064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Social Anxiety and Friendship Quality Among Adolescents With ADHD and Their Typically Developing Peers.","authors":"Reda Ebrahim Mohamed Elashram, Ali Mohammed Ali Al-Basiouni Bashshar, Mohamed Mohamed Abdel-Razek Al-Sayed El-Fiky, Marzouk Mohammed Ali Mousa","doi":"10.1177/10870547261425722","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261425722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined differences in social anxiety and friendship quality between Egyptian adolescents diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and their typically developing (TD) peers. It further investigated gender differences within the ADHD group and examined whether participant group (ADHD vs. TD) moderates the direction and strength of this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample included 383 adolescents aged 13-17 years (M = 15.03, <i>SD</i> = 1.44), comprising 173 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and 210 TD peers. Using a comparative descriptive design, participants completed two culturally adapted measures assessing social anxiety and friendship quality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that the participant group did not significantly moderate the association between social anxiety and friendship quality. Adolescents with ADHD reported higher social anxiety and lower friendship quality than TD peers. No gender differences emerged for social anxiety; however, girls with ADHD reported higher friendship quality than boys, particularly in the domains of support, closeness, and conflict resolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the presence of significant social-emotional challenges among Egyptian adolescents with ADHD and suggest the importance of future research to determine whether culturally adapted interventions would enhance treatment outcomes compared to standard evidence-based approaches in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"1019-1035"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147521094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Attention and Cognitive Control Profiles of Children With ADHD and Anxiety.","authors":"Rune Boen, Beate Oerbeck, Berit Hjelde Hansen, Benedicte Skirbekk, Hanne Kristensen, Christian K Tamnes, Thomas Espeseth","doi":"10.1177/10870547261430076","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10870547261430076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with ADHD show attentional and cognitive control deficits compared to typically developing controls. However, it is unclear whether these deficits are function-specific to subcomponents of attention and cognitive control and/or disorder-specific, that is, unique to one clinical group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we characterized subcomponents of attentional and cognitive control in children with ADHD (<i>N</i> = 37, 21.6% girls), ADHD and comorbid anxiety disorder (AnxD, <i>N</i> = 24, 50% girls), AnxD (<i>N</i> = 39, 30.8% girls), as well as typically developing controls (<i>N</i> = 36, 41.7% girls) aged 7 to 14 years, using behavioral measures from the Attention Network Test (ANT) and AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc <i>t</i>-test were used to test for group differences. Cohen's <i>d</i> was used as a measure of effect size for significant group differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with ADHD and children with ADHD and comorbid AnxD showed lower accuracy (Cohen's <i>d</i> = -0.91/-1.08), higher reaction time variability (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.81/1.13) in ANT-derived measures and lower accuracy (Cohen's <i>d</i> = -0.89/-1.04) and A-cue bias (Cohen's <i>d</i> = -0.92/-0.98) in AX-CPT -derived measures compared to controls. Children with ADHD and comorbid AnxD also exhibited higher reaction time (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.83) in the ANT and lower d'-context (Cohens' <i>d</i> = -0.97) in the AX-CPT compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicate function-specific deficits in cognitive control, but not in attention, among children with ADHD and comorbid AnxD. We did not find strong evidence for disorder-specific deficits in attention or cognitive control.</p>","PeriodicalId":15237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","volume":" ","pages":"1036-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13328935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}