Basheir Osman Basheir, K. Elmalik, A. E. Abdelgadir, A. Gameel
{"title":"Traditional and modern practices in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal diseases in South Kordofan State, Sudan","authors":"Basheir Osman Basheir, K. Elmalik, A. E. Abdelgadir, A. Gameel","doi":"10.5897/JCAB11.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB11.066","url":null,"abstract":"The present study shows at least 32 animal diseases of different etiological factors found to be prevalent in South Kordofan State. The most economically important ones are: foot and mouth disease, pox infections, lumpy skin disease, hemorrhagic septicemia, black quarter, contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia, and parasites infestations. Practically, all of these diseases have local names and most of them can be diagnosed by animal owners from the clinical signs. Traditional treatment of many animal diseases was found to be a common practice particularly herbal treatment. Tar (Gutran), Aradaib (Tamarindus mdica), Garad (Acacia nilotica) and cauterization (Kai) were the most used traditional treatment for a number of diseases and non-inflammatory conditions. The study also showed that the animal owners receive veterinary services from the government, private sector, NGOs and Community Base Animal Health Workers (CBAHWs). They are aware of all important infectious conditions and zoonotic diseases in the area as well as their treatment using veterinary drugs preparations or traditional therapies. The trial of treating natural mange infection in donkeys showed that treatment by veterinary drugs (combined drug- mangezal, cypermethrine and ivermectin paste) was most superior followed by the traditional treatment with tar (Gutran) which was considered to be the best alternative for treating mange in animals. The current study revealed that infection with blood parasites was common. 70% of bovine blood smears were positive for the blood parasites: Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma conglense. 80, 3.7, 19.4, 16 and 7.1% of blood samples taken from sheep, goats, camels, donkeys and horses, were positive for blood parasites, respectively. In sheep and goats, Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. were detected. The prevalence was much higher in sheep. On the other hand, only Trypanosoma evansi was diagnosed in camels and only Babesia equi infection was found in equines. The prevalence of babesiosis and trypanosomosis was higher in the rainy season compared with the dry season, but that of thieleriosis in ruminants was higher in the dry season.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"313 1","pages":"213-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76219751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Field survey and comparative biology of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.)","authors":"K. Srikumar, P. S. Bhat","doi":"10.5897/JCAB11.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB11.094","url":null,"abstract":"Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) has become a very important tree crop in India. Several insect pests, however, have been recorded on cashew and prominent among which is the tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae). Field survey from November 2009 to November 2011 suggests that Helopeltis antonii was dominant, which accounted for 82% of all Helopeltis spp. collected; whereas, Helopeltis bradyi and Helopeltis theivora accounted for 12 and 6%, respectively. No significant differences in egg hatchability percentage among the three species were observed. The study showed that there is significant variation in developmental rate of 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar nymphs of Helopeltis spp. The total developmental time for H. antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora were 224.19, 211.38 and 214.59 hours, respectively. Survival rates of the nymphal instars of H. antonii were significantly high compared to H. bradyi and H. theivora. The sex ratio of H. antonii was highly female biased. The adults of H. bradyi and H.theivora survived longer and produced significantly higher number of eggs than H. antonii. The outcome of this study is very important in planning control as insect monitoring and biological studies are important components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis bradyi, Helopeltis theivora, cashew, relative abundance, developmental rate, survival rate, sex ratio, longevity, fecundity.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"223 1","pages":"200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76774857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toffegrave, ne Diome, C. Thiaw, A. Ndong, M. Sarr, M. Kane, Mbacke Sembegrave, Né
{"title":"Haplotype diversity of Tribolium castaneum H. (Coleotera, Tenebrionidae) pest of stored millet in Senegal","authors":"Toffegrave, ne Diome, C. Thiaw, A. Ndong, M. Sarr, M. Kane, Mbacke Sembegrave, Né","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.037","url":null,"abstract":"In Senegal, millet occupies the most important place among the cereal crops. This cereal stocks are attacked by the Coleoptera, usch as Tribolium castaneum. This beetle attacks grains and causessignificant losses on stocks of beaten millet in the Sahelian zone. The objective of this study is togenetically characterize the populations of T. castaneum encountered in different agroecological zonesto identify the different haplotypes circulating in Senegal. The results showed that there are at least 12haplotypes of T. castaneum in Senegal. High haplotype diversity in the northern groundnut basin and high nucleotide diversity in the south of the groundnut basin were also noted. The cereal in the market of Sandiara was the cause of the wealth of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the north of the groundnut basin. The high haplotype diversity and the low nucleotide diversity in the basin centered in eastern Senegal, high Casamance may be the result of rapid population growth from an ancestral population at low numbers. There was no significant genetic differentiation between agroecological zones. The strong genetic differentiation of some individuals with multiple mutations not in thehaplotype network was due to a structure based on the host plant. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Tribolium castaneum, agro-ecological zones, haplotype, genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"192-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89162083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histochemical evaluation of the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the visual relay centers of rat (Rattus norvegicus ), bat (Eidolon helvum) and pangolin (Manis tricuspis )","authors":"T. Adeniyi, D. Adekomi, A. Tijani, A. Akinyinka","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.032","url":null,"abstract":"Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) for the pentose phosphate pathway and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for the glycolytic pathway were compared in the rat (Rattus norvegicus), bat (Eidolon helvum) and pangolin (Manis tricuspis) visual relay centers to observe possible modifications that enable these mammals to cope with their habitation. Ten species each of both sexes were used for this study. After being sacrificed by cervical dislocation, their skulls were opened using bone forceps to expose the brains. The superior colliculi (SC) and lateral geniculate bodies (LGB) were excised from each brain, and were homogenized using Polter-Elvehjem homogenizer and assayed spectrophotometrically for the activities of G-6-PDH and LDH. It was observed that the histochemical activities of the enzymes showed significant differences (p < 0.05) of both SC and LGB of the three mammals as revealed in the quantitative histochemical localization of these two enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. The result indicated that enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism play a vital role in the visual functions of these mammals.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84998858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bassiri, A. Taghizadeh, Laleh Angadji, Mohammad Dusti Fard, Ali Alizadeh Tofigi
{"title":"The comparison of lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition of Sarabi indigenous and Holstein cows","authors":"S. Bassiri, A. Taghizadeh, Laleh Angadji, Mohammad Dusti Fard, Ali Alizadeh Tofigi","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.048","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to specify fatty acid content of milk from Sarabi indigenous cows and compare it with milk fatty acid profile of Holstein cows. Ten Holstein and twelve Sarabi confinement cows that have been fed on total mixed ration with corn silage, alfalfa hay and dairy concentrate were used in a completely randomized design. Holstein cows had greater milk production (P<.0001), whereas Sarabi cows on average had higher milk content of fat (P=0.0540), protein (P=0.0340) and lactose (P=0.1794). Milk from Sarabi and Holstein cows had similar content of the cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.28 and 0.30%, respectively) and short and medium chain fatty acids (18.58 and 18.62%, respectively) Sarabi cows numerically produced higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids (60.51 and 59.29%, respectively), and long chain fatty acids (43.32 and 41.26%, respectively), as well as lower concentrations of mono unsaturated fatty acids (20.75 and 21.65% respectively) than Holstein. The percentage of C16:0 main saturated fatty acid in milk fat was not different between the groups. Concentrations of C14:0 and C18:0, second and third prominent milk saturated fatty acids were respectively 9.98 and 9.93% in Sarabi and 10.10% and 9.60% in Holsteins. In summary, despite the slight differences between fatty acid content of milk from Sarabi and Holstein cows, we did not find any statistical significance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Breed, Sarabi cow, milk fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":"182-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90835542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Santana-Filomeno, Alex, re Kormanovski, Teresita Hernandez-Cruz, R. Campos-Rodríguez
{"title":"Oxidant/antioxidant response during fasting and exhaustive swimming in the kidney of trained mice","authors":"Fabian Santana-Filomeno, Alex, re Kormanovski, Teresita Hernandez-Cruz, R. Campos-Rodríguez","doi":"10.5897/JCAB11.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB11.055","url":null,"abstract":"There are no reports on the oxidant/antioxidant response in the kidney of trained mice, during the process of short-term fast or exhaustive exercise. Trained mice (TR) and untrained (NO) but only adapted to swimming were submitted to fasting or exhaustive swimming for 2, 4 and 6 h, and observed at 4 and 24 h of recovery. Measurements were made of the concentration of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), and were compared between the two groups. During fasting there was a sharp increase in all enzymes in the NO group and stability of all parameters in the TR group. Contrarily, during recovery from the fast, an increase was found in all parameters only in the TR group, and this was at the fourth hour. During exhaustive swimming (subtracting the effect of fasting), there was stability in TBARS and enzymes in the TR group, and a sharp decrease in SOD and CAT in the NO group. In both groups, a similar increase in the TAC was observed, reaching its maximum level at 2 h of swimming, followed by a return to basal levels. There are indices of non-enzymatic antioxidant components mobilization during exercise in both groups. The significant change in the antioxidant state during fasting as well as exhaustive exercise in the NO group probably represents a response to greater ROS production. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Training, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, exhaustive exercise.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"52 1","pages":"175-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73618472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Salamatazar, R. Salamatdoustnobar, N. M. Sis
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of Thymus vulgar on degradability kinetics of canola meal for ruminant using in vitro gas production technique","authors":"Mohammad Salamatazar, R. Salamatdoustnobar, N. M. Sis","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.047","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to determine the chemical composition of canola meal and estimation of the effects of two doses (0 and 0.15 ml / 200 mg canola meal samples) of Thymus vulgar extract on canola meal degradability by in vitro gas producing techniques. Fermentation of canola meal samples were carried out with rumen fluid obtained from three mature canulated steers. The amount of gas production for canola meal at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were measured. The results show that the crude protein, ether extract and crude ash were 35, 3.4 and 7.14%, respectively. Calculated amounts of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and net energy for lactation (NEl) contents of thymus vulgar extract (0.15 ml / 200 mg canola meal samples) were 54.329%, 58.13 g/kg DM, 6.50 MJ/kg DM, 0.6708 mmol and 3.33 MJ/kg DM, respectively. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, canola meal, thymus vulgar extract, gas production technique, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":"164-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87206885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Ukwenya, J. Ashaolu, D. Adeyemi, O. Akinola, E. A. Caxton-martins
{"title":"Antihyperglycemic activities of methanolic leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale (Linn.) on the pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","authors":"V. Ukwenya, J. Ashaolu, D. Adeyemi, O. Akinola, E. A. Caxton-martins","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.028","url":null,"abstract":"Anacardium occidentale is a plant with reported antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. The stem, leave and bark extracts are known to contain saponin, phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and selenium. Diabetes is a multisystemic disease characterised by defects in insulin secretion or inaction. In this study, forty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into four experimental groups A, B, C and D. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 70 mg/kg b.w streptozotocin (STZ). Hyperglycemia was confirmed 48 hours later. Five days after, the confirmation of hyperglycemia by using a glucometer (Roche (R) ) and compatible glucose test strips, Groups A and B were treated with 300 mg/kg b.w of A. occidentale extract (AOE) and 1 I U/kg b.w insulin, respectively. Groups C and D served as hyperglycemia and normal controls and received 1 ml/kg b.w citrate buffer, respectively. After 16 days of treatment the animals were sacrificed and the pancreas was processed for histological staining. Data obtained were expressed as means of ten (10) replicates ± SEM and subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Scheffe’s post hoc test for multiple comparison. Findings showed that STZ-induced diabetes induced hyperglycemia and histopathological changes in the pancreas of untreated rats. Treatment with the methanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale resulted in reduction in hyperglycaemia and regeneration of beta cells.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86658370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating the effect of Hypericum perforatum on antibody titers obtained from B1 and La Sota vaccines in broiler chicks with HI test","authors":"A. Feizi, F. Dadian","doi":"10.5897/JCAB12.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB12.023","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays using of live and killed vaccines is usually done to prevent Newcastle disease of poultry; however, some of the poultry farms are being encountered with this disease, because the available vaccines do not produce enough antibody titres. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of using an immune stimulator named Hypericum perforatum on antibody production against Newcastle vaccine. 450 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into five groups and three replicates of 30 chicks per replicate. For six weeks, various doses of dry extract (16, 20/5, 24/5 and 28/5 mg/kg) of H. perforatum were administered in drinking water to four treatment groups and placebo was administered to the control group. All groups received Newcastle vaccines on days: 11, 19 and 38. Subsequently, on days 10, 25, 34 and 42 blood samples were taken from each group and Newcastle antibody titres were defined by HI test. This experiment showed that the use of H. perforatum in each of the foregoing doses, had increasingly effects on antibody titres and this fact is significant between the control group and treatment groups. By using Duncan multiple range test, it was determined that this effect is significant in the case of 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups at 25th days results, but at 34th and 42nd days results, all groups show the same range of titres.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"37 1","pages":"160-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83005411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Papatsiros, G. Christodoulopoulos, L. Filippopoulos
{"title":"THE USE OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN MONOGASTRIC ANIMALS (SWINE AND RABBITS)","authors":"V. Papatsiros, G. Christodoulopoulos, L. Filippopoulos","doi":"10.5897/JCAB11.081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB11.081","url":null,"abstract":"The risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics led to a ban of antibiotics as growth promoters in European Union (EU) since January 2006. In recent decades, organic acids (acidifiers)have been used as potential alternatives to antibiotics in monogastric animals’ diets in order to improve growth performance and prevent diseases. The probable mode of actions of organic acids includes reducing the digesta pH value in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), regulating the balance of microbial populations in the gut, stimulating the secretion of digestive enzyme and promoting the growth and recovery of the intestinal morphology. Moreover, acidifiers appear to have antimicrobial activity, by controlling the bacterial populations in the gut, increasing activity of proteolytic enzymes, and inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Dietary organic acids can actually become an alternative solution to antibiotics, in order to improve health status and performance in livestock. The purpose of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of using organic acids in monogastric (pig and rabbit)animals’ diets. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Acidifiers, organic acids, effect, growth performance, health status, pig, rabbit.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":"154-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80165634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}