Journal of Cell and Animal Biology最新文献

{"title":"A note on interaction and pre-implantation development stages","authors":"J. Chimka, Leiying Jiang","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2014.0416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2014.0416","url":null,"abstract":"Having obtained observations of gene expression profiles from the literature, we estimated autoregressive models of mouse preimplantation development and observed interaction among stages. Gene expression profile at the earliest stage is not generally significant, but for observations where profiles at 8-cell embryo and morula stages are relatively great, the effect of unfertilized egg is significantly positive. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cellular biology, embryology, gene expression, interaction, linear regression, multivariate analysis, preimplantation development, temporal changes.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"24 5 1","pages":"110-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83397232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to obtain the organelles of prokaryotic and microbial eukaryotic cells","authors":"B. Aderiye, Olusola A Oluwole","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2014.0413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2014.0413","url":null,"abstract":"An organelle is a specialized functional subunit within cells carrying out specific functions. These compartments which may or may not be enclosed in a lipid bilayer are found in microorganisms. While those found in eukaryotic cells are usually enclosed in lipid bilayer, those in prokaryotes don’t. All microbes have compartments common to them like the nucleic acids, protein, ribosomes as well as unique intracellular structures found only in microbial subgroups. Such compartments include the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus amongst others unique to all eukaryotic cells only. Prokaryotes contain some micro-compartments unique to them including the carboxysomes, lipid bodies, polyhydroxybutyrate granules. The right choice of cell disruption methods that limit damage to the compartments is important in achieving successful compartment isolation and purification. Commonly applied methods include sonication, enzymatic lysis, detergent lysis, cavitation amongst others depending on the type of cells involved. Fractionation is the commonly utilized method for isolation and purification of organelles, utilizing ultracentrifugation and techniques that exploits size, density and surface charge variations of protoplasmic content. Such techniques include gradient centrifugation methods, use of beads, affinity purification chromatography methods and electrophoresis. Here, we review the compartments in microbial cells and the techniques employed to isolate and purify these intracellular components. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: cell disruption, purification, prokaryote, eukaryote, functional unit.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"21 1","pages":"95-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81927967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of selected milk traits in Palestinian Holstein- Friesian cattle in relation to genetic polymorphism","authors":"Zyiad Abu Khaizaran, Fawzi Al-Razem","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2014.0409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2014.0409","url":null,"abstract":"Modern dairy cattle breeding strategies depend on linkage analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of genes involved in milk yield and composition. This is because of their biological desired quantitative traits that play key roles in milk production. In this study, three genes directly related to milk production: prolactin (PRL), bovine kappa-casein (K-CN) and the pituitary-specific transcription factor (PIT-1) were analyzed in 144 cows. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms in the HolsteinFriesian cattle breed in Palestine in relation to the genetic markers and allelic variants of the three genes. Collection of samples depended on an experimental design that was completely randomized (CRD) and blood samples were collected from different cities across the West Bank, Palestine. The genotypes were determined through the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The amplified fragments of PRL (294-bp), K-CN (530-bp) and PIT-1 (451-bp) were digested with RsaI, HindIII and HinfI, respectively. Statistical analysis found that the prolactin allelic substitution (AG, GG) played a role in milk production with a p-value of 0.00643 and α (0.001**), the AG allele of PRL being more favorable for milk production as compared to the GG allele. Genetic variants of the bovine K-CN gene played a role in milk production with a p-value of 0.04071 and α (0.01*), the AA allele possessing more positive effect than the BB and AB alleles. Similarly, the allelic substitution of the PIT-1 gene affected milk production with a p-value of 2.274e-05 and α (0***), the AA allele exercising a more positive effect followed by the AB and BB alleles, respectively. Among the three studied breeds (Friesian, hybrid and local), results show that the Friesian breed possesses higher overall milk production in Palestine as compared to the other two breeds.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"481 1 1","pages":"74-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75545647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system in dairy farms in Khartoum State, Sudan","authors":"Ranya Siddeeg Omer, A. E. Abdelgadir","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2013.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2013.0411","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt was made to apply hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) system in dairy farms in Khartoum State and to suggest control limits for them based on the international standard. World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended the HACCP system as a modern tool for prevention. Critical points associated with animal health were investigated using screening tests such as California mastitis test (CMT) and rose bengal plate test (RBPT) for detection of bovine mastitis and brucellosis, respectively. The results reveal that the overall prevalence rate of bovine mastitis at the animal level was very high, 69.3% (n=104, out of 150). While, the overall prevalence rate of 36% (n=54, out of 150) was recorded for brucellosis in dairy farms in Khartoum State. Other critical points were obtained from the owners of the dairy farms by means of a questionnaire using non-probability sampling method or willingness of the owners for interview. The main results showed that tick infestation was present in most of the dairy farms, 94% (n=141, out of 150) and application of the odds ratio indicated that tick infestation could be a risk factor (OR=1.694). Using antibiotics for treatment of infected animals was also confirmed in this study as 54.7% (n=82, out of 150). On the other hand, the critical points associated with environment in dairy farms and distribution of the milk in Khartoum State was investigated using questionnaire survey and non probability sampling method was employed. The main results show that the condition of beddings was poor in 105 dairy farms (out of 150), given a percentage of 70%. Absence of the cleaning and disinfection of the teat were recorded in 108 and 104 dairy farms (out of 150), respectively. Many critical points associated with animals or environment as observed in dairy farms in Khartoum State included infectious and zoonotic disease, presence of flies and tick infestation, using antibiotics for treatment or in feed and drinking water and absent of veterinary care in the most dairy farms. While, critical points associated with environment were poor hygienic conditions during different practices, handling, storage and distribution of the milk. Moreover, the control limits for the all mentioned critical points were as follow: access to veterinary service using disinfections and detergents, vectors control, improvement of general hygienic conditions in the environments in the dairy farms during different practice as well as consideration of the issue of temperature during storage and distribution of the milk. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Critical control points, dairy farms, Khartoum State, Sudan.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"29 1","pages":"86-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91543439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of macroclimatic factors on milk production and reproductive efficiency of Holstein Friesian × Deoni crossbred cows","authors":"W. Zewdu, M. Thombre B., V. Bainwad D.","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2014.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2014.0408","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different macro climatic variables on milk production and reproduction efficiency of Holstein Friesian × Deoni crossbred cows. Data of 256 HF × Deoni crossbred cows with 1485 total records of lactation and the meteorological data over a 30-year period (1981 to 2010) were obtained from Marathwada Agricultural University Cattle Cross Breeding Project and the University Meteorological Observatory Weather Station, respectively. The parameters used as indicators of milk production and reproduction performance in this study were lactation milk yield, lactation length, dry period and inter calving period. They were plotted against the monthly climatic variable for regression analysis. It was observed that maximum temperature, maximum humidity, bright sunshine hours and maximum temperature humidity index exhibited negative and significant regression result with lactation milk yield and lactation length. All the considered climatic variables accounted for 28 and 21% direct variation on lactation milk yield and lactation length as verified by the value of coefficients of determination (R2). In contrast, maximum temperature, maximum humidity, wind speed and maximum temperature humidity index showed positive and significant regression on dry period and inter calving period. All the considered climatic variables accounted for 25 and 23% direct variation on dry period and inter calving period, respectively. The summary of the meteorological data confirmed that there were high values of temperature humidity index for considerable months yearly, which suggested that most crossbred cows were exposed to the negative effects of heat stress. Hence, other productive and reproductive strategies like improving environmental, productive and reproductive management of cows are needed to reduce the adverse effect of heat stress. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Productive and reproductive traits, milk loss, climatic variables, heat stress.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"11 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86484207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productive performance and carcass characteristics of lori-bakhtiari finishing lambs supplemented with sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide","authors":"M. Hashemi, F. Zamani, M. Vatankhah, S. Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2013.0401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2013.0401","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of sodium bicarbonate (SB) and magnesium oxide (MgO) in high concentrate fed Lori-Bakhtiari lambs was studied on productive performance and carcass characteristics. Eighteen weaned (90 days old) Lori-Bakhtiari male lambs divided into three equal groups were fed basal diet. Each group received a basal diet for 75 days with one of the following three treatments: (1) no additives (NA); (2) 0.05% magnesium oxide and (3) 0.2% sodium bicarbonate. Lambs were individually confined to 1.5 m2 metabolic cages. Cold and hot carcass weight (kg) and hot dressing (%) were higher in group receiving MgO than the SB group (p 0.05) in visceral fat contents (kidney, rumen mesenteric) in lambs of control and treated groups. Body weight (kg) and average daily gain (ADG) was higher in group receiving MgO than the SB group (p<0.05). No effect of MgO or SB in the diet was observed on weight of liver, lungs, blood and lie. Heart weight was greater (p<0.05) for lambs consumed diets supplemented with MgO. The results showed that the use of 0.05% magnesium oxide in the diet can increase dry matter intake, weight gain and improvement is weight and percent carcass than the control group and sodium bicarbonate. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hot dressing, skin, lungs, lamb, carcass.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"55 1","pages":"69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80418264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from the Sudano Guinean area in the central part of Benin, West Africa","authors":"Azoun Nazaire, G. Virgile, Azondekon Roseric, A. Rodrigue, A. Rock, Akogbto Martin","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2013.0400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2013.0400","url":null,"abstract":"Anopheles gambiae, which is the main malaria vector in Benin has developed high level of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. This raises serious concerns to the future use of long- lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). It is therefore important to seek better and effective resistance management strategies which will use organophosphates or carbamates as alternatives against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors in the field. Larvae and pupae of A. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Dassa-Zoume and Zogbodomey districts. WHO susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. WHO bioassays were performed with impregnated papers with fenitrothion 1%, pirimiphos-methyl 0.25%, and bendiocarb 0.1%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect species and Ace-1 mutations. A. gambiae Dassa-Zoume populations were susceptible to bendiocarb 0.1% with mortality rate of 99%. A. gambiae Zogbodomey populations were susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and fenitrothion 1% with mortality rates of 98.96 and 99%, respectively. PCR assay revealed that 100% of mosquitoes tested were A. gambiae s.s. The frequencies of Ace-1R mutation in A. gambiae Dassa-Zoume and Zogbodomey were 0%. Carbamates (bendiocarb) and organophosphates (fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl) have maintained their efficiency against A. gambiae Dassa-Zoume and Zogbodomey populations. Carbamates (bendiocarb) and organophosphates (fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl) have proven to be powerful alternatives against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors such as A. gambiae Dassa-Zoume and Zogbodomey populations. The use of any of these three compounds in the centre Benin would be successful in malaria vector control. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key   words:   Anopheles gambiae,   Ace-1,   resistance,   fenitrothion,   pirimiphos-methyl, bendiocarb, Benin.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"11 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72666791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoke and ethanolic extract of nicotiana tabacum altered hippocampal histology and behaviour in mice","authors":"P. Adeniyi, O. Ogundele","doi":"10.5897/JCAB10.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB10.048","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of tobacco use on human health are well known and are documented in scientific reports. When tobacco is smoked or chewed, nicotine is absorbed by the lungs and oral cavity and quickly moved into the bloodstream where it is distributed rapidly through the circulatory system to reach the brain and peripheral nervous system. Male and female adult mice (N=32) were used for this study. The animals were randomly divided in to four (4) groups, A, B, C and D, of eight (n=8) animals each. Group A animals were treated by oral administration of 10.72 mg of the extract, B 10.72 mg of the tobacco smoke exposure for 3 min (in a controlled air chamber), C were given 0.2 ml of normal saline and D were expose to equal weight (0.02 g) of cotton wool for 3 min, for 21 experimental days. The mice were sacrificed 4 h after the last administration and the brains excised, blotted, weighed and fixed in formol calcium for histological analysis, using Haematoxylin and Eosin. There was a significant decrease in the body weight, brain weight and relative brain weight in the treatment groups. The pyramidal and granular cell layers showed changes in cell count scores; significant at p<0.05 when compared with the control. The results suggested that the consumption of Nicotiana tabacum leaves; either smoking or chewing may lead to alterations in cell count, brain weight and neurobehavioral patterns. Weight loss was also observed in the treatment and was found to be dependent on the route of administration. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nicotine tobacco, hippocampus, memory, cell death.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85188645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of insecticide resistance and exploring biochemical mechanisms involved in pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) cross-resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l populations from Benin, West Africa","authors":"Nazaire Aïzoun, R. Azondekon, R. Aïkpon, Rodrigue Anagonou, V. Gnanguénon, M. Eto","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2014.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2014.0406","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the free-insecticide treated net distribution by National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in July 2011 throughout the entire country, it is useful to investigate the dynamics of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Benin and the metabolic resistance mechanisms involved in this evolution of resistance. Larvae and pupae of A. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral, Oueme and Zou departments. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bioassays were performed with permethrin (21.5 µg per bottle) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (100 µg per bottle) whereas World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility tests were performed with lambdacyhalothrin (0.05%). CDC biochemical assays using synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and ethacrynic acid (ETAA) were also carried out. A. gambiae Akron, Suru-lere and Bame populations were resistant to permethrin and DDT in 2008 and 2013. A. gambiae Akron and Suru-lere were resistant to lambdacyhalothrin in 2013. A. gambiae Akron were susceptible to this product in 2008 whereas lambdacyhalothrin resistance status in A. gambiae Suru-lere populations in 2008 required further investigation. Mono-oxygenases were involved in resistance of A. gambiae Suru-lere to pyrethroids whereas glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) may play a role in A. gambiae Akron and Suru-lere resistant to DDT. This study shows that metabolic resistance conferred by detoxifying enzymes is an indication of phenotypic resistance to both DDT and pyrethroids in Southern Benin. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Dynamics, piperonyl butoxide, ethacrynic acid, insecticide, vectors, resistance.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"300 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73592640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of substituting fish meal with poultry by-products meal in broiler diet on nitrogen excretion and litter characteristics","authors":"H. Khosravinia, A. Azarfar, Ali Sokhtehzary","doi":"10.5897/JCAB2013.0397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JCAB2013.0397","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary replacment of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% using 360 one day-old Arian broiler chicken. The mean weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly decreased in the birds fed on diets containing greater levels of PBM as compared to the control birds during 1 to 21 days of age (P<0.01). Replacement of FM at different levels with PBM significantly affected serum concentrations of urea and uric acid (P<0.05). The serum concentrations of urea and uric acid were lower in the birds that received 100%-PBM containing diets. The mean nitrogen content of litter was similar among the experimental diets, while the moisture content of litter tended to be lower for the birds fed on diets containing 25% PBM as compared to the other birds (P<0.10). Litter pH was similar among the dietary. Treating the litter samples by alum significantly decreased their pH values (P<0.01). The results suggest that, substitution of FM with PBM at different levels had no impact on nitrogen contents of litter. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nitrogen excretion, broiler chicken, poultry by-product meal.","PeriodicalId":15216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cell and Animal Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"23-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84618333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}