Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Malnutrition Gap as a New Measure of Child Malnutrition: A Global Application","authors":"Juan Feng, S. Alam, P. Eozenou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3121032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3121032","url":null,"abstract":"\"Leaving no one behind\"is an overarching principle of the Sustainable Development Goals. Many countries are prioritizing resources for those who are furthest behind. Existing malnutrition indicators?underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight, and severe wasting?are headcount ratios. They do not capture how far behind malnourished children are relative to the World Health Organization growth standards. To understand the severity of malnutrition, this study develops a new malnutrition measurement, using the method originally developed for estimating poverty. This study estimates the prevalence, gap, and gap squared for stunting, wasting, overweight, and underweight, using data from 94 developing countries over 20 years. The results show that although in most cases the headcount measures and gap measures are moving in the same direction, in many other cases, they are moving in opposite directions. Moreover, employing the new measures, the study can identify countries that have low levels of headcount for a malnutrition measure but comparatively high severity of malnutrition according to the gap measures, and vice versa. This suggests that these new malnutrition measures provide additional information on the severity of malnutrition that is not possible to be known from headcount measures. These new measures of the severity of malnutrition can therefore improve the monitoring of child malnutrition across countries, and consequently help countries to achieve their Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126584200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Trends in the Structure of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the World Economy","authors":"Dr. Alex Pomelnikov, G. Werema","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3101831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3101831","url":null,"abstract":"Due to changes in the structure and trends of foreign direct investment (FDI), the development of the world economy has undergone significant differences over the past six years. Prior to 2011, FDI was primarily focused on the service sector (representing 40% of total world FDI) according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) report, however, the current trend has changed.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115804881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in Zambia","authors":"Alejandro de la Fuente, M. Rosales, J. Jellema","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8246","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the redistributive impact of fiscal policy––and its individual elements––in Zambia. Zambia's 2015 fiscal policy reduces inequality; the largest reduction is created by in-kind public service expenditures on education. However, fiscal policy also increases poverty in three ways: (1) there is a relatively low level of targeted, direct-transfer spending; (2) energy subsidies, which do not reach many poor households, absorb a large share of expenditures; and (3) tax instruments create a burden greater than what is received as direct or indirect benefits from subsidies or direct transfers. The number of poor and vulnerable individuals who experience net cash subtractions from their incomes is greater than the number of poor and vulnerable individuals who experience net additions. Eliminating subsidy spending while compensating poor households would help fiscal policy achieve poverty reduction and even greater inequality reduction. If subsidies on fuel, electricity, and agricultural inputs were eliminated without any compensatory mechanism, such as an increase in the Social Cash Transfer program's coverage and benefit levels, the impact of fiscal policy on poverty would likely be muted. In 2015, Zambia exempted over 80 percent of the average household's consumption basket. However, value-added tax exemptions imply only that some portion of value-added is not taxed, and so do not entirely eliminate a value-added tax burden. A more efficient way to deliver net benefits to poor and vulnerable households is through targeted cash transfers at a scale large enough to compensate for the burden created across households by value-added tax and other indirect taxes.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121713576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Pakistan","authors":"Mukhtiar Ali, I. Malik","doi":"10.21694/2379-1047.15015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21694/2379-1047.15015","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the short and long run impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth of Pakistan. For this purpose, time series data from 1976-2015 has been collected from State Bank of Pakistan, World Bank and Economic Survey of Pakistan. Dependent variable used as Economic Growth (Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate (GDPGR) and independent variables as FDI, Gross Domestic Educational Expenditure (GDEX), Domestic Capital (KD), Openness to Trade (OPT), External Debt (EXD) and Labour Participation Rate (LPR). For stationarity of data Augmented Dickery Fuller (ADF) test was used and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to check the long-term co-integration among variables. The results of the study indicate that the FDI has significant positive impact on Economic Growth of Pakistan in short run whereas; it has insignificant negative impact on long rum at 5% significant level. Furthermore, the statistical results show that economic growth has significant impact on GDEX, OPT, EXD, KD and Insignificant impact on FDI and LPR. The significant epitome of this study is the requirement of the policy restructuring and implications by the Government of Pakistan which can be drawn from the findings of this study. Government of Pakistan should take necessary measures based on the recommendations of this study to enhance FDI and attract more investments both national and international.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132266566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Lutte Anti-Corruption AU Brésil Des Annés 2000: Entre L’ Activisme Politico-Judiciaire Et Les Vertus Du Marché International (Fight Against Corruption in Brazil in the 2000s: Between the Political and Judicial Activism and the Virtues of the International Business)","authors":"Fabiano Engelmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3077194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3077194","url":null,"abstract":"<b>French Abstract:</b> [L’activisme político-judiciaire légitimé par le catechisme de la lutte anti-corruption est devenu le centre de la vie politique au Brésil dans les dernières annés. Les conditions pour la croissance du protagonisme des juges et des procureurs dans les affaires de corruption ont été donné par le processus continu d’accumulation des ressources de pouvoir d’état declénchée depuis le début de la redémocratization du pays dans les annés 80. Ce processus est étroitement rattaché à des mouvements de l’internationalization de la lutte anti-corruption mené par les préscritions du gouvernement americain, les grands cabinets d’avocat, les organizations inter-gouvernamentaux, les ONGs et les think tanks. Les connexions des acteurs brésiliens avec cette espace sont construits à travers des sejours academiques, et aussi par les accords de cooperation téchnique et des réséaux informels de colaborations entre homologues. Ce texte cherche a esquisser quelque pistes pour la recherche de ces relations et les condition de légitimation de la lutte judiciaire anti-corruption dans l’espace national. MOT CLE : activisme judiciaire; lutte anti-corruption; internationalization; marché <b>English Abstract:</b> The judicial activism legitimized by the catechism of the fight against corruption has become the center of political life in Brazil in recent years. The causes of this include the continuous accumulation of state power resources by the judges and prosecutors that occurs since the beginning of the process of redemocratization of the 1980s. All this process is also closely related to the internationalization of the anti-corruption practices led by many US government programs, large law firms, inter-governmental organizations, NGOs and think tanks. The connections of the Brazilian actors with this space are built through academic stays, agreements of technical cooperation, as well, by means of networks not formalized of collaborations between counterparts. This text attempts to sketch out some ways for the research about these relations and the conditions of legitimation of the judicial fight against corruption in the national space.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115754554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keeping the Little Guy Down: A Debt Trap for Lending with Limited Pledgeability","authors":"Ernest Liu, Benjamin N. Roth","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3080682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3080682","url":null,"abstract":"Microcredit and other forms of small-scale finance have failed to catalyze entrepreneurship in developing countries. In these credit markets, borrowers and lenders often bargain over not only the division of surplus but also contractual flexibility. We show these lending relationships may lead to endogenous poverty traps for poor borrowers if future income is not pledgeable, yet richer borrowers unambiguously benefit. Improving the bargaining position of rich borrowers can harm poor borrowers, as the lender tightens restrictions and prevents them from growing. The theory rationalizes the low average impact and low demand of microfinance despite its high impact on larger businesses.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124213424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FDI Spillovers and High-Growth Firms in Developing Countries","authors":"J. Reyes","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the heterogeneous impact of spillovers from multinational corporations (MNCs) to domestic enterprises in the developing world. It empirically investigates two transmission channels of knowledge spillovers. First, direct contractual linkages between indigenous firms and MNCs. Second, indirect demonstration effects accrued by domestic firms by imitating foreign technologies either through observation or by hiring workers trained by MNCs. The paper focuses on the impact of spillovers on high-growth firms, which are enterprises with high job creation rates and, therefore, assumed to have high absorptive capacities. The paper also evaluates spillovers stemming from MNCs with different motivations to invest in developing countries. Employing a survey of around 71,000 firms across 50 sectors in 122 developing countries, the paper shows that high-growth firms internalize spillovers through both avenues and that contractual linkages are the most powerful transmission channel. FDI embedded in global value chains generates larger spillovers to high-growth domestic firms than investment that seeks to serve the host economy. There is no evidence that natural resource-seeking FDI generates spillovers. The results have important implications for policy design, as public funding in developing countries is often directed to support programs that seek to connect domestic suppliers with MNCs.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114462003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wealthier, Happier and More Self-Sufficient: When Anti-Poverty Programs Improve Economic and Subjective Wellbeing at a Reduced Cost to Taxpayers","authors":"T. Galama, Robson Morgan, J. Saavedra","doi":"10.3386/W24090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W24090","url":null,"abstract":"We document how an anti-poverty program improves economic and subjective wellbeing, and self-sufficiency. Familias en Accion Urbano, a conditional cash transfer program implemented at scale in the country of Colombia, uses a means-test cutoff score selection rule that provides exogenous variation in program participation. We reproduce the score assignment rule in a nationally representative living standards household survey that measures multiple dimensions of economic and evaluative wellbeing. Three years into the program, beneficiary households at the margin report greater income, consumption and formal employment participation for both the household head and partner. Household income increased by ten times the amount of the government transfer, likely because of gains in formal employment. Beneficiary households at the margin also report greater overall satisfaction with life, greater happiness and greater satisfaction with food. These results support the hypothesis that among households with basic unmet needs, policies that have a permanent impact on income and consumption may also have a lasting impact on subjective wellbeing and self-sufficiency. Moreover, relatively small subsidies, further offset by additional government tax receipt, may generate substantial benefits to poor families at a reduced cost to taxpayers.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121934335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Large-Scale Migration on Poverty, Expenditures, and Labor Market Outcomes in Nepal","authors":"Maheshwor Shrestha","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8232","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of migration on poverty, expenditures, and labor market outcomes in Nepal. Between 2001 and 2011, the share of male working age population abroad more than doubled, mostly due to young men leaving to work in Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries. The paper studies the impact using instrumental variables as well as difference-in-difference methods. The findings show that increases in migration to Gulf-Malaysia explain 40 percent of the decline in poverty between 2001 and 2011. The estimates of the marginal propensity of consumption show that a $1 increase in remittance income increases consumption by $0.5, with the largest share going to expenditures on food. The paper also finds that migration increases school enrollment of children, particularly of girls. Furthermore, the findings show that large-scale migration in villages improves labor market outcomes for households without a migrant. An increase in village migration rates of 10 percentage points increases wages by 25 percent, and labor force participation by 4 percentage points. The participation effects are driven by increases in female participation in non-farm sectors, and increased male participation in agriculture. The wage effects are driven by higher agricultural wages for all, and higher non-farm wages for females.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121476799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Intersection of Extreme Poverty and Human Rights in South Florida and Beyond","authors":"Caroline Bettinger-López","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3154663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3154663","url":null,"abstract":"I write on behalf of several community-based organizations in South Florida and the students in my International Human Rights Law and Advocacy class at the University of Miami School of Law to present you with several reports on the intersection of extreme poverty and human rights in South Florida and beyond, in anticipation of your official visit to the United States in December. These reports reflect partnerships between my students, working in collaboration with the Miami Law Human Rights Clinic, and leading regional public interest/social justice organizations, to address pressing matters of poverty in our community. The Miami Law Human Rights Clinic (HRC) works for the promotion of social and economic justice globally and in the U.S. The Clinic uses international human rights laws and norms, domestic law and policy, and multidimensional strategies, such as community organizing, political activism, and global networking, to draw attention to human rights violations, develop practical solutions to those problems, and promote accountability on the part of state and non-state actors.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114524261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}