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The Economic and Environmental Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Mongolian Coal-Export Sector 外国直接投资对蒙古煤炭出口部门的经济和环境影响
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-09-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3455321
Ragchaasuren Galindev, Tsolmon Baatarzorig, Nyambaatar Batbayar, Delgermaa Begz, Unurjargal Davaa, Oyunzul Tserendorj
{"title":"The Economic and Environmental Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Mongolian Coal-Export Sector","authors":"Ragchaasuren Galindev, Tsolmon Baatarzorig, Nyambaatar Batbayar, Delgermaa Begz, Unurjargal Davaa, Oyunzul Tserendorj","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3455321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3455321","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) intended to increase the exporting capacity of the coal sector on the Mongolian economy and environment by using a recursive dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model. FDI was used to expand the coal-export sector as well as to construct a railway line connecting the Mongolian main coal reserve and the Chinese border. FDI had a positive impact on macroeconomic variables such as GDP, employment, investment, and household consumption but produced a Dutch disease effect in some sectors. The new railway reduced the environmental impact of transporting coal.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115951488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Effectiveness of Aid in Developing Countries: Does Aid Work? 发展中国家援助的有效性:援助是否有效?
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-08-31 DOI: 10.7176/iags/75-02
Ridwan Islam Sifat
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Aid in Developing Countries: Does Aid Work?","authors":"Ridwan Islam Sifat","doi":"10.7176/iags/75-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/75-02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focused on the effectiveness of foreign aid in developing countries. The background of the paper is that as a developing country received and continues to accept foreign aid but is still underdeveloped. The effectiveness of aid can only be addressed if people’s livelihoods are changed. This research is conducted by a qualitative point of view. Secondary data is collected from available books, publications, research studies, journals, websites, and articles. The findings show that aid is effective for the developing countries for ensuring economic growth and increasing human development rate. Keywords: Aid, Bilateral Aid, Multilateral Aid, Developing Country DOI : 10.7176/IAGS/75-02 Publication date : August 31 st 2019","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115608745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Growth in Low-Income Countries: Evolution, Prospects, and Policies 低收入国家的增长:演变、前景和政策
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-30 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8949
Rudi Steinbach
{"title":"Growth in Low-Income Countries: Evolution, Prospects, and Policies","authors":"Rudi Steinbach","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8949","url":null,"abstract":"There are currently 31 countries classified as low income, less than half the number in 2001. Rapid growth in low-income countries from 2001 to 2018 allowed many to progress to middle-income status, supported by the commodity price boom of 2001-11, debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, increased investment in human and physical capital, improved economic policy frameworks, and recoveries from the deep recessions in transition economies during the 1990s. However, the prospects for current low-income countries appear much more challenging. Compared to the low-income countries in 2001 that became middle-income countries, today's low-income countries are further below the middle-income country threshold and more often fragile; their heavy reliance on agriculture makes them vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events; and their scope to boost external trade is limited by geography. Coordinated and multi-pronged policy efforts are required to address these challenges.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124717182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Why South Africa is Cheap for the Rich and Expensive for the Poor: Reconsidering the Balassa-Samuelson Effect 为什么南非对富人来说便宜而对穷人来说昂贵:重新考虑巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-22 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8942
Vincent Dadam, Marek Hanusch, N. Viegi
{"title":"Why South Africa is Cheap for the Rich and Expensive for the Poor: Reconsidering the Balassa-Samuelson Effect","authors":"Vincent Dadam, Marek Hanusch, N. Viegi","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8942","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates cross-sectoral productivity differentials in South African industry and their distributional consequences. The analysis shows that typically, traded sectors have experienced low productivity growth over the past decade, while skill intensive service sectors have had significant productivity growth. This is the inverse of the traditional Balassa-Samuelson sectoral transformation hypothesis, where high wages in high-productivity traded sectors increase wages throughout the economy, thus increasing prices on non-traded goods and revaluing the country's real exchange rate. Instead, the higher productivity of non-traded sectors experienced in South Africa induces a devaluation of the real exchange rate and a contraction of the traded sectors. The results of the estimation show evidence of this \"inverse\" Balassa-Samuelson effect for agriculture and manufacturing and in particular mining. This \"inverse\" Balassa-Samuelson effect has important distributional consequences: the high-productivity sectors are associated with cheaper goods and services for wealthy households. This in turn burdens poor households, which are more dependent on traded goods, with higher prices, which are a consequence of low productivity and high markups.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"651 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116181869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'Going Global' and FDI Inflows in China: 'One Belt & One Road' Initiative as a Quasi‐Natural Experiment “走出去”与中国FDI流入:作为准自然实验的“一带一路”倡议
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1111/twec.12796
Changyuan Luo, Q. Chai, Huiyao Chen
{"title":"'Going Global' and FDI Inflows in China: 'One Belt & One Road' Initiative as a Quasi‐Natural Experiment","authors":"Changyuan Luo, Q. Chai, Huiyao Chen","doi":"10.1111/twec.12796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12796","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of “One Belt & One Road” as an exogenous policy shock on the utilisation of foreign capital in China in the short term. Based on provincial panel data for the years 2003–15, the empirical study is conducted with difference‐in‐differences design. The first difference is whether a province is an OBOR province, and the second is whether “One Belt & One Road” initiative has been proposed. The empirical results suggest the utilisation of foreign capital in OBOR provinces has decreased significantly compared to non‐OBOR provinces after the initiative has been proposed. The study has further shown that the OBOR construction not only means factor movements and projects but also stands for policy shock. Its impact on utilisation of foreign capital cannot be simply captured by the commonly quantifiable “going global” indicators, namely outward direct investment, overseas contracted projects or overseas labour services. The negative impact of the initiative on foreign capital utilisation is strongly reflected in the OBOR provinces with low levels of economic development, heavy fiscal burdens and high proportions of state‐owned economy. In the short term, the negative impact of the initiative on foreign capital utilisation may be due to its role in resource competition and signal delivering. The former means that the OBOR initiative may induce resource competition between “going global” and “bringing in,” and the latter suggests that this initiative is likely to be regarded as a “signal” by foreign investors that “going global,” not “bringing in,” has become the priority of the government.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130229267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Did the Euro Change the Nature of FDI Flows among Member States? 欧元是否改变了成员国间FDI流动的性质?
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3381695
David Sondermann, I. Vansteenkiste
{"title":"Did the Euro Change the Nature of FDI Flows among Member States?","authors":"David Sondermann, I. Vansteenkiste","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3381695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3381695","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the impact of the euro integration process on the drivers of FDI inflows. We show theoretically and empirically that the single currency alters the drivers of FDI inflows across its Member States. Estimating bilateral gravity models of FDI inflows into euro area countries, we show that the euro facilitates intra-euro area vertical FDI flows but reduces incentives for horizontal or market seeking FDI. Instead, horizontal FDI flows stemming from investor countries located outside the monetary union increase. Such flows are however not more likely be directed towards euro area countries with larger domestic markets but rather to countries that are close to large euro area markets and that have higher quality institutions. Overall, these results suggest that while the euro has been beneficial to FDI inflows into the monetary union, the impact differs significantly across countries. The global financial crisis does not change our main findings. Our results are robust to various economic specifications. JEL Classification: F21, F23, F45, O43","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133519815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Determinants of Financial Inclusions: Comparing High, Middle, and Low-Income Countries 金融包容性的决定因素:比较高、中、低收入国家
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-03-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3349933
Lan Chu Khanh
{"title":"Determinants of Financial Inclusions: Comparing High, Middle, and Low-Income Countries","authors":"Lan Chu Khanh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3349933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3349933","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to examine determinants of financial inclusion in high, middle, and low-income countries. We use the World Bank’s 2017 Global Financial Inclusion database and apply probit estimation for different measures of financial inclusion, including account, payment, saving, and borrowing. For the combined sample, we find that being a man, more educated, richer, employed, and older to a certain age increases the likelihood of access to formal financial services. For the three subsamples, the impact of education and income on the likelihood of saving and borrowing formally is highest in high-income countries and lowest in low-income countries but the ranking is reverted for formal account and payment. However, the magnitude of impact increases with the level of education and income in each of sub-group country for all four formal financial inclusion measurements. Our finding also supports the view that substitution between formal and informal credit is based on income level.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133909145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Employment Protection and FDI Revisited: New Evidence from Micro Data 重新审视就业保护与FDI:来自微观数据的新证据
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-02-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3360252
Pehr‐Johan Norbäck, Per Skedinger, J. Duanmu
{"title":"Employment Protection and FDI Revisited: New Evidence from Micro Data","authors":"Pehr‐Johan Norbäck, Per Skedinger, J. Duanmu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3360252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3360252","url":null,"abstract":"We use micro data on affiliates to Swedish multinational firms (MNEs) to explore the impact of more stringent employment protection legislation (EPL) on foreign direct investment (FDI). We add to the previous literature by exploring the impact of EPL on the extensive as well as intensive margin, and by distinguishing the impact on different types of affiliates. We find that employment and exports in exporting affiliates decline with EPL, and MNEs establish fewer exporting affiliates. In contrast, employment and sales rise with EPL in purely “horizontal” affiliates. We discuss possible mechanisms explaining this sharp asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121343244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context -- The High Frequency Survey in South Sudan 脆弱环境下的贫困估算——南苏丹的高频调查
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8722
U. Pape, Luca Parisotto
{"title":"Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context -- The High Frequency Survey in South Sudan","authors":"U. Pape, Luca Parisotto","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8722","url":null,"abstract":"The High Frequency South Sudan Survey, implemented by the South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the World Bank, conducted several waves of representative surveys across seven of the ten former states between 2015 and 2017. These surveys provided a long overdue update to poverty numbers in South Sudan, with the previous national poverty estimates dating as far back as 2009. The escalation and expansion of the civil conflict posed severe challenges to the planning and implementation of fieldwork. The surveys therefore capitalized on several technological and methodological innovations to establish a reliable system of data collection and obtain valid poverty estimates. Focusing on the 2016 urban-rural wave, this paper describes the design and analysis of the survey to arrive at reliable poverty estimates for South Sudan, utilizing the Rapid Consumption Methodology combined with geo-spatial data for inaccessible survey areas.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133274721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Potential Pitfalls in Private Aid: A Cautionary Note for Non-Governmental Assistance 私人援助的潜在陷阱:对非政府援助的警示
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-11-05 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22121-8_11
Thomas K. Duncan
{"title":"Potential Pitfalls in Private Aid: A Cautionary Note for Non-Governmental Assistance","authors":"Thomas K. Duncan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-22121-8_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22121-8_11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128236121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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