Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Panel Estimation of Non-Monetary Poverty in Ethiopia and its Driving Factors: A Multidimensional Approach","authors":"M. A. Workneh, Z. S. Eshete","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3538620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3538620","url":null,"abstract":"By employing Alkire and Foster (2011) counting approach and Cerioli & Zani (1990)s’ unequal weighting method, this study estimates the non-monetary multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia for three waves with fourteen country-specific indicators and four dimensions in its first part; and tried to identify the presence of state dependence with unobserved heterogeneity using dynamic random effect probit model with unobserved heterogeneity estimation technique in its second part. The data for the three waves are from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Ethiopia for the year 2005, 2011 and 2016. The panel estimation of non-monetary multidimensional poverty gives a higher level of multidimensional poverty compared to the reports from international organizations, mainly from OPHI and UNDP, in respective years. This is mainly due to the additional indicators and the weighting method used. Housing, cooking fuel, toilet and sanitation and electricity played a significant role compared with the other indicators for the high non-monetary multidimensional poverty in the country. It is also found that there is a substantial and positive impact of the previous poverty status of households for their future experience in poverty. Households living in rural areas are more prone to experience poverty and have low chance to exit from poverty compared to urban households. In addition to focus on infrastructure development in fighting poverty, the governments’ development policies and strategies should target households who are experiencing poverty trap mainly those who are living in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"490 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115301603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Absolute Poverty: The Beginning of the End?","authors":"S. Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3537705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3537705","url":null,"abstract":"The first Sustainable Development Goal of “Ending poverty in all its forms everywhere” must be interpreted in light of an understanding of what poverty in all its forms means societally, and cannot be reduced only to a narrowly technical understanding, even that promoted by official institutions and bodies (the SDG targets and indicators). There are reasons for concern that the official indicators are unsatisfactory, and that there is a considerable gap between the external or societal and the internal or technical understandings of poverty. Considering a range of alternative poverty lines, while otherwise broadly conforming to current approaches to global income poverty estimation, demonstrates that the poverty identification criteria can significantly influence the conclusions drawn about suitable priorities and policies. While poverty is expected to be nearly “eliminated” in regions other than Sub-Saharan Africa at the lowest poverty lines, this is not only not true at higher poverty lines, but the regional composition of the world’s poor changes greatly. The extent to which the world economy provides a suitable environment for growth in developing countries will be crucial to determining the extent of poverty reduction before 2030.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparing Fertile Ground: How Does the Business Environment Affect Outcomes From Microfinance?","authors":"Jonathan Fu, A. Krauss","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3532466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532466","url":null,"abstract":"Transformative effects on microfinance client business growth are expected in financial inclusion's traditional theory of change, yet have largely been unrealized in most randomized controlled trial studies on microcredit. While instructive, the broader policy relevance of individual studies may be limited by their localized geographic coverage and relative invariance of business environments in which respective client businesses operate. In this paper, we draw on longer-term nationwide administrative data from a leading Cambodian financial service provider and exploit a natural experiment to test if and to what extent differences in business environments affect clients’ business growth. Our main finding is that positive shocks to the business environment lead to significantly increased employment in exposed client enterprises compared to client enterprises in contextually similar districts but that are unexposed. The effect is particularly strong for small (rather than micro-) enterprises and clients located in districts with larger local economic markets. Furthermore, factors relating to enterprises’ business environment are more predictive for growth than those relating to business characteristics. To broaden our argument and policy relevance, we then pool data from past microcredit impact evaluations to demonstrate how a number of related business environment factors help explain the heterogeneity found in their results. In those data, we observe, for example, that subnational differences in levels of trust in formal institutions are particularly strongly related to greater levels of employment in client businesses, and that areas with access to better infrastructure and larger markets show signs of particularly higher client profits. Our results suggest that financial access in isolation is less likely to trigger the desired transformative effects, or may not be fulfilling its real potential, unless coupled with the right opportunities in the business environment. Policy implications are that microfinance clientele respond to opportunities provided by local business environments and that national and subnational governments can play more active roles in improving business framework conditions.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133820919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Poverty for the Community","authors":"Muhamad Chairul Basrun Umanailo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3530258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3530258","url":null,"abstract":"Communities in Buru Regency are communities that have led to the formation of urban communities, with the consequences of changing social order and institutions that previously functioned as catalysts for harmony in community life. Poverty for the people in Buru Regency is interpreted more as material ownership which is assumed to be of economic value such as money, cars, houses and so on, so if someone is able to accommodate the economic value then he will be given the status of \"able\". Meanwhile, for some people who have little access and material ownership, the title \"underprivileged\" will label their daily status. This is an illustration for the reality of society which has a measure or assumption for those who are poor. Actually there are also slight differences in characteristics with the community in some areas, which still have the influence of a simple life mindset.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133319587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Economic Inequality: Are U.S. States Growing Apart?","authors":"Edmond Berisha, R. Dubey, John Meszaros, Eric Olson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3523960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523960","url":null,"abstract":"Using quarterly real GDP data from 2005 to 2019 for all U. S. states from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, we construct an economic inequality measure which is additively decomposable into within and between-region inequality. We find increases in economic disparity in terms of total real GDP across the states. The results show that states belonging to the South and West regions are growing apart, contributing significantly toward the level of total economic disparity in the country. However, in terms of per-capita real GDP, economic disparity across states is much smaller. The results emphasize the role of population dynamics in mitigating economic disparity across U. S. states.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Challenges Faced by Children Living in the Streets: A Human Rights Perspective. A Case of Chegutu CBD","authors":"Anthony Tapiwa Mazikana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3476610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3476610","url":null,"abstract":"Street children in Chegutu, Zimbabwe are facing challenges such as rape, sexual abuse, abuse of alcohol, physical abuse and stigmatization. The main aim of this research study is to explore challenges faced by children living in the streets. The secondary aims of this study are to determine the major causes of street children in Chegutu, Zimbabwe, to assess their survival and coping mechanism in response to the problems they encounter and to evaluate solutions for challenges being faced by children living in the streets of the city of Chegutu. Despite challenges faced by children living in the streets in Chegutu, survival was made possible through personal and emotional strength, cultural values, religious beliefs, supportive peer relationships, and participation in sports activities. These protective, resilience resources should be strengthened in health promotion interventions with a focus on mental health, the prevention of violence, substance use, and daily physical activities that seems to provide meaning and hope. It is recommended that parents should be educated about street children emerging. There should be programs that can be designed used to identify and provide assistance to the families that are at risk should be made available. These programs should assist in stabilising at-risk families through education, and social and life skills and must also be used to train the families on job opportunities. Through these programs, parenting skills must be strengthened so that parents can be able to love, support and guide their children. They must also be taught about street children to enable them to accommodate them in their lives, treat them with respect and not discriminate against them.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133830563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domestic and Foreign Investment in Advanced Economies. The Role of Industry Integration","authors":"Teresa Sastre, Laura Heras Recuero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3472856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3472856","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research using country or firm data has been inconclusive on the sign of the relation between domestic and foreign investment. Though several hypotheses have been formulated, the factors determining the sign of this relationship are not clearly identified yet. In this paper we explore the role of industry integration in determining the relation between outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic investment by using disaggregated data at the industry level and several indicators of industry integration. The proportion of intangible investment is used as a proxy of horizontal integration and several measures of participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) as proxies of vertical integration. The empirical results confirm that the relationship between outward FDI and domestic investment is very varied and differs across industries and countries. That relation is positive (complementary) for those industries with low intensity in intangible investment and high forward integration in GVCs –two features of vertically integrated industries– and becomes negative for those industries with high intangible investment (usually more horizontally integrated).","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129361244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debt Relief for the EMU Countries: A Chance to Restore Europe’s Power and to Stabilize the Euro – A Discussion Paper","authors":"Wolfgang Eibner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3522704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522704","url":null,"abstract":"Government spending on bailing out banks and financing a variety of stimulus packages following the US real estate and financial crisis led to a sharp increase in the already very high level of public debt also of the member countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU). \u0000 \u0000Countries such as Greece, Italy, Belgium, France and even Germany in particular depend on very low or at least low interest rates to stabilize their financial situation. Thus, the central reason for the European Central Bank's low interest rate policy, which has been in place for almost 10 years, is to provide the highly indebted countries of the EMU with a significant reduction in the interest burden in favor of a solution to the debt problem: giving time for a lot of necessary reforms to increase economic development. But none of this has succeeded in the last 10 years. \u0000 \u0000Instead, the budgetary situation in the euro countries is getting worse, the disparities in economic development are increasing rather than diminishing, thereby endangering the stability of the euro and thus the future of the single currency. \u0000 \u0000There is an urgent need for sustained higher net investments in nearly all sectors of all countries from Greece to Germany: instead, net investment in the countries of the EMU is clearly decreasing and Europe is in danger of being left behind not only by the two economic powers USA and China. \u0000 \u0000This outlines a problem that is as pressing as it is topical: the question of how to restore Europes’ economic power. The key lies in the question of how can we be able to solve the crippling debt problem of European countries quickly and sustainably. \u0000 \u0000The answer given by the discussion paper is a kind of debt relief, implemented as a conversion of a relevant amount of the government bonds held by the ECB. Conversion means extending the repayment to 80-100 years and the interest rate to be set very low. Of course a binding agreement is inevitable that net new debt can only be taken up to the maximum value of the GDP growth of a certain period. Only countries can participate in the debt conversion which commit themselves to making higher net investments to be specified more precisely, to carry out reforms especially concerning the efficiency of taxation, respectively set lower and upper limits for some taxes of the central government, and harmonize them within narrow ranges. Also it is necessary to reasonably reduce and largely deregulate bureaucracy and put an end to shadow economy and corruption. \u0000 \u0000By regaining financial strength as a result of a debt conversion, which is only possible within a strong supranational framework, the advantages of membership in the European Monetary Union will once again become evident, and the European Union can again become a shining example of freedom and prosperity, the way that Robert Schuman did formulate as a vision in.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122037431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poverty Convergence in a Time of Stagnation: A Municipal-Level Perspective from Mexico (1992-2014)","authors":"L. López-Calva, Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez, Carlos Rodríguez‐Castelán","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9038","url":null,"abstract":"This paper exploits a novel municipal-level data set to explore patterns of convergence in income and poverty in Mexico during 1992-2014. The paper finds that, despite a context of overall stagnant economic growth and poverty reduction, there is evidence of income and poverty convergence at the municipal level. The findings suggest that these convergence processes stem from a combination of considerable positive performance among the poorest municipalities and stagnant and deteriorating performance among richer municipalities. Re distributive programs, such as federal transfers to poor municipalities and cash transfers to poor households, seem to have played an important role in driving these results by bolstering income growth among the poorest municipalities, while also inducing progressive changes in the distribution of income.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"16 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123723423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreign Policy Interests and International Disaster Assistance","authors":"Michael M. Bechtel, J. Ziegler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3472528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3472528","url":null,"abstract":"How does international financial assistance reflect strategic political interests? The \"buying influence\" argument predicts that countries provide more support to governments that pursue antithetical foreign policy objectives to induce favorable policy shifts. However, such efforts seem unlikely to persuade highly antithetical governments to engage in drastic policy changes and may not be necessary if a recipient country already pursues compatible foreign policies. We analyze international responses to natural disasters using data for 203 countries from 2000 to 2014 and find that donors provide more relief to countries whose foreign policies are moderately aligned. We also explore donors' delivery tactics and find that the probability of providing disaster assistance directly to the recipient country's government is more likely as political affinity with the donor country increases. Overall, the relationships between foreign policy interests and international assistance seem more consistent with a political efficiency logic than with the standard buying influence argument.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131036105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}