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Spatial Distributions of Job Accessibility, Housing Rents, and Poverty in Nairobi, Kenya 肯尼亚内罗毕就业可及性、住房租金与贫困的空间分布
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8654
Shohei Nakamura, Paolo Avner
{"title":"Spatial Distributions of Job Accessibility, Housing Rents, and Poverty in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"Shohei Nakamura, Paolo Avner","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8654","url":null,"abstract":"Whether individuals and job opportunities are well connected is a key determinant of productive urban labor markets. The overall level of job accessibility in a city depends on the locations of jobs and workers' residences, as well as transport networks. Moreover, who has good access to job opportunities hinges on the trade-off faced by households in their residential choices over job accessibility, living conditions, and housing costs. This paper empirically analyzes the spatial distributions of job accessibility, housing rents, and poverty in Nairobi, Kenya. It finds that workers and jobs are not well connected in the city: Nairobi residents can on average access fewer than 10 percent of existing jobs by foot within an hour. Even using a minibus, they can reach only about a quarter of the jobs. This paper further shows that poorer households and/or those who live in informal settlements can reach a more limited number of jobs. Living closer to job opportunities is indeed costly in Nairobi, not only because housing quality and living conditions tend to be better in such areas, but also job accessibility itself is valued as a great amenity in the housing markets, which challenges low-income households' residential location choice.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130909581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Foreign Investment Across the Belt and Road: Patterns, Determinants, and Effects “一带一路”沿线外商投资:模式、决定因素与效应
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8607
Maggie Xiaoyang Chen, Chuanhao Lin
{"title":"Foreign Investment Across the Belt and Road: Patterns, Determinants, and Effects","authors":"Maggie Xiaoyang Chen, Chuanhao Lin","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8607","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the patterns and economic effects of foreign direct investment across the Belt and Road Initiative countries and assesses the potential role of the initiative in shaping the patterns and effects. Exploring cross-country bilateral transportation cost and foreign investment data, the analysis shows that, by reducing overall travel times and transportation costs, the proposed Belt and Road Initiative transportation network can pave the way for additional investments and increased growth in gross domestic product. But the magnitude of the effect varies significantly across source and destination countries. Aggregate foreign direct investment in Belt and Road Initiative countries is predicted to increase by around 5 percent, with regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and Pacific seeing greater potential gains. The increase in foreign direct investment can exert a positive effect on GDP, trade, and employment growth, especially for lower-income countries.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134039892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 45
Identifying People in Poverty: A Multidimensional Deprivation Measure for the EU 确定贫困人口:欧盟的多维剥夺措施
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-09-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3253613
Selçuk Bedük
{"title":"Identifying People in Poverty: A Multidimensional Deprivation Measure for the EU","authors":"Selçuk Bedük","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3253613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3253613","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I propose a multidimensional deprivation measure of poverty for the EU. The paper stands on the claim that a deprivation measure can be adequate, both conceptually and empirically, to capture poverty in the EU defined in Townsendian terms. Yet existing deprivation scales have three conceptual problems such as data-driven specification, neglected dimensionality and missing dimensions, and four data problems such as limited extent, cross-cultural equivalization, behavioral choices and reporting error. To address conceptual problems, I offer a concept-led methodology for constructing a multidimensional measure. To address data problems, I apply a post-hoc adjustment strategy using dual criteria of income poverty and financial strain. The proposed measure has four dimensions, namely needs for basic goods, health, education, leisure and social relationships, where each dimension is evaluated separately with relevant scales. When compared to the formal EU 2020 poverty target measure, the proposed measure is more likely to capture people with needs and lower resources as well as those in less affluent countries than those in more affluent countries. The (adjusted) proposed measure can be used as a stand-alone indicator to identify a target population for policy; or the unadjusted proposed measure can be combined with an income poverty measure to identify a worst-off group within that target population.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124019334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index 世界银行人力资本指数的方法
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8593
Aart C. Kraay
{"title":"Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index","authors":"Aart C. Kraay","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8593","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the methodology for a new World Bank Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI combines indicators of health and education into a measure of the human capital that a child born today can expect to obtain by her 18th birthday, given the risks of poor education and health that prevail in the country where she lives. The HCI is measured in units of productivity relative to a benchmark of complete education and full health, and ranges from 0 to 1. A value of x on the HCI indicates that a child born today can expect to be only x x100 percent as productive as a future worker as she would be if she enjoyed complete education and full health. The methodology of the HCI is anchored in the extensive literature on development accounting.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"13 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132124035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 99
Outreach and Performance Analysis of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan 巴基斯坦小额信贷银行的外展与绩效分析
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.22547/ber/10.3.2
S. Mohsin, Malik Fahim Bashir, Dr. Yasir Bin Tariq
{"title":"Outreach and Performance Analysis of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan","authors":"S. Mohsin, Malik Fahim Bashir, Dr. Yasir Bin Tariq","doi":"10.22547/ber/10.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22547/ber/10.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the outreach, performance, and a trade-off between both outreach & performance of microfinance banks in Pakistan. The sample consists of five scheduled microfinance banks and data ranging from 2008 to 2014, collected from the Mix Market international database. Using 13 ratios of outreach and 32 ratios of performance, this study used difference of mean test which compares mean values of these ratios against the South Asian benchmarks. The results indicate that the microfinance banks in Pakistan, as compared to the South Asian microfinance institutions, are facing a risky situation because of the poor performance with a low growth in the outreach. Further, results also established that there is no trade-off between outreach and performance. This study suggests that a proper corporate structure and devoted skillful management can play a vital role in making best strategies and policies to solve the problems being faced by the Pakistani microfinance banks.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116437889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Elections and Capital Flows 选举与资本流动
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3479144
Adam Honig
{"title":"Elections and Capital Flows","authors":"Adam Honig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3479144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3479144","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the extent to which elections affect capital flows. I find little evidence of political capital flow cycles in advanced economies. In emerging and developing countries, however, presidential elections significantly lower preelection foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows but have no effect on other types of capital flows. Furthermore, I find evidence that these cycles are not caused by economic crises related to elections or preelection manipulation of policy variables. These results suggest that uncertainty about future government policies, which should have greater impact on more irreversible forms of capital flows like FDI, may be an important factor in generating this cycle.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117183582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Effects of Poverty on Impatience: Preferences or Inattention? 贫穷对不耐烦的影响:偏好还是不注意?
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3247690
Vojtěch Bartoš, Michal Bauer, Julie Chytilová, Ian Levely
{"title":"Effects of Poverty on Impatience: Preferences or Inattention?","authors":"Vojtěch Bartoš, Michal Bauer, Julie Chytilová, Ian Levely","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3247690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3247690","url":null,"abstract":"We study two psychological channels how poverty may increase impatient behavior - an effect on time preference and reduced attention. We measured discount rates among Ugandan farmers who made decisions about when to enjoy entertainment instead of working. We find that experimentally induced thoughts about poverty-related problems increase the preference to consume entertainment early and delay work. The effect is equivalent to a 27 p.p. increase in the intertemporal rate of substitution. Using monitoring tools similar to eye tracking, a novel feature for this subject pool, we show this effect is not due to a lower ability to sustain attention.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Bringing the Developmental State Back in the Age of Exponentiality 把发展状态带回到指数时代
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_9
S. Baek
{"title":"Bringing the Developmental State Back in the Age of Exponentiality","authors":"S. Baek","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117196091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Theoretical Reshaping for the Augmented Inequality Dynamics 增广不等式动力学的理论重构
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_5
S. Baek
{"title":"Theoretical Reshaping for the Augmented Inequality Dynamics","authors":"S. Baek","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91394-0_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128800024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foreign Direct Investment and 'Peak Globalization' 外商直接投资与“全球化高峰”
Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal Pub Date : 2018-07-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3403051
C. Braga
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and 'Peak Globalization'","authors":"C. Braga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3403051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3403051","url":null,"abstract":"The specter of a less-integrated world economy is real. The paper discusses to what extent trade protectionism and economic conflicts are affecting the composition and dynamism of foreign direct investment flows.","PeriodicalId":152062,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: International Development Efforts & Strategies eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125816142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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