Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of Outflow-Tract Ventricular Arrhythmia Ablation Using a Universal Right Ventricle Model.","authors":"Krystian Szkoła, Łukasz Zarębski, Paweł Turek, Marian Futyma, Łukasz Wiśniowski, Piotr Futyma","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12090323","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12090323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> The radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is a well-established therapy. Traditionally, RFCA is guided using electroanatomical 3D mapping systems involving manual catheter navigation within cardiac chambers. While effective, this approach may be time-consuming, and it carries a potential risk of cardiac wall perforation. Although the risk is low, it cannot be underestimated. Therefore, alternative mapping methods are sought to reduce procedural times and improve the overall efficiency of RVOT-VAs ablation. <b>Aim:</b> To evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a universal RVOT 3D model implementation for the ablation of idiopathic RVOT-VAs. <b>Methods:</b> Consecutive patients undergoing VA ablation supported with a universal RVOT 3D model (3D-MODEL group) were included in the study. The RVOT universal model in this group was created by processing DICOM images for the improved segmentation of anatomical structures, followed by production using 3D printing technology. Patients who underwent classic endocardial electroanatomical mapping served as controls (EAM group). <b>Results:</b> A total of 228 patients were included in the study (143 women, age 50 ± 17 years): 149 in the 3D-MODEL group and 79 in the EAM group. The acute complete elimination of clinical VAs was achieved for 133 (89%) of patients in the 3D-MODEL group vs. 65 (82%) in the EAM group (<i>p</i> = 0.14). The procedural time was significantly shorter in the 3D-MODEL group compared to the EAM group (38 ± 14 min vs. 80 ± 39 min, <i>p</i> < 0.001). A significant difference was also observed in the radiofrequency time between the 3D-MODEL and EAM groups (251 ± 176 s vs. 503 ± 425 s, <i>p</i> < 0.001). No significant difference in fluoroscopy time was found between the groups (284 ± 167 s vs. 260 ± 327 s, <i>p</i> = 0.49). Two cases of cardiac tamponade occurred, both in patients from the EAM group. During follow-up, lasting 14 ± 10 months, 87% of patients in the 3D-MODEL group and 75% in the EAM group remained arrhythmia-free (<i>p</i> = 0.45). <b>Conclusions:</b> The use of universal RVOT 3D modeling is a feasible, safe, and effective alternative to classic electroanatomical mapping in the ablation of idiopathic RVOT-VAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right Ventricular Strain in Healthy Children: Insights from Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography.","authors":"Renée S Joosen, Eva A M Meulblok, Esther H Mauritz-Fuite, Martijn G Slieker, Johannes M P J Breur","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12090322","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12090322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Right ventricular (RV) strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking is a reliable and clinically significant tool for detecting RV systolic dysfunction, but it varies by age, vendor, and software.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To establish pediatric age-specific normal values and Z-score equations for biventricular strain using GE Healthcare equipment and software.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children 0-18 years with structurally and functionally normal hearts, who visited the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht between October 2020 and December 2023, were retrospectively included and divided into age groups: 0 years, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-13 years, and 14-18 years. Left ventricular (LV) and RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and RV free wall longitudinal strain (FWGLS) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 129 subjects (57% male) (0 years: n = 17; 1-4 years: n = 22; 5-9 years: n = 34; 10-13 years: n = 35; 14-18 years: n = 20). Low R² values were strain-adjusted for age, height, and body surface area (all < 0.3), and the sample size limited Z-score equation reliability. Therefore, data are presented as mean ± SD or median [IQR] stratified by age. LV GLS, RV GLS, and RV FWGLS showed a nonlinear relationship with age, peaking at the 1-4 years age group and decreasing with age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LV GLS, RV GLS, and RV FWGLS showed age-related differences in children using GE equipment and software, which highlights the importance of age-specific normal strain values, including Z-score equations as a function of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Treated by Modified Morrow Septal Myectomy: Reports of a Propensity Score Matching Cohort.","authors":"Yi-Xi Zou, Xi-Lin Zhang, Jian-Peng Zheng, Feng Lu, Gregory Y H Lip, Ying Bai, Yu-Feng Sun, Wei-Hua Guo","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12090321","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12090321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A modified Morrow septal myectomy (MMSM) is one of the main treatment methods for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OHCM). Our aim was to study the impact of MMSM on the risk of AF and stroke in OHCM patients.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>From 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020, 6426 patients with obstructive HCM (OHCM) were selected from the Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center (BMHCIC) datasets (mean age: 54.3 years; 43.8% female). After propensity score matching, 3780 patients were selected, including 1890 who received MMSM (Group 1) and 1890 who did not receive any surgery (Group 2). During a median of 0.8 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.1, 2.7) years of follow-up after discharge from the hospital, stroke risk was lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (aHR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.6, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and the results were further confirmed by Kaplan-Meier analyses (<i>p</i> < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of AF (aHR: 1.0, 95%CI: 0.7-1.5, <i>p</i> = 0.991). The risk of AF decreased in the first 6 years since receiving MMSM and then sharply increased beyond 6 years after MMSM according to Kaplan-Meier analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MMSM is associated with a decreased risk of stroke in OHCM patients. The risk of AF decreased in the first 6 years since receiving MMSM and then sharply increased beyond 6 years after MMSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodality Imaging in Eosinophilic Myocarditis: A Rare Cause of Heart Failure.","authors":"Vincenzo Viccaro, Amabile Valotta, Elena Checcoli, Susanna Landi, Fabio Cattaneo, Andrea Milzi, Mattia Duchini, Giacomo Maria Viani, Alessandro Caretta, Susanne Schlossbauer, Antonio Landi, Laura Anna Leo, Giorgio Treglia, Giovanni Pedrazzini, Marco Valgimigli, Anna Giulia Pavon","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080320","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare and potentially fatal form of acute myocarditis. Currently, no validated diagnostic criteria exist, and definitive diagnosis relies on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) not devoid of periprocedural complications. This review aims to explore how a multimodality imaging approach can support early diagnosis, reduce reliance on EMB, enable risk stratification and monitor the response to anti-inflammatory therapy. In particular, while echocardiography provides rapid and useful information in suspected EM, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) remains the non-invasive gold standard for diagnosis due to its ability to provide accurate tissue characterization. Moreover, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and cardiac CT (CCT) may offer valuable insights, particularly when echocardiographic image quality is poor or CMR is contraindicated or unavailable. Based on our experience and current literature, an optimal multimodality imaging approach should reserve EMB only for high-risk or inconclusive cases. Furthermore, this strategy offers complementary information, supporting clinical decisions and optimizing long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12386955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Functional Assessment Meets Intravascular Imaging in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.","authors":"Grigorios Tsigkas, Kassiani-Maria Nastouli, Anastasios Apostolos, Panagiota Spyropoulou, Maria Bozika, Michail I Papafaklis, Stella Rouzi, Effrosyni Tsimara, Antonios Karanasos, Virginia Mplani, Periklis Davlouros","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080319","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) has advanced significantly with the incorporation of imaging and physiology assessment techniques. Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) and Non-Hyperemic Pressure indices (NHPIs) provide information regarding the functional significance of coronary lesions, while Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enhance anatomical characterization and guide stent implantation. This review explores the implementation of physiology- and imaging-guided strategies in clinical practice, comparing their efficacy and limitations. Novel technologies now allow for physiology estimation without hyperemic agents, and hybrid techniques, such as OCT-derived FFR, are increasingly integrated into clinical practice. These approaches offer the combined advantages of functional assessment and detailed anatomical imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysfunctional Electron Transport Chain Assembly in COXPD8.","authors":"Gisela Beutner, Heidie L Huyck, Gail Deutsch, Gloria S Pryhuber, George A Porter","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080318","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency type 8 (COXPD8) is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder caused by a mutation of the nuclear encoded mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (AARS2). Clinical manifestations of COXPD8 include lethal infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypoplasia, generalized muscle weakness, and neurological involvement. We report a patient with COXPD8 caused by two mutations in the AARS2 gene. The c.1738 C>G mutation has not been previously reported, while the c.2872 C>T mutation has been associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac tissue, obtained through the LungMAP program, showed that, compared to other patients of similar ages, these two mutations affect not only the assembly of functional monomeric complexes (Cx) I and IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) but also limit the formation of respiratory supercomplexes. This patient had altered expression of some ETC proteins but normal expression of several enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We also show that one of the control/comparison patients had an undiagnosed ETC Cx IV deficiency. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the two mutations of the AARS2 gene are associated with failed assembly of Cx I and Cx IV and reduced formation of respiratory supercomplexes of the ETC, likely leading to acute bioenergetic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12386341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: Bridging Mechanistic Understanding and Clinical Practice.","authors":"Flavia Ravelli, Stefano Branzoli, Alessandro Cristoforetti, Silvia Quintarelli, Alessio Coser, Paolo Moggio, Mark La Meir, Carlo de Asmundis, Luigi Pannone, Francesco Onorati, Roberto Bonmassari, Massimiliano Marini","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080313","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, poses a significant burden on global morbidity and healthcare expenditure. Although endocardial catheter ablation and surgical ablation are established therapeutic strategies, each exhibits inherent limitations in achieving comprehensive substrate modification. Hybrid ablation therapy, integrating both endocardial and epicardial approaches, aims to overcome these limitations by enabling the more extensive and transmural targeting of arrhythmogenic foci and the complex atrial substrate. This review synthesizes the electrophysiological basis and mechanistic rationale underpinning hybrid AF ablation, highlighting its potential for an enhanced efficacy compared to isolated techniques. Furthermore, it introduces the emerging paradigm of three-dimensional ablation within this evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Markers in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Distal Coronary Embolism at Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.","authors":"Niya Emilova Semerdzhieva, Simeon Dimitrov, Adelina Tsakova, Mariana Gospodinova, Petar Atanasov, Vesela Lozanova","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080315","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Introduction: Distal coronary emboli occur in up to 15-30.5% of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and are associated with poor myocardial reperfusion in the territory of the infarct-related artery. The objective of this study was to analyze the possible laboratory, clinical and imaging indicators of distal coronary embolism detected with an angiography at the time of PCI with stent implantation for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). (2) Methods: This analysis included 137 patients with ACS. The levels of cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase [CK], muscle-brain fraction of CK, high-sensitivity troponin T [hsTnT]), inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, white blood cell counts), sex steroids (total 17β-estradiol, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA-S]), serum lipids and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) were measured and analyzed for their relationship with the incidence of distal coronary embolism at PCI. (3) Results: Slow coronary blood flow was detected in the coronary artery subject to intervention in 9.4% (<i>n</i> = 13) of patients. Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose and serum DHEA-S levels were found to be associated with distal coronary embolization and slow coronary flow at PCI with stenting (DHEA-S: 1.316, OR 1.044-1.659, <i>p</i> = 0.020; TG: 1.130, OR 0.990-1.300, <i>p</i> = 0.072; HDL: 2.326, OR 0.918-5.8977, <i>p</i> = 0.075; glucose: 1.130, OR 0.990-1.300, <i>p</i> = 0.072). In the multivariable model, only DHEA-S after PCI tended to indicate a risk of distal coronary embolism (DHEA-S: <i>p</i> = 0.071; TG: <i>p</i> = 0.339; glucose: <i>p</i> = 0.582; HDL: <i>p</i> = 0.502). (4) Conclusions: Patients with ACS with higher triglyceride levels are at risk of developing slow blood flow after percutaneous intervention with stent implantation. Elevated DHEA-S possibly reflects sympathoadrenal and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity associated with ACS and coronary intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12386391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Guided Neuromodulation in Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.","authors":"Rabiah Aslam Ansari, Sidhartha Gautam Senapati, Vibhor Ahluwalia, Gianeshwaree Alias Rachna Panjwani, Anmolpreet Kaur, Gayathri Yerrapragada, Jayavinamika Jayapradhaban Kala, Poonguzhali Elangovan, Shiva Sankari Karuppiah, Naghmeh Asadimanesh, Anjani Muthyala, Shivaram P Arunachalam","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080314","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure, a significant global health burden, is divided into heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), characterized by systolic dysfunction and diastolic stiffness, respectively. While HFrEF benefits from pharmacological and device-based therapies, HFpEF lacks effective treatments, with both conditions leading to high rehospitalization rates and reduced quality of life, especially in older adults with comorbidities. This review explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in advancing autonomic neuromodulation for heart failure management. AI enhances patient selection, optimizes stimulation strategies, and enables adaptive, closed-loop systems. In HFrEF, vagus nerve stimulation and baroreflex activation therapy improve functional status and biomarkers, while AI-driven models adjust stimulation dynamically based on physiological feedback. In HFpEF, AI aids in deep phenotyping to identify responsive subgroups for neuromodulatory interventions. Clinical tools support remote monitoring, risk assessment, and symptom detection. However, challenges like data integration, ethical oversight, and clinical adoption limit real-world application. Algorithm transparency, bias minimization, and equitable access are critical for success. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical innovation are essential to develop personalized, data-driven, patient-centered heart failure treatment strategies through AI-guided neuromodulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12386544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Pressure Variability in Hypertension: A Rehabilitation Perspective.","authors":"Manikandan Raju, Marco Alfonso Perrone, Anas R Alashram, Ferdinando Iellamo","doi":"10.3390/jcdd12080317","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jcdd12080317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of blood pressure variability (BPV) as an important marker of cardiovascular (CV) health, specifically its relationship with arterial stiffness and left ventricular remodeling in patients with hypertension, was investigated. This review aimed to elucidate the intricate relationship between BPV, arterial stiffness, and cardiac remodeling. BPV, as both a risk factor and a target of treatment, was also evaluated. The results point to the pivotal role of BPV in cardiovascular events, serving as an independent factor contributing to arterial stiffness and adverse left ventricular remodeling. The article concludes that BPV is a modifiable risk factor and that there is a need for an intervention in specific regions. BPV is a therapy target that is significant in the treatment of hypertension. The optimization of risk and prevention needs a multidisciplinary approach involving rehabilitation therapy, which will improve cardiovascular conditions and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12386972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}