Journal of biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Double-leg attack vs. arm-drag: Examining muscle synergy consistency between elite and sub-elite freestyle wrestlers","authors":"Hojat Beinabaji ,&nbsp;Mansour Eslami ,&nbsp;Sayed Esmaeil Hosseininejad ,&nbsp;Iman Esmaili Paeen Afrakoti ,&nbsp;Afshin Fayyaz Movaghar","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to execute coordinated muscle contractions has significant implications for wrestlers’ performance. The skill level of the individual and the type of technique chosen may influence their success in wrestling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wrestler skill level (elite vs. sub-elite) on the consistency of muscle synergies during the execution of the Double-Leg Attack and Arm-Drag techniques in freestyle wrestling. Thirty-four male junior wrestlers, classified as either elite (n = 17) or sub-elite (n = 17), participated in the study. Surface electromyography (EMG) recordings from five upper limb muscles were used to extract muscle synergies via Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Synergy consistency was assessed using Cosine Similarity (CS) analysis. A significant interaction effect was found between skill level and technique type on the consistency of the first muscle synergy (p ≤ 0.05), with the Elite group demonstrating greater spatio-temporal synergy consistency compared to the Sub-elite group during the execution of the Double-Leg Attack technique. Elite wrestlers also demonstrated higher temporal consistency in the middle and explosive phases of both techniques. The Double-Leg Attack technique showed more consistent muscle activation patterns than the Arm-Drag, regardless of skill level. These findings suggest that a wrestler’s training experience and skill level significantly influence their ability to effectively execute wrestling techniques by optimizing neuromuscular control strategies. Sport medicine practitioners and athletic trainers may consider monitoring alterations in the muscle synergy components throughout training and rehabilitation programs. This approach could provide a means to objectively assess and benchmark changes in neuromuscular coordination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle contribution to hip contact force during walking is lower in individuals with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, compared with controls","authors":"Trevor N. Savage ,&nbsp;Claudio Pizzolato ,&nbsp;Thor F. Besier ,&nbsp;Laura E. Diamond ,&nbsp;Jillian Eyles ,&nbsp;Camdon Fary ,&nbsp;Nadine E. Foster ,&nbsp;Damian Griffin ,&nbsp;Michelle Hall ,&nbsp;Hoa X. Hoang ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Murphy ,&nbsp;John O’Donnell ,&nbsp;Libby Spiers ,&nbsp;Edin Suwarganda ,&nbsp;Phong Tran ,&nbsp;Kim L. Bennell ,&nbsp;David J. Hunter ,&nbsp;David G. Lloyd ,&nbsp;David J. Saxby","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Altered hip loading and biomechanics in individuals with femoracetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) may affect the joint’s habitual mechanical environment, potentially increasing the risk of osteoarthritis . Examining differences in contributions of muscle and external loads (i.e., gravitational and intersegmental–inertial forces) to hip contact forces, compared with controls, may aid our understanding of FAIS pathomechanics and assist with the development of more effective treatments.</div><div>Whole-body motion and electromyograms of 14 lower limb muscles were acquired from 41 participants with FAIS and 24 healthy controls whilst walking overground at self-selected speed. Contributions made by muscle and external (gravitational and intersegmental–inertial) forces to hip contact force during the stance phase of walking were estimated using an electromyogram-assisted neuromusculoskeletal model and compared between-groups using statistical parametric mapping.</div><div>Throughout stance, muscle contributed ∼80% of hip contact force for both participants with FAIS and controls. Compared with controls, participants with FAIS generated ∼20% lower total muscle force (mean difference: −0.75 N·BW^-1, 95% CI −1.13 to − 0.35, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) primarily due to lower adductor (−0.27 N·BW^-1, 95% CI −0.48 to − 0.06, <em>p</em> = 0.001), extensor (−0.40 N·BW^-1, 95% CI − 0.65 to −0.16, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and flexor (−0.71 N·BW^-1, 95% CI −1.07 to −0.35, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) muscle group forces at different stages of stance.</div><div>Compared with controls, lower hip contact force in participants with FAIS during the stance phase of walking were the result of lower flexor, extensor and adductor muscle forces and could be targeted in non-operative interventions (e.g., physiotherapy).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual force depression in cardiac myofibrils","authors":"Seong-won Han ,&nbsp;Torri Heiser ,&nbsp;Venus Joumaa ,&nbsp;Walter Herzog","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>History-dependent properties, such as residual force depression (rFD; i.e., the decrease in steady-state isometric force of a muscle, following active shortening, compared to the corresponding force of a purely isometric contraction) have been consistently observed in skeletal muscle. However, the corresponding work on history-dependent properties in cardiac muscle is limited and controversial, and the rFD property specifically remains unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine rFD in cardiac myofibrils.</div><div>Myofibrils (n = 10) isolated from the left ventricle of rabbits were held at an average sarcomere length (SL) of 2.2 µm. Myofibrils were then activated, and actively shortened to an average SL of 1.8 µm, held constant at this length until the force reached a steady-state. The myofibrils were then deactivated and allowed to recover for 10 mins. Finally, myofibrils were activated again at an average SL of 1.8 µm, to measure the purely isometric force at this length.</div><div>All ten myofibrils exhibited rFD, averaging 23.0 % (± 9.4 %) of the purely isometric reference force. This result suggests that rFD occurs in cardiac muscle within a physiologically relevant range of function, and that similar to skeletal muscle, the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac rFD originate, at least in part, from the sarcomere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint moment–angle/velocity relations in the hip, knee, and ankle: A meta-visualization of datasets","authors":"Ziyu Chen ,&nbsp;David W. Franklin","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joint moment is a prominent kinetic property in biomechanical investigations, whose pattern and magnitude reflect many characteristics of musculoskeletal motion and musculotendon biomechanics. Nonetheless, the relations of joint moment with joint angle and velocity are complicated, and it is often unclear how the kinetic capacity of each joint varies in different configurations. With common techniques in systematic review, we collected a total of 962 passive, isometric and isokinetic joint moment datasets based on human <em>in vivo</em> measurements from literature and visualized the major joint moment–angle and moment–velocity relations in the hip, knee, and ankle. The findings contribute to the analysis of musculoskeletal mechanics and providing reference regarding the experimental design for future moment measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid identifying for high-risk Type B aortic dissection populations: A hemodynamic study","authors":"Haoyue Xu ,&nbsp;Chengxin Weng ,&nbsp;Da Li ,&nbsp;Haoyao Cao ,&nbsp;Tiehao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiarong Wang ,&nbsp;Tinghui Zheng ,&nbsp;Ding Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the blood force on the vessel wall (BFVW) is generally obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which is hampered by professional CFD knowledge to perform the correct simulation. This study aims to propose a new method to quickly calculate BFVW in TBAD-susceptible areas and to find the association between BFVW and the occurrence of TBAD. Using the momentum theorem, a fast, accurate, and clinician-friendly non-numerical simulation method was proposed and validated against CFD in 30 high-risk TBAD patients and 30 healthy controls. It is found out that aortic geometric morphology of one specific patient experienced almost no change before and after the onset of TBAD. The post-onset imaging data of acute TBAD patients is adequate as pre-onset models. The linear regression analysis showed good agreement in BFVW calculated by the two methods (R &gt; 0.98). The magnitude of BFVW in the TBAD groups was significantly greater than in healthy controls (23.22 N ± 5.64 N vs 15.37 N ± 3.08 N, P &lt; 0.01). The BFVW orientation in the healthy control group was primarily vertical, whereas the angle between the BFVW and the vertical direction was greater in the TBAD group (P &lt; 0.01). The proposed method can quickly and accurately calculate patient-specific BFVW. It can therefore help clinicians identify potential TBAD populations early on and provide further evidence for optimizing blood pressure management to prevent TBAD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging hemodynamics, tissue mechanics, and pathophysiology in coronary artery disease: A new agent-based model with tetrahedral mesh integration","authors":"Jeremy Warren ,&nbsp;Anna Corti ,&nbsp;Clark A. Meyer ,&nbsp;Heather N. Hayenga","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce a new multi-physics, multi-scale modeling approach to understand plaque progression during coronary artery disease. Prior works have coupled agent-based models (ABMs) with finite element analysis (FEA) or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the individual contributions of tissue mechanics or hemodynamics to plaque growth. However, these approaches could not simultaneously capture the dynamic interplay between all three domains that drive plaque development. This study aims to present a novel method that merges hemodynamics via CFD, biological processes via ABM, and biomechanics via FEA into a single multi-scale, multi-physics simulation (CAFe). A description of the mechanisms and modeling approaches utilized in the CAFe model is provided, as well as preliminary exploration of the model’s capabilities in idealized healthy and stenosed coronary artery models. A volumetric 3D tetrahedral mesh of the artery is shared between CFD, ABM, and FEA to simulate geometrical and biological changes with continuity and consistency. The CFD and FEA modules, implemented with FEBio, calculate the wall shear stress and structural stress and strain, respectively. These biomechanical values are passed to the ABM, implemented in MATLAB, which simulates vascular remodeling using molecular diffusion, cell migration, equations for cellular processes, and volumetric growth to update the geometry. Initial results using CAFe suggest atherosclerotic arteries seek to maintain a hemodynamic threshold through preferential growth and remodeling downstream of a stenosis. The innovative approach described herein marks a significant step forward in predictive modeling of CAD progression and paves the way for powerful coupling of the spatiotemporal-dependent remodeling paradigms exhibited by the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD and PIV analysis of a novel, low shear stress intra-aortic ventricular assist device","authors":"Elif Oran ,&nbsp;Essam Abo-Serie ,&nbsp;James Jewkes ,&nbsp;Manus Henry ,&nbsp;Bulent Oran","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stroke has emerged as the primary contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing treatment with Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs), possibly arising from the turbulent flow and elevated wall shear stresses generated in these devices. A minimally invasive LVAD (<em>LifeheART</em>) has been proposed to address these issues, employing an intra-aortic location and a shaftless impeller design. The current study uses Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) flow visualization, carried out in a Cardiovascular Mock Circulation Loop (CMCL), to identify the velocity distribution at the pump outlet in order to validate the developed CFD model. Subsequently, the model evaluates the blood shear stress distribution and blood damage index. The results showed that the calculated viscous shear stress (VSS) and the blood damage index of the <em>LifeheART</em> prototype is significantly lower than the published data for current clinically available devices, confirming the potential utility of the new design to improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a novel compliance-matching aortic graft in a swine model","authors":"Georgios Rovas ,&nbsp;Philippe Reymond ,&nbsp;Mathieu van Steenberghe ,&nbsp;John Diaper ,&nbsp;Vasiliki Bikia ,&nbsp;Mustafa Cikirikcioglu ,&nbsp;Walid Habre ,&nbsp;Christoph Huber ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Stergiopulos","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mismatch of elastic properties between the arterial tissue and the vascular grafts, commonly called compliance mismatch, is responsible for many deleterious post-operative complications. Currently, there is an absence of prostheses that conform with the compliance of healthy aortas. We aimed to evaluate the in vivo performance of novel compliance-matching grafts in a swine model and compare it to the native aorta and to gold-standard aortic grafts.We proposed a compliance-matching graft design, composed of a standard aortic graft surrounded by an optimized Nickel-Titanium compliance-augmenting layer. We replaced the thoracic aorta of six domestic pigs with compliance-matching grafts under cardiopulmonary bypass. We removed the compliance-regulating layer of the compliant grafts, so that gold-standard grafts remained implanted. The aortic pressure and flow rate were measured at the three stages of the experiment to assess hypertension and arterial stiffness. The compliance-matching grafts were implanted without inducing post-operative hypertension by maintaining systolic pressure (<em>p =</em> 0.26), aortic pulse wave velocity (<em>p =</em> 0.89) and aortic distensibility (<em>p =</em> 0.67) at healthy levels. The gold-standard grafts caused a significant rise in systolic pressure (<em>p =</em> 0.005), pulse wave velocity (<em>p =</em> 0.012) and they approximately doubled pulse pressure (<em>p &lt;</em> 0.001). Our novel compliant grafts could diminish the complications caused by compliance-mismatch and they could surpass the clinical performance of existing prostheses. The proposed grafts comprise a step towards optimized treatment and improved life expectancy of patients subjected to aortic replacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3-Dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the snatch in elite and varsity weightlifters","authors":"Paul G. Arauz ,&nbsp;Gabriela Garcia ,&nbsp;Jose Llerena ,&nbsp;Maede Boroji ,&nbsp;Vahid Danesh ,&nbsp;Imin Kao","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mastering the snatch lift requires physical strength as well as a deep understanding of kinematics, kinetics, and timing, making it one of the most technically demanding athletic feats. While kinematic differences across skill levels are well-documented, kinetic differences are less understood. Exploring the 3D kinetics of the snatch can reveal important insights into the movement patterns, moments, forces, and power involved in the lift, helping to enhance performance for lifters at all skill levels. This study examined the 3D kinematic and kinetic differences between elite and varsity weightlifters during the snatch lift. A total of 23 participants (10 females, 13 males), including 11 elite and 12 varsity weightlifters, were measured. Results from the SPM analysis of 3D kinematics and kinetics during the snatch lift indicate that elite athletes tend to achieve key kinematic events slightly later in the lift cycle compared to varsity athletes, particularly in knee flexion and extension. In addition, elite lifters demonstrated superior shoulder moments about adduction-abduction and internal-external rotation axes, along with increased elbow and wrist moments during most of the raising phase. Key differences indicate elite athletes showed greater hip extensor and abductor moments at the catch and rise phases, while varsity athletes exhibited higher lateral forces during the first pull and transition phases (p &lt; 0.05). Significant differences were also found in shoulder, wrist, and ankle dynamics, with elite lifters demonstrating greater normalized power and moments across various joints (p &lt; 0.05). These findings provide a valuable reference for improving the snatch technique of both varsity and elite lifters. Addressing variations in the mechanics and timing of the snatch lift may enhance performance and proficiency across all levels of weightlifters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronisation of multiple unconnected inertial measurement units using software correction","authors":"Brook Galna ,&nbsp;Emily Wood ,&nbsp;Steven Griffiths ,&nbsp;Daniel Jackson ,&nbsp;Adrian Rivadella ,&nbsp;Iain Spears","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A major challenge in capturing multi-segmental movements with unconnected inertial measurement units (IMUs) is synchronisation between IMUs. The aims of this study were to assess the reproducibility of desynchronisation rates between unconnected IMUs (Axivity, Ax6) commonly used in human movement studies and to determine the accuracy of predicted (corrected) clock differences under different conditions. In the first two experiments, we report that rates of desynchronisation between IMU pairs were linear, unique to each pair, and reproducible within and between sessions. The third experiment involved a cohort of active adults (n = 44) performing physical activity and resulted in predicted clock errors from −10.1 to 0.3 ms after 2 h. This level of synchronisation is acceptable for most human movement applications. The consistent and predictable desynchronisation rates found in these commonly used unconnected IMUs provides an opportunity for a simple, movement-independent, and adaptable techniques to extend synchronisation periods for many applications in human movement research. Further work to compensate for fluctuations in external and internal factors is warranted to extend synchronisation between unconnected IMUs for even longer duration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 112632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}