Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants最新文献

{"title":"Process optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamics for the selenium extraction from Cardamine violifolia","authors":"Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengliang Zhu ,&nbsp;Shengrong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhanye Xv ,&nbsp;Fang Jin ,&nbsp;Shengdong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selenium supplementation is an effective means for its deficient population to maintain their health. The selenium extraction is one of the most important procedures for preparing its supplements. This work provided a systematic investigation on the selenium extraction process from <em>Cardamine violifolia.</em> Firstly, the selenium extraction process was optimized by using the single factor analysis and response surface optimization. Its optimal conditions were particle size 60 mesh, stirrer rotation speed 125 r min⁻¹, initial extraction pH 9, extraction temperature 70 ℃, ratio of water to material 100 ml g⁻¹ and extraction time 27 min. Under its optimal conditions, the selenium concentration in the extracted liquid reached 4.45 µg ml⁻¹. Then its kinetics were investigated, and its kinetic data was in good agreement with the pseudo-first order kinetic model. Its mass transfer coefficient <em><strong>k</strong></em> ranged from 0.0765 to 0.1411 min⁻¹ when its temperature changed from 40 to 70 ℃. And its apparent activation energy <strong>ΔE</strong> was 22.84 kJ mol⁻¹. Finally, its thermodynamic parameters were calculated, its enthalpy change <strong>ΔH</strong> was 30.07 KJ mol⁻¹, its entropy change <strong>ΔS</strong> was 99.3 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, and its Gibbs free energy <strong>ΔG</strong> was range from −1.00 to −3.96 KJ mol⁻¹ when its temperature changed from 40 to 70 ℃. These thermodynamic parameters indicated that the selenium extraction process from <em>C. violifolia</em> was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increasing process. This work provides useful information to industrialize the selenium extraction from <em>C. violifolia</em> for its supplement preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers for assessing genetic diversity and cross-species transferability in Polygonatum species","authors":"Raveendar Sebastin ,&nbsp;Ki Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Hye Ran Shin ,&nbsp;Yumi Kim ,&nbsp;Sewon Oh ,&nbsp;Ick Hyun Jo ,&nbsp;Ju-Kyung Yu ,&nbsp;Yi Lee ,&nbsp;Yoon-Sup So ,&nbsp;Jong-Wook Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus <em>Polygonatum</em> holds significant value due to its numerous species with medicinal and edible properties. Comprising approximately 60 species, this genus is predominantly found in the boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. East Asia, with around 50 species, serves as the primary center of diversification for <em>Polygonatum</em>. The genetic diversity of <em>Polygonatum</em> germplasm resources has been assessed by using three <em>Polygonatum</em> species, which includes cultivar varieties and landraces. We have used 100 pairs of SSRs primers and selected 54 polymorphic SSRs markers. The results showed that the number of alleles (NA) ranged from 2 to 11, with a mean alleles number of 5.2. The major allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0.15 to 0.80, observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0 to 0.80, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.27 to 0.89. The unweighted pair group mean algorithm (UPGMA) dendrograms with all 54 SSR markers revealed that three groups among the <em>Polygonatum</em> populations. Furthermore, minimum markers set (combination of 6 markers) combinations was identified and proved to be useful for variety identification. The six SSR markers identified as a core set represent a valuable resource for various applications, including cultivar identification and seed purity assessment within <em>Polygonatum</em> populations. These markers will play a significant role in supporting tasks such as varietal differentiation, genetic diversity studies, and the analysis of inter-species transferability across <em>Polygonatum</em> germplasm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in DNA-based approaches for authenticating herbal materials and botanical dietary supplements","authors":"Rong Chen ,&nbsp;Wenjun Song ,&nbsp;Hongling Chen ,&nbsp;Tongyi Peng ,&nbsp;Huilin Li ,&nbsp;Sheng Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Herbal materials and botanical supplements are widely consumed for health benefits, yet concerns persist due to prevalent adulteration, highlighting the need for reliable authentication methods.</div></div><div><h3>Scope and approach</h3><div>This review examines DNA identification techniques for quality control of both botanical dietary supplements and their constituent raw materials. The methods relevant to this field are split into two categories: mainstream analytical and emerging detection techniques. The focus is on their applicability for detecting raw and multi-ingredient processed products, quantification potential, and on-site testing suitability.</div></div><div><h3>Key findings and conclusions</h3><div>DNA identification methods, such as PCR variants like TaqMan and high-resolution melting (HRM), as well as DNA barcoding, have been effectively applied by enterprises and regulatory bodies for authenticating herbal materials, addressing many quality control challenges. Emerging technologies, including LAMP, RPA and digital PCR, combined with tools like microfluidics, lateral flow assays, and CRISPR/Cas systems, hold great potential for rapid, on-site testing. However, practical challenges such as cost, accessibility, and stability remain significant barriers, requiring further research to enable their widespread application in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration using 1H NMR spectroscopy","authors":"Shivashish Gulabrao Sonone,&nbsp;Dattatraya Dinkar Gore,&nbsp;Inder Pal Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Crocus sativus</em> L. (saffron) is the most valuable spice worldwide, yet its limited production and high market value make it highly susceptible to adulteration with plant substitutes and synthetic dyes. In this study, ¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied as a rapid, non-destructive technique for saffron authentication and detection of eight plant adulterants and one synthetic dye in a single experiment. Methanolic and hexane extracts were prepared to capture a broad polarity range of metabolites from authentic saffron, known adulterants, and commercial brands. Spectral comparison targeted key saffron markers, including picrocrocin, crocin, and crocetin. Most brand samples closely matched the authentic reference, with minor variations that can attributed to seasonal and geographical factors, whereas the ZK sample lacked diagnostic saffron peaks and instead displayed resonances consistent with Sudan IV and <em>Arnica montana</em>, confirming adulteration. Quantitative NMR (qNMR) was further employed for picrocrocin determination, and the method was validated in terms of selectivity, specificity, linearity (R² &gt; 0.998), precision (intra- and inter-day RSD &lt; 5.5 %), robustness (consistent results across varied scan numbers and relaxation delays). The method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.443 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.342 µg/mL for picrocrocin, indicating high sensitivity and suitability for reliable quantification. Overall, these findings establish ¹H NMR spectroscopy as a robust qualitative analytical platform for both authentication and detection of adulteration of saffron. Its integration into routine quality control and regulatory frameworks could strengthen consumer protection and ensure the integrity of high-value herbal and food products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supercritical fluid-simulated moving bed for baicalein and wogonin separation: A promising, environmentally-friendly and solvent-free approach","authors":"Zhongfeng Geng ,&nbsp;Mingyu Yan ,&nbsp;Yongxin Feng ,&nbsp;Huisheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Baicalein and wogonin, the active components of <em>Scutellaria Baicalensis</em> Georgi, exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities, respectively. However, their similar structures present challenges for separation. Supercritical fluid-simulated moving bed (SF-SMB) chromatography emerges as a promising, solvent-free, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for the separation of natural drugs. To develop an SF-SMB process with strong multi-parameter coupling characteristics, computer-assisted design is an attractive strategy. Based on the adsorption equilibrium and diffusion coefficients previously obtained by our group, a single-column model for SFC was established. The relative deviation between the calculated and experimental results was 4.94 %, validating the reliability of the calculation. Subsequently, the single-column model was extended to the SF-SMB separation process model, and eluent flow rate Q_D, extract flow rate Q_E, raffinate flow rate Q_R, and switching time t_s, were optimized. Under the conditions of Q_F= 1000.0 L/h, Q_D= 2677.5 L/h, Q_E = 3098.7 L/h, Q_R= 578.8 L/h, and t_s= 7.4 min, the purities of baicalein and wogonin products reached 99.1 wt% and 99.3 wt% respectively, with yields of 99.8 % and 83.5 %. This not only meets the purity requirements of traditional Chinese medicine active components but also attains high yields, providing valuable guidance and data support for large-scale industrial separation of natural product active components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of flavonoids in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis under different climatic zones using FT-NIR spectroscopy, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and chemometrics","authors":"Chen Zhong ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Yuan-Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Paris polyphylla</em> var. <em>yunnanensis</em> (PPVY) is a perennial herb with important medicinal value, and its growth and quality are closely linked to its environment. So far, it is unclear whether PPVY from different climatic zones differs, though studies have shown that its flavonoids have significant pharmacological effects. This research aims to explore how geographical origin and climate affect PPVY’s flavonoids: using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 62 flavonoids were identified from PPVY samples collected in four climatic zones; to assess the quality of PPVY from diverse climatic zones, five key quality markers identified via chemometric methods were used. Leveraging Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, a grid search-support vector machine (GS-SVM) model was constructed, attaining an accuracy rate of 100 % for both the training and test sets. Additionally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis showed the optimal prediction model for the five key quality markers exhibited R²_p values close to 1, and RPDs all exceeding 5.3. The technique proposed in this study provides a basis for the quality control and rational utilization of PPVY, offering new insights into the effects of geographical origin and climatic characteristics on its flavonoid composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenological growth stages of Cornus controversa Hemsl.: Codification and description according to the extended BBCH scale","authors":"Xin-yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-zhang Qian ,&nbsp;Shi-mei Zhao ,&nbsp;Shao-jun Fan ,&nbsp;Guo-xing Cao ,&nbsp;Kuang-ji Zhao ,&nbsp;Peter A. Bowler ,&nbsp;Shun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cornus controversa</em> Hemsl. (<em>C. controversa</em>), known as giant dogwood, is a medicinal and ornamental plant widely cultivated in China<em>.</em> Understanding its phenological rhythm is fundamental for optimizing resource utilization and ecological application. In this study, the phenological growth stages and development characteristics of <em>C. controversa</em> were systematically codified according to the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. Eight of ten principal growth stages (PGS) were accurately observed, encompassing bud development (PGS 0), leaf development (PGS 1), shoot development (PGS 3), inflorescence development (PGS 5), flowering (PGS 6), fruit development (PGS 7), fruit maturation (PGS 8), and senescence and dormancy (PGS 9), further subdivided into 46 secondary growth stages (SGS). The synchronous development of leaves and inflorescences supported early photosynthetic activity and efficient nutrient allocation for reproductive growth. During fruit development, crude oil content increased progressively, exceeding 20 % at full maturity, confirming its potential as an oil-rich plant resource. By linking each phenological stage with the corresponding environmental stress and adaptive management strategies, this study proposed a stage-specific framework for optimizing pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. These correlations improved growth stability and stress tolerance, supporting both agroforestry production and urban greening. Moreover, the alignment of phenological growth stages with seasonal ecological functions enhanced the ornamental and functional values of <em>C. controversa</em>. This work not only refined the phenological characterization of <em>C. controversa</em> but also integrated adaptive, ecological, and medicinal perspectives, providing a theoretical and practical foundation for its cultivation, breeding, and multifunctional landscape application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dynamics of terpenoid metabolism and morphology in Mentha spicata L. ecotypes","authors":"Jalil Moradi-Sadr ,&nbsp;Karim Farmanpour Kalalagh ,&nbsp;Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Mohebodini ,&nbsp;Ghasem Mokhtarikhah ,&nbsp;Hanieh Ahadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigated the morphological traits, glandular trichomes, essential oil (EO) yield, and phytochemical profiles of 24 spearmint ecotypes cultivated over two consecutive years. Initial observations revealed that plant height, stem length, and inflorescence size decreased in the second year due to higher plant density and resource competition. Notably, the Ghaem Shahr ecotype consistently exhibited superior morphological characteristics compared to other ecotypes, particularly the M11 ecotype. Considering the EO yield of all ecotypes, the average EO yield increased in the second year (2.48 %) compared to the first year (1.13 %), attributed to the plants' physiological maturation and enhanced biomass. The phytochemical analysis identified Carvone (0.1–67 %) and Limonene (0.3–31.6 %) as primary EO constituents, with significant inter-ecotype variation influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Factor analysis highlighted key contributors to these variations, including α-Pinene, β-Pinene, and Myrcene. Cluster analysis categorized ecotypes based on morphological and EO profiles, emphasizing the dominant role of genetic diversity. The findings indicate the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and physiological factors in determining the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of spearmint ecotypes, providing valuable insights for metabolic engineering and breeding programs aimed at optimizing EO yield and quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive review of cannabis processing stages: A comparison of techniques for obtaining high-quality extracts","authors":"Luz Gabriela Pulido Bonilla ,&nbsp;Jerry W. King ,&nbsp;Iván D. Gil Chaves","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of the integrated cannabis processing chain, from post-harvest handling to the final purification of high-value extracts, addressing the technical challenges and engineering trade-offs inherent in each stage. Pre-processing stages, including drying and decarboxylation, are evaluated based on their profound impact on the preservation of volatile terpenes versus the efficient conversion of acidic cannabinoids to their neutral, more bioavailable forms. Extraction techniques are systematically compared, with a focus on how solvent selection—guided by Solubility Parameter Theory (SPT) and empirical solubility data for supercritical CO₂—dictates selectivity, yield, and the need for subsequent purification. Downstream unit operations, encompassing winterization, filtration, and distillation, are examined as a multi-stage process designed to remove impurities like waxes and pigments, a workflow often characterized by a critical trade-off between achieving high purity and maximizing process yield. Finally, the review details advanced remediation and purification technologies, such as industrial-scale chromatography and crystallization, which are essential for producing compliant, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid isolates and precisely formulated distillates. By synthesizing current practices with fundamental engineering principles, this work provides an essential resource for process optimization and sustainable innovation in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SSR based genetic diversity and population structure of important Herb Tribulus terrestris L. from North India","authors":"Neha Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Diksha Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Kanika Aggarwal ,&nbsp;Himanshu Sharma ,&nbsp;Joy Roy ,&nbsp;Raghbir Chand Gupta ,&nbsp;Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Tribulus terrestris</em> L., a key component of several herbal formulations, particularly \"Dashmula\" in Ayurveda, is a plant of notable medicinal importance. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in India and several other countries. The leaves and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of cough, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, and rheumatic arthritis. Protodioscin, the primary saponin in the plant, is largely responsible for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Although not extensively cultivated, <em>T. terrestris</em> is grown in Rajasthan, India, and a few other countries. In the present study, the genetic diversity of <em>T. terrestris</em> was evaluated in North Indian populations using SSR markers. A total of 30 SSR primers amplified 169 alleles with size ranging from 80 to 600 bp. Primer TTMS-30 produced the highest number of fragments (11). The mean PIC value was 0.581, indicating a high level of informativeness and the ability of the markers to detect genetic variation among the accessions. The average MI value was 3.367, further supporting the effectiveness of the selected primers in assessing genetic diversity. Both expected and observed heterozygosity values indicated substantial genetic diversity. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups in dendrogram, a pattern further supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). STRUCTURE revealed the presence of three distinct genetic stocks among the analysed accessions. The results of the present study provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic structure of the populations. The diverse stocks represent a valuable resource for the selection and conservation. Diverse accessions identified can be utilized in future breeding and improvement programs to meet growing industrial demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}