Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Splenic Small Cell Lymphoma with Presumed Secondary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in an African Penguin (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>).","authors":"Ivana H Levy,&nbsp;David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman,&nbsp;Molly Gleeson,&nbsp;Molly Liepnieks,&nbsp;Michael Murray,&nbsp;Brian Murphy,&nbsp;Bill Vernau","doi":"10.1647/22-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 2-year-old male African penguin (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital for evaluation of a previously diagnosed subclinical, marked regenerative anemia. Physical examination at the zoological institution demonstrated biliverdinuria and pale oral mucous membranes. Diagnostic tests performed on the penguin since the diagnosis and prior to presentation to the veterinary teaching hospital included serial complete blood counts, plasma biochemistry panels, radiographic imaging, blood and plasma heavy metal testing, and infectious disease testing. The abnormal diagnostic test results were consistent with marked regenerative anemia and splenomegaly. At the veterinary teaching hospital, further diagnostic testing was ordered in an attempt to determine the cause of the biliverdinuria and pale oral mucous membranes. The diagnostic tests performed included a full-body contrast computed tomographic scan, upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure, bone marrow aspiration and evaluation, saline agglutination testing, blood <i>Plasmodium</i> species polymerase chain reaction screening, a vitamin profile panel, and repeat blood heavy metal testing. The complete blood count demonstrated a marked, regenerative anemia with the presence of dysplastic erythrocytes, and splenomegaly was found on the computed tomographic images without identifying a definitive cause. Primary disease differentials for the diagnosed regenerative anemia included a myelodysplastic syndrome and primary or secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The penguin was treated with oral prednisolone as an immunomodulatory agent; however, it did not result in a positive treatment response. The patient developed hyporexia, weight loss, and lethargy 2 months post presentation to the veterinary teaching hospital. Additional therapy with cyclophosphamide was initiated, and the penguin improved clinically, but then declined. The patient was euthanized due to a poor quality of life and prognosis 4 months after initial presentation and 1.5 years after the first complete blood count revealed the penguin to be anemic. Microscopic review of submitted postmortem tissue samples demonstrated a monomorphic population of neoplastic small lymphocytes infiltrating the spleen, consistent with splenic small cell lymphoma. The neoplastic cells did not label with the T-cell marker CD3 or B-cell markers CD20, CD79a, and Pax-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem Evaluation of Cardiac Valvular Disease in Bald Eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and a Golden Eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>).","authors":"Kristina S Vuong,&nbsp;Michael Jones,&nbsp;Linden E Craig","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limited data are available regarding cardiac diseases in birds of prey despite their prevalence in these avian species. Literature regarding valvular lesions in birds of prey is scarce and includes single reports of left atrioventricular valvular endocarditis in an adult, free-ranging, male bald eagle (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and aortic valvular endocarditis in an adult, free-ranging, female red-tailed hawk (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, signalment, gross necropsy findings, and histologic lesions of valvular lesions in eagles. In this retrospective study, necropsy reports for 24 free-ranging and captive eagles were evaluated over a 15-year period (July 3, 2006-February 28, 2021). Six (25%; 95% confidence interval: 8.9-58.9) birds, 5 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>), met the inclusion criteria. Five (83.3%) of the 6 birds had valvular degeneration, 2 (33.3%) had endocarditis, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was cultured from 1 (16.7%) of the endocarditis cases. The 6 eagles with valvular lesions were all captive adults. Four of the birds were female (66.7%), and the aortic and left atrioventricular valves were equally affected. Acute or chronic cerebral infarcts were present in all 6 birds. Valvular cardiac disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in eagles exhibiting respiratory distress, neurologic signs, syncope, or in cases of sudden death.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"22-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Alfaxalone on the Induction and Maintenance of Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Gentoo Penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua</i>).","authors":"Koji Ono,&nbsp;Masahiro Yamasaki,&nbsp;Toshihiro Ichijo,&nbsp;Hiroshi Satoh","doi":"10.1647/22-00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic anesthesia in penguins is often achieved using inhalation anesthetic agents alone, and information on injectable drugs for systemic anesthesia is limited. General anesthesia with a minimal effect on circulatory dynamics is necessary to perform noninvasive examinations and treatments in animals, including penguins. In this study, alfaxalone (ALFX), an injectable anesthetic agent, was examined to establish the optimal anesthetic method for gentoo penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua</i>). Alfaxalone was administered intravenously through the metatarsal vein, and anesthesia was maintained by a constant rate infusion (CRI). A biological monitor was used to record numerous clinical indices, and the anesthetic depth was evaluated every 5 minutes during anesthesia; the CRI was adjusted until the optimal anesthetic depth was obtained. Anesthesia depth was assessed, and the CRI rate was adjusted. The CRI was stopped, and the time until recovery was recorded. Blood samples were collected to analyze plasma concentrations of ALFX. The mean total dose of ALFX required for anesthetic induction was 9 ± 1.9 mg/kg, the intubation time was 126 ± 21 seconds, and the maintenance infusion rate of ALFX was 0.3 ± 0.08 mg/kg/min. The time from discontinuation of anesthesia to extubation was 42 ± 23 minutes, and the time to recovery was 90 ± 33 minutes. Significant changes in the heart rate and blood pressure were not observed during the anesthetic events. The plasma concentration of ALFX under stable anesthesia was 6734 ± 4386 ng/mL (range, 3315-14 326 ng/mL). Although anesthesia using ALFX tended to result in a prolonged time to recovery in gentoo penguins, rapid induction of anesthesia and stable hemodynamics during anesthetic maintenance were achieved. Therefore, ALFX may be considered a suitable anesthetic method for noninvasive examinations and treatments in penguins.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injuries Sustained by Cape Parrots (<i>Poicephalus robustus</i>) During Poaching Attempts.","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-37.1.79","url":null,"abstract":"As avian veterinarians, when we talk about African parrots, the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) may come to mind. However, across the continent and into the surrounding islands approximately a dozen other Old World parrots hail from Africa: Coracopsis species, the Vasa parrots; Psittacula species, including the Alexandrine, Echo, and Seychelles parakeets; Agapornis species, the lovebirds; and finally, Poicephalus species, including the commonly seen Meyer’s parrot (Poicephalus meyeri) and, most importantly to this article, the Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus). Endemic to South Africa, the Cape parrot is listed nationally as critically endangered. The majority of the remaining population can be found in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, with a smaller isolated population in the Limpopo province. It is South Africa’s only extant, endemic parrot species. The Wild Bird Trust’s Cape Parrot Project (CPP) was established in 2009 in South Africa to conserve the Cape parrot with research to fill key knowledge gaps, as well as by partnering with local communities for habitat restoration. It was the first project of the Wild Bird Trust, which was founded by Rutledge ‘‘Steve’’ Boyes, PhD, out of Hogsback, Eastern Cape, South Africa, where Dr Boyes lived while researching Cape parrots in their native habitat. The Trust’s primary objective is keeping birds safe in the wild by securing critical habitat for the benefit of ecosystems, wildlife, and people, in perpetuity. The CPP staff are co–BirdLife South Africa Species Guardians with the Cape Parrot Working Group, and as instrumental stakeholders, their work is closely aligned with the Cape parrot and Mistbelt Habitat Conservation Action Plan developed in 2019. The CPP is funded mainly through private donors and corporate support, both nationally and internationally. Cassie Carstens is the research technician for the CPP in Hogsback. A cultural, trails, and bird guide by trade, Cassie has a BA in Heritage and Cultural Tourism from the University of Pretoria and a BSc in Geography from the University of South Africa. He started in ornithology working as a research assistant for the Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology. A keen photographer, cartographer, and tree climber, he conducts technical fieldwork and research activities across the Cape parrot’s range in South Africa studying their movement patterns, food sources, and breeding behavior. Dr Francis Brooke is the research manager for the CPP in Hogsback. Her research interests lie in the ecology of threatened bird species. She recently completed her PhD in Nature Conservation through Nelson Mandela University, focusing on another threatened species, the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) and, specifically, their vulnerability to renewable wind energy development. Her role as the research manager coordinates the research on the ground, focusing on breeding behaviors, movement patterns, and food availability for Cape parrots. Dr Kir","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"79-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the Prevalence of Avian Chlamydiosis in Wild <i>Amazona</i> Species From Brazil Using Molecular Testing and Clinical Signs.","authors":"Bernardo Mirabal Santos,&nbsp;Edma Santos de Antonio,&nbsp;Douglas Campos Pereira,&nbsp;Ana Tereza Teixeira Silva Dourado,&nbsp;Márcio Borba da Silva,&nbsp;Ricardo Evangelista Fraga,&nbsp;Laize Tomazi","doi":"10.1647/21-00075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian chlamydiosis is a disease that occurs in birds, especially parrots, and is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>. Wild Animal Screening Centers in Brazil receive, maintain, treat, and place (preferably to nature) wild animals recovered from illegal trafficking. We performed molecular testing for avian chlamydiosis in parrots from the genus <i>Amazona</i> that were presented to these centers. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 59 parrots (<i>Amazona</i> species) and transported in aqueous or culture medium. The samples were subsequently submitted for DNA extraction by the boiling method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using CPF/CPR primers, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, and poor body condition were the clinical signs associated with a differential disease diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis. Transport medium did not have an effect on the test results. The prevalence of <i>C psittaci</i> in the samples was 37% (22/59, 95% confidence interval: 25-49). There was a significant (<i>P</i> = 0.009) association between the PCR test results and clinical signs. Follow-up testing was conducted on a subgroup of 14 individuals that initially tested negative on PCR; 50% (7/14) of these birds were found to be positive within 24 days of the first test. The results of this study confirm the feasibility of using the CPF/CFP primer-based PCR to detect <i>C psittaci</i> in <i>Amazona</i> species, describe a less costly method of transporting biological material for DNA extraction, and evaluate the temporal aspect for obtaining positive results through molecular testing for <i>C psittaci</i> in <i>Amazona</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"32-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of <i>Gordonia</i> Species Infection in a Peach-Faced Lovebird (<i>Agapornis roseicollis</i>).","authors":"Nicolle T W Lofgren,&nbsp;Shachar Malka,&nbsp;Rosa M Bañuelos,&nbsp;Caitlin M Renna,&nbsp;Sophie Dennison-Gibby,&nbsp;Susan Sanchez","doi":"10.1647/20-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory distress is a common presentation for avian species. A 9-week-old peach-faced lovebird (<i>Agapornis roseicollis</i>) was presented with a 2-week history of progressive dyspnea. Computed tomographic (CT) images were suggestive of splenomegaly and bilateral granulomatous pulmonary disease. Polymerase chain reaction testing of samples from the choana, cloaca, and distal tracheal/syringeal area were positive for <i>Mycobacterium</i> species <i>hsp65</i>. A comparison search of the 400 base pair sequence in the NCBI/BLAST/blastn database revealed a best match of 93% similarity to <i>Gordonia</i> species and 91% similarity to <i>Gordonia bronchialis</i>. <i>Gordonia</i> is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota, the same lineage that includes <i>Mycobacterium</i> species. <i>Gordonia</i> species can be mistaken for <i>Mycobacterium</i> species unless more definitive diagnostic testing is pursued. Infection caused by <i>Gordonia</i> species is rare in humans. Reports commonly cite infection of immunocompromised patients, and to our knowledge, no reports of treatment have been published in the veterinary literature. After the test results were obtained, the patient was treated with azithromycin and pradofloxacin for 3 months. The lovebird was presented for reexamination when the antibiotic treatment was complete. When reexamined, and a second series of CT images evaluated, it was determined that the treatment achieved clinical resolution of signs and lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"57-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Surgical Removal of the Crystalline Lenses in a Black-Necked Swan (<i>Cygnus melancoryphus</i>).","authors":"Andrew C Lewin,&nbsp;Rebekah M Riedel,&nbsp;Patricia Queiroz-Williams,&nbsp;Renee T Carter","doi":"10.1647/22-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A captive-bred, adult, male, black-necked swan (<i>Cygnus melancoryphus</i>) was presented for evaluation of apparent vision loss due to cataract formation of an unknown duration. The animal was having difficulty navigating its enclosure, and lenticular opacities had been previously noted in both eyes. On examination, bilateral hypermature cataracts were diagnosed. Following preoperative diagnostic testing, surgical removal of the crystalline lenses in both eyes was performed using minor modifications of standard techniques. Follow-up examination and behavioral observation at 60 days postsurgery indicated that vision had been successfully restored without complications. We conclude that successful surgical removal of cataracts is possible in this species using modifications of standard techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/23-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/23-00018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 1","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9692406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Abstracts From the Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.4.434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.4.434","url":null,"abstract":"Bird flocks may be more like us then we think, benefiting from spending time with family (kin). In this study, the authors wanted to determine whether spending time with kin increased tolerance and cooperation between parrots. While many avian species exhibit preferred associations with kin, it is often challenging to separate active preferences from passive overlap. In this study, the authors used a network approach to measure the influence of kinship on social associations and interactions in wild, communally roosting sulphurcrested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). The roosting behaviors and social associations of 561 marked birds from 3 roosts were measured. Additionally, genetic samples were collected from 205 cockatoos to construct a kinship network. This kinship data were used to evaluate how the genetic relatedness of the birds impacted 4 social networks: association, affiliative, low-intensity aggression, and highintensity aggression. The authors found that roosting groups were clearly defined; however, they showed little genetic differentiation or kin structuring. Juveniles, and especially females, were found to repeatedly move between roosts. For both within and between roosting groups, birds preferentially associated with kin; however, they also showed direct aggression towards kin when they shared roost membership. The authors’ findings suggest that sulphur-crested cockatoos prefer to associate with kin, both within and between roosting groups, as well as reveal evidence for the social complexity in parrots.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 1","pages":"434 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45562688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher's Statement","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.4.fmii","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.4.fmii","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 1","pages":"fmii - fmii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47986286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}