Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"171-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive Reinforcement Training Facilitates the Voluntary Participation of Scarlet Macaws (<i>Ara macao</i>) With Husbandry and Medical Procedures.","authors":"Claudia Comelato","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00045","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scarlet macaws (<i>Ara macao</i>) kept under human care are excellent candidates for positive reinforcement training programs because they possess advanced cognitive abilities, have complex social interactions, long life expectancies, and a correspondingly high need for interaction and stimulation. The benefits of positive reinforcement training in mammals have been well documented; however, studies in birds are lacking. Two scarlet macaws housed at Alturas Wildlife Sanctuary (Puntarenas, Costa Rica) were trained in 10-minute sessions once daily, 4-6 times a week, for 4 months. The goal was to demonstrate how positive reinforcement training can improve the well-being of captive psittacine birds, while improving their husbandry and medical care through voluntary cooperation during procedures. The following 6 training behaviors were selected: following a target, entering a carrier, staying in the carrier, stepping onto a scale, stepping onto a towel, and drinking from a syringe. One parrot learned all 6 behaviors, while the other learned 4 of the 6 behaviors during the study period. All the behaviors mastered during the initial training period were successfully transferred to other individuals, so the birds would reliably perform them for the husbandry and veterinary staff. By the end of the study period, both macaws had also decreased aggressive behaviors toward caretakers. This demonstrates that positive reinforcement training is an effective and practical tool for teaching captive macaws to perform husbandry and medical behaviors, thereby voluntarily participating in procedures while improving their general welfare and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"152-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of Reference Intervals and Evaluation of Seasonal Variation in Clinical Pathology Parameters of Backyard Laying Hens.","authors":"Alison Cummings, Carolyn Cray, Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Laurie Hess","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00049","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Backyard poultry have seen significant gains in popularity in the United States in recent years. Backyard chicken (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) breeds, selected for high egg production and friendly temperament, differ from those typically used in commercial egg and meat production, as well as in veterinary research studies. This increased interest in chickens as pets has led to a growing need for more breed-specific veterinary care, including clinical pathology references. In the present study, 48 clinically healthy, young laying hens from 4 different flocks, representing 7 popular backyard breeds, were evaluated. Reference intervals for complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, and plasma protein electrophoresis were established per the guidelines of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Paired samples (summer vs winter) were used to assess the effect of season on these results. Notably, significant seasonal differences were seen in all measured values of the complete blood count as follows: estimated white blood cell count (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and lymphocyte (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), monocyte (<i>P</i> = 0.0298), eosinophil (<i>P</i> = 0.0169), and basophil (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) absolute counts were higher in the summer months, while packed cell volume (<i>P</i> = 0.0006) and heterophil count (<i>P</i> = 0.0096) were lower. When evaluating the results of the plasma biochemistry panel, samples from the summer months exhibited lower concentrations of glucose (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and calcium (<i>P</i> = 0.0008) and aspartate transaminase activity (<i>P</i> = 0.0046), but higher creatine kinase activity (<i>P</i> = 0.0069) and phosphorus concentrations (<i>P</i> = 0.006). The plasma protein electrophoresis results demonstrated a lower albumin-to-globulin ratio (<i>P</i> = 0.0012) in the summer, with higher concentrations of alpha-1 (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and gamma (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) globulins. These findings support the need for season-specific reference intervals when evaluating clinical pathology test results from backyard chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additional Records of Pinching-off Syndrome in White-tailed Eagles.","authors":"Ivan Literák, Oliver Krone, Paul Baumann, Tadeusz Mizera, Igor Karyakin","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00053","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathological changes involving the feathers of raptors include the pinching-off syndrome (POS). The disease is manifested by defective feather growth, wherein the young, vascularized remiges and rectrices are twisted and prematurely fall out. Upon examination, the feathers that are prematurely shed are found to have a marked constriction at the base of the shaft. Remiges and rectrices reach just 1/2 half to 2/3 thirds of their normal length, after which the blood supply is reduced and dystrophic feathers are dropped. Feather development deteriorates further, and new flight feathers are dystrophic and become progressively shorter with each new feather generation. Affected birds are unable to fly. The first survey of POS in white-tailed eagles (WTE; <i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>) focused on 33 cases in Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Russia from 1975 to 2006 (<i>J Avian Med Surg</i>. 2007;21:103-105). We revealed 43 new cases from 2007 to 2024, identifying these in Germany (n = 15), Poland (n = 9), the Czech Republic (n = 10), Russia (n = 8), and Kazakhstan (n = 1). In addition, 3 cases in Poland, 2 in the Czech Republic, and 1 in both Russia and Kazakhstan were identified from 1999 to 2006 but not published previously. In total, we report 50 new clinical cases of POS in WTE. The investigation thus far into the cause of POS has failed to determine an etiological agent. Based on the association of a higher prevalence of POS in an area occupied by a WTE population with a different genetic structure compared with other WTE populations and based on 6 family cases registered, we support a hypothesis for a genetic cause of POS.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"159-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (<i>Amazona aestiva</i>) Lacks a Femoral Diverticulum from the Abdominal Air Sac.","authors":"Giulianna de Carvalho Ibrahim Obeid, Sofia Silva La Rocca de Freitas, Marcelo Ismar Silva Santana, Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00032","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The respiratory system of birds includes the presence of air sacs distributed around coelomic organs and with internal diverticula into bones, resulting in pneumatization of certain bones such as the vertebrae, keel, ribs, humerus, and, sometimes, femur. Due to the clinical importance of these pneumatized bones in surgical and medical procedures, and the vast diversity in the description among species, this study evaluated the morphology of the femoral diverticulum in the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (<i>Amazona aestiva</i>) to determine if the femur is pneumatized. For this study, barium sulfate was diluted in distilled water to a final concentration of 33 mg/mL and administered into 16 blue-fronted Amazon parrot carcasses that were divided into 2 groups of 8 individuals each. In group A the solution was administered through an endotracheal tube to completely fill the respiratory system, and in group B the contrast was injected through an intraosseous (IO) catheter into the distal epiphysis of the femur. For both groups, serial radiographic imaging was performed, followed by dissection and osteotomy of the femur to detect the presence or absence of a diverticulum inside the bone. This study did not detect a connection between the femur and the respiratory system, with contrast present exclusively in the cardiovascular or respiratory systems when administered through the IO catheter or endotracheal routes, respectively. Additionally, when injected via the femur, the contrast was distributed to the posterior vena cava through the renal circulation, bypassing the renal portal system. Therefore, the femur of blue-fronted Amazon parrots is a medullary bone with the potential to be used for IO cannulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"145-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolution of Distal Tracheal Obstruction Using Endoscopic-Guided Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet Laser Ablation in a Blue and Gold Macaw (<i>Ara ararauna</i>).","authors":"Orr Cohen, Melinda Lee Cowan, Emma Johnson, Julia P Sumner, Michelle Lau","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00025","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 2-year-old, female, blue and gold macaw (<i>Ara ararauna</i>) presented with respiratory distress following a 1-week history of altered vocalization. The bird was anesthetized for a computed tomography scan, air sac cannulation, and tracheoscopy. The bird was diagnosed with a distal tracheal obstruction, occupying more than 80% of the tracheal lumen. Initial attempts at biopsy and resection were unsuccessful because of limited access to the obstruction. The bird was managed medically for 1 week with a combination of an oral antifungal medication, antibiotic drugs, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, and daily intratracheal antifungal therapy. Tracheal endoscopic-guided Holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser ablation of the tracheal lesion allowed for complete removal of the mass, and the bird could vocalize within a few days of the procedure. On repeat tracheoscopy and computed tomographic examination 6 weeks postlaser ablation, there was no evidence of inflammation, recurrence of the mass, or stricture formation. Holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser ablation may be a valuable and minimally invasive tool for managing tracheal obstructions such as tracheal granulomas and strictures in birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"164-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Intramuscular and Intranasal Midazolam in Great Horned Owls (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>).","authors":"Michelle G Hawkins, Stephanie Chen, Camille Rushanaedy, Rachel M Hirota, Hugues Beaufrère","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00047","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are few studies evaluating safe and effective sedatives for wild birds. Most sedatives are injectable drugs that are commonly administered intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously (SC); however, needle injuries occasionally occur from the bird struggling during the injection. Previous research in parrots and other bird species explored the effects of intranasal (IN) midazolam compared with IM administration; however, this delivery method has not been well studied in wild birds, such as raptors. To our knowledge, there is only 1 study that has been published evaluating midazolam IN in a raptor. In the present study, we compared midazolam sedation via IM and IN administration in great horned owls (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>; GHOW). Six GHOWs were randomly assigned to receive midazolam at 2 mg/kg IN or IM using a crossover study design. For each treatment type, sedation score, heart rate, respiratory rate, and muscle tone were recorded. Linear mixed models were used to interpret and compare the data. Results for both IN and IM treatments showed no significant difference in onset of sedation, overall muscle tone in the wings, legs, and jaw, heart rate, or respiratory rate over time. These data indicate that IN midazolam sedation at the same dose used IM is a viable option for sedation of GHOWs. Further research is needed for other species of raptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Intravenous and Oral Transmucosal Administration of Pentobarbital Sodium for Humane Euthanasia in White Leghorn Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Aiden Masri, Thomas N Tully, Katie Como, Montana Oubre, Mark A Mitchell","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00022","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Euthanasia is a common veterinary medical procedure performed on terminally ill backyard chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). To reduce stress for these animals, it is important to develop a euthanasia protocol that provides a rapid and humane death. For this prospective research investigation, we evaluated 2 different methods of euthanasia in chickens. Twenty-two adult female leghorn chickens were administered an intravenous (IV, n = 11) or oral transmucosal (OTM, n = 11) 602 mg/kg dose of pentobarbital sodium solution for humane euthanasia. Loss of consciousness (LOC) occurred in 95.4% (21/22) of the birds within 5 minutes. Both apnea and asystole were achieved in 100% (11/11) of the birds in the IV group and 54.5% (6/11) of the birds in the OTM group after 5 minutes; 45.5% (5/11) of the chickens in the OTM group had to be rescued. Birds administered the euthanasia solution IV were found to have faster times to LOC (Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> [MW]=110.5, <i>P</i> < 0.001), asystole (MW: 121, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and apnea (MW: 121, <i>P</i> < 0.001) compared with the OTM chickens. Overall, the OTM route for administering pentobarbital sodium in chickens resulted in a reliable LOC in all but 1 bird; however, it did not result in apnea and asystole for all birds within 5 minutes. Based on the results of this study, the OTM administration of pentobarbital sodium is not a reliable method to euthanize chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 3","pages":"132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145053616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Herpesviruses in Cockatoos (<i>Cacatuidae</i>) in Europe.","authors":"Cornelia Konicek, Alexandra Scope, Christoph Leineweber, Ellen Schöner, Rachel E Marschang","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00036","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian herpesviruses, including psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV1; <i>Iltovirus psittacidalpha1</i>), are of particular concern in avian collections because they can lead to severe disease with high mortality. In recent years, distinct novel avian alphaherpesviruses were detected in wild cockatoos originating from Victoria, Australia. These were further characterized as cacatuid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV1) and cacatuid herpesvirus 2 (CaHV2). The cockatoos affected by these viruses exhibited severe signs of disease attributed to concurrent infections with other pathogenic agents. The clinical significance of these novel herpesviruses remains unknown, and no information on the pathogenicity and prevalence of these viruses is available. During routine diagnostic testing, 2 clinically healthy pet sulphur-crested cockatoos (<i>Cacatua galerita</i>) from Vienna, Austria, tested positive for a CaHV. To gain more information on the prevalence of this virus in cockatoos kept in Europe, a retrospective evaluation of samples from cockatoos submitted to a European diagnostic laboratory between 2016 and 2023 was initiated. In total, 468 samples from cockatoos were evaluated. Herpesviruses were detected in 16 (3.4%, 95% confidence interval: 1.8-5.1) samples. Fourteen of the positive samples were further screened, 13 were most closely related to the previously described CaHVs, and 1 was psittacid herpesvirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences from 11 of the detected herpesviruses showed that 5 were identical to CaHV1, 2 were distinct but closely related to CaHV1, and 3 were identical to one another and clustered with CaHV1 and CaHV2 but on a separate branch. Due to the lack of further information from these positive tested cockatoos, the clinical importance of these viruses remains unknown.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 2","pages":"96-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiographic Cardiac Silhouette Evaluation of Healthy Texas A&M White Quail (<i>Coturnix</i> sp.).","authors":"Rahime Yaygingul, Pelin Gumrukcu, Ahmet Gursel, Evrim Dereli Fidan","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00006","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to determine reference values for the width and length of the heart of Texas A&M white quail (<i>Coturnix</i> genotype; meat-type white quail) in relation to other anatomic landmarks. The cardiac silhouettes of 24 Texas A&M white quail were measured in ventrodorsal and right laterolateral projections using radiographic images without sedation. Cardiac width, thoracic width, coracoid width, distance between the third and fourth ribs, synsacrum width, and distance between clavicles were evaluated on ventrodorsal radiographic images. The widest point of the heart, length of the heart from the height of the aorta and pulmonary artery to the apex, length of the sternum from the insertion of the coracoid to the caudal edge, and depth of the sternum (90° from the junction of the coracoid to the sternum) were analyzed on the right lateral radiographic images. The mean ± SD cardiac width in the 24 Texas A&M white quail was 13.44 ± 1.99 mm with lower and upper limits of 10.1 mm and 18.41 mm, respectively. The results showed a strongly significant correlation between the ratio of cardiac width/thoracic width (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and cardiac width/coracoid width (<i>P</i> = 0.003). The radiographic reference intervals calculated in this study, especially thoracic widths, can be used in the evaluation process of cardiac size in quail.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 2","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144600489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}