Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Effective Dose of Dexmedetomidine with Nalbuphine Hydrochloride or Butorphanol Tartrate for Sedation in Buff Orpington Hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Julie Fithian, Greta Doden, João Brandão","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) are commonly used for research, food production, show, and companionship. Sedation is often necessary for sample collection, imaging, or treatment. Dexmedetomidine has been previously used to sedate birds, often with other sedatives. Butorphanol tartrate, a Schedule IV controlled substance, is commonly used but presents regulatory challenges. Nalbuphine hydrochloride, an opioid with similar receptor affinity to butorphanol, has potential as a noncontrolled alternative. Although information regarding nalbuphine use in birds is limited, its noncontrolled status makes it more accessible. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose to produce sedation in 50% (ED₅₀) of patients and to estimate the calculated effective dose of dexmedetomidine in combination with either butorphanol (DexBut) or nalbuphine (DexNal) in domestic hens to sedate 99% of patients (ED₉₉). Eighteen 33-week-old laying Buff Orpington hens were divided into 2 groups: one receiving DexBut (n = 9) and the second receiving DexNal (n = 9). Each hen was sedated with varying doses of intramuscular dexmedetomidine with a constant dose of either 2 mg/kg IM butorphanol or 12.5 mg/kg IM nalbuphine by an up-and-down design. Sedation was determined using a clinically applicable scoring system. The ED₅₀ values of dexmedetomidine with 2 mg/kg IM of butorphanol, calculated by both the up-and-down method and logistic regression, were 38 and 49 µg/kg, respectively, while the ED₅₀ values of dexmedetomidine in combination with 12.5 mg/kg IM of nalbuphine were 19 and 18 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated dexmedetomidine ED₉₉ values with butorphanol or nalbuphine were 51 and 19 µg/kg, respectively. Multiple chickens in both groups exhibited open-mouth breathing and comb pallor but no lasting morbidity or mortality occurred. Combinations of DexBut or DexNal should be considered for sedation of domestic chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgical Removal of a Nonmetastatic Testicular Round Cell Tumor in a Solomon Island Eclectus Parrot (<i>Eclectus roratus solomonensis</i>).","authors":"Rachel Baden, Brian Speer, Michael Garner, Vanessa Hernández Urraca, Brenna Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An intracoelomic mass was palpated on an annual exam of a 24-year-old male Solomon Island eclectus parrot (<i>Eclectus roratus solomonensis</i>). The initial diagnostic workup included a complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, and coelomic ultrasound. Computed tomography was highly suggestive of a testicular mass. Tamoxifen and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists leuprolide and deslorelin were administered as neoadjunctive endocrine therapies. Biopsy and histologic examination confirmed a testicular mass consistent with a round cell tumor. Four doses of carboplatin 15 mg/kg IV were administered as neoadjunctive chemotherapy, and testicular size decreased by approximately 95%. The remaining gross tumor was removed via orchidectomy with clean but narrow margins. Seven months following surgery, a contrast CT scan did not show any evidence of recurrence of or metastasis from the original mass. This is the first report of successful treatment of a testicular tumor in a psittacine with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orchidectomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in a Wild Carnaby's Cockatoo (<i>Zanda latirostris</i>).","authors":"Anna Le Souëf, Michael Lohr, Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins, Katrina Wood, Flaminia Coiacetto","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00014","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A wild male Carnaby's cockatoo (<i>Zanda latirostris</i>) was presented to a veterinary hospital after falling from a tree. The bird showed few clinical signs during the first days of hospitalization. On Day 4, the cockatoo showed excessive hemorrhage at a venipuncture site, epistaxis, and significant anemia (packed cell volume, 15%). The cockatoo was euthanized due to ongoing blood loss, weakness, and inappetence. Liver concentrations of brodifacoum (0.439 mg/kg wet weight) and difenacoum (0.033 mg/kg wet weight) had a total anticoagulant rodenticide concentration of 0.472 mg/kg wet weight and were above the threshold for toxicity for many avian species. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication has been identified in a wild Australian psittacine species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"162-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Captive-Bred Houbara Bustards (<i>Chlamydotis undulata</i>).","authors":"Mohammed Al-Rasheed","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the first reported case of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in houbara bustards (<i>Chlamydotis undulata</i>) from Saudi Arabia. Infectious bronchitis virus is a highly infectious virus that leads to major economic losses in the poultry industry. It is prevalent globally and causes severe respiratory and reproductive diseases in chickens. Although a wealth of information exists about IBV prevalence and transmission in domestic birds, similar information is lacking for houbara bustards. The major objectives of this research were to investigate whether IBV infections exist among houbara bustards at the National Wildlife Research Center in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the prevalence of this virus in this bird population. Fifty-eight oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were gathered from 29 unvaccinated birds without clinical signs between 2017 and 2023. Extraction of complete RNA from the swab samples and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing were used to identify IBV. The prevalence of IBV in this population was 37.9% (11 of 29; 95% confidence interval, 20.2-55.5%), indicating transmission asymptomatically among captive houbara bustards. This research identified for the first time that houbara bustards were exposed to IBV, and that this exposure is not uncommon. To counter IBV in Saudi Arabia, recommendations include continuous monitoring of the virus, isolation of infected birds, phylogenetic analysis, genotypic identification of the virus in houbara bustard, and development of an effective vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"129-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uric Acid Ingluviolith in a Budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>).","authors":"Perri Wiggin, Heidi L Hoefer","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This clinical report describes an adult, female budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>) diagnosed with an ingluviolith. The patient presented for intermittent regurgitation, and a palpable foreign body was present in the crop. Radiographs showed a radiopaque foreign body, and computed tomography showed an approximately 16 × 12 mm (length 3 width) structure in the crop with a soft tissue and focally mineralized center and a 2-3 mm-thick mineral-attenuating shell. An ingluviotomy was performed. The stone was first analyzed using polarized optical crystallography, a method that cannot analyze uric acid salts, and was incorrectly deemed a cystine calculus. The calculus was then analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffractometry and was confirmed to be a shell of subcrystalline to monoclinic crystals of anhydrous uric acid (C₅H₄N₄O₃) encrusting aggregates of numerous, threadlike, protein-based fibers. This case presents new information regarding avian ingluviolithiasis. The large size of the calculus indicates formation in the crop, and coprophagia linked to stress is thought to be the potential reason for urate and feather ingestion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"167-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous Wing Tip Edema in Captive Birds of Prey: Review of 41 Cases in the United Kingdom (2004-2022).","authors":"Dominic Byron-Chance, Lucía Gomez, Sofia Saraiva, Ashton Jade Hollwarth, Elia Esquivel, Thomas Anthony George Dutton","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is limited literature regarding wing tip edema (WTE) in raptors, and much of our current understanding of the condition is based on anecdotal reports. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical features of WTE in birds of prey, to identify prognostic factors for return to flight and patient survival following diagnosis, and to develop and assess the clinical significance of a novel WTE grading system. Between 2004 and 2022, 41 cases of WTE were identified in 39 captive birds. No cases were found in wild birds. Harris's hawks (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>), lanner falcons (<i>Falco biarmicus</i>), and peregrine falcons (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) had the highest frequencies of WTE, and all cases presented between October and May. Increasing days of air frost per month and colder median monthly temperatures were significant risk factors for the development of WTE. Of the cases where patient outcomes were known, 23/31 (74.2%) cases returned to normal flight and 29/34 (85.3%) cases survived. End-stage disease, represented by primary flight feather loss and metacarpal ischemic (dry) gangrene, and enalapril use were associated with poor patient outcomes. Presentation within 24 hours of disease onset, isoxsuprine use, and physiotherapy were associated with improved patient outcomes. This study showed that WTE is an infrequently encountered but clinically significant condition in captive raptors and is associated with an overall high morbidity and moderate mortality risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Anatomical Distribution, and Risk Factors of Adipocytic Tumors and Xanthomas in Psittaciformes: 1096 Cases (1998-2018).","authors":"Lucyanne Megan, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Kevin Keel, Hugues Beaufrère","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adipocytic tumors are mesenchymal tumors that are commonly reported in psittacine birds; however, large-scale studies evaluating their prevalence and associated risk factors are lacking. A retrospective study of adipocytic tumors in psittacine birds was performed by reviewing pathology submissions from the University of California, Davis-Drury Reavill Pathology Database, containing 26 013 submissions from psittacine birds (1998-2018). Age, sex, genus, anatomic distribution, and pathological diagnosis were collected for each case when available. The prevalence, risk factors, and association with other lipid-accumulation disorders were reported. A total of 450 cases of lipoma, 129 cases of myelolipoma, 35 cases of hemangiolipoma, 31 cases of liposarcoma, and 451 cases of xanthoma were identified. The prevalence of adipocytic tumors and xanthomas on necropsy was 1.3% (158/11 737, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.6). Adipocytic tumors were identified in 27 genera. <i>Amazona</i> (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.24-2.99, <i>p</i> = 0.004), <i>Myiopsitta</i> (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.2, <i>p</i> = 0.041), <i>Melopsittacus</i> (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.1-5.5, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and <i>Agapornis</i> (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.0-6.1, <i>p</i> < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of developing adipocytic tumors compared with other genera, whereas <i>Ara</i> had significantly lower odds (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, <i>p</i> = 0.030). Age was also a significant risk factor for many types of adipocytic tumors. There was no significant association between general adipocytic tumor formation and atherosclerosis or hepatic lipidosis. Xanthomas were associated with atherosclerosis (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.01-3.51, <i>p</i> = 0.048), but not hepatic lipidosis (<i>p</i> = 0.503). On necropsy, the trunk and air sacs were the most common sites of xanthoma formation, whereas the trunk and liver were the most common sites of lipoma and myelolipoma formation, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Manual Restraint With and Without Sedation on Outcomes for Wild Birds Undergoing Decontamination.","authors":"Cristin N Kelley, Terra R Kelly, Kylie Clatterbuck, Michelle C Knapp, Julie Skoglund, Rebecca S Duerr","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The decontamination process for plumage-contaminated wild birds, such as those affected by oil spills, is lengthy and involves manual restraint and manipulation of all body parts. Birds commonly react to this in ways that suggest they are extremely stressed (eg, struggling, vocalizing). We proposed to reduce stress during the wash process using sedation and hypothesized that the use of sedation would not negatively impact survival. Contaminated birds in need of washing were randomly selected to be either sedated (butorphanol 2 mg/kg IM + midazolam 1 mg/kg IM and flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg IM for reversal) or not sedated at 3 US rehabilitation centers over the course of 1 year. Response to sedation was rated on a scale of 0-4 with 0 as no effect to 4 as excessively sedate. Data such as cloacal temperatures at various time points, lengths of various portions of the wash process, preening behavior in the drying pen, and disposition were collected. No statistical differences were found between sedated and nonsedated birds for any of the data points collected, including survival. There was a significant association between birds with higher cloacal temperatures in the drying pen and with birds held longer in the drying pen with improved survival; however, these findings were unrelated to whether the birds were sedated. Our findings show that sedation with butorphanol 2 mg/ kg IM and midazolam 1 mg/kg IM reversed with flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg IM can be used during the wash process for wild birds without adverse effects. Careful attention must be given to heat support for all birds while drying to prevent hypothermia.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Trazodone in Hispaniolan Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>).","authors":"Haley M Straub, Thomas N Tully, Levent Dirikolu, Andreas F Lehner, Justin Zyskowski, John Buchweitz","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00047","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of trazodone in the Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>). Trazodone is a selective serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor used commonly in both human and veterinary medicine as an antidepressant behavioral modification medicine. A single oral dose of compounded trazodone hydrochloride solution (20 mg/mL) at 50 mg/kg was administered to a total of 7 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. The 7 healthy adult parrots ranged in age from 10 to 15 years and weighed 228 to 323g. Blood was collected at baseline (2 weeks before study) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 hours post-drug administration. Plasma concentrations of both trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) were measured via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was completed. The half-life (t_1/2) ± SD of trazodone for the Hispaniolan parrots was 1.89 ± 0.49 hours, and the t_1/2 ± SD of mCPP metabolite was 1.9 ± 0.55 hours. Maximum serum drug concentrations, or C_max (ng/mL), were 738.3 ± 285.3 for trazodone. Times to achieve C_max (hours) for trazadone and the mCPP metabolite were 1 hour and 2 hours postdosing, respectively. While this study did not establish the behavioral effects of trazodone, no adverse side effects were observed throughout the 48-hour period following drug administration and blood collection. Our results indicate that the oral administration of a 50-mg/kg single dose of trazodone to Hispaniolan parrots may be considered a safe dose. Plasma concentrations are comparable to previously published values in humans, dogs, horses, and pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>) for up to 14 hours following dosing. This study indicates that further studies are needed to establish the pharmacodynamics and the efficacy of trazodone in the medical management of behavioral problems in psittacine species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"98-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hearing Assessment of Free-Ranging Owls and Implications for Wildlife Rehabilitation: 31 Cases (2014-2023).","authors":"Kelsey M Trumpp, Joerg Mayer, Colleen E Roman, Marc Kent","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owls, members of the avian order Strigiformes, are nocturnal birds of prey that are found worldwide except for Antarctica. Traumatized, free-ranging owls are commonly presented to veterinary hospitals and wildlife rehabilitation facilities with the goal of providing medical care and rehabilitation to enable release back into their natural habitat. Minimal guidelines exist for the release of wildlife, and whereas a need for functional vision is described in raptors, assessing and evaluating hearing is usually not mentioned. This can be problematic for nocturnal predators because hearing is the primary sense utilized by owls when hunting and navigating in their dark environment. The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test is a minimally invasive, objective assessment of hearing commonly used in companion animals. To the authors' knowledge, routine or standardized BAER evaluation has not been reported in traumatized, free-ranging owls. In the following retrospective study, 31 free-ranging owls presented to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital for known or suspected trauma or being found in a debilitated state underwent BAER testing to assess for the presence of complete sensorineural hearing loss. Similar to assessment of hearing in companion animals, the BAER test was elicited using a broad click stimulus delivered at 85 dB nHL. In all owls, qualitative assessment and peak latency measurements of the BAER test reflected hearing ability. This study highlights the importance of hearing in nocturnal raptors, how BAER testing can aid in decision making regarding rehabilitation, and provides a foundation for further investigation of hearing loss in traumatized owls. We suggest that veterinarians working with free-ranging owls in a rehabilitation setting should consider BAER testing as part of routine diagnostic testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"75-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}