Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"172-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Dietary and Nutritional Supplements Used to Promote Cardiovascular Health.","authors":"Stephanie K Lamb","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease is frequently diagnosed in birds that are presented to veterinary hospitals, and atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular condition identified in postmortem evaluations of pet psittacine birds. Atherosclerotic lesions are accumulations of lipids, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and foam cells in the intimal layer of a blood vessel, narrowing the lumen. A reduced lumen diameter in a blood vessel typically results in physiological complications, such as ischemia, vascular remodeling, and obstructed blood flow. The treatment for atherosclerosis is often aimed at providing medications that help limit the negative effects of ischemia, a consequence of reduced blood flow. However, other therapeutic measures that have been recommended involve nutritional support, exercise, and control of secondary disorders. Nutritional therapies for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have minimal evidence-based data to support their use in psittacine birds. Nonetheless, there are anecdotal reports and published studies using other animal species to investigate the benefits of diet and nutritional supplements to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. Fish oil, ginger, ginkgo, cinnamon, cranberries, dates, dill, alfalfa, fenugreek, ginseng, red pepper, saffron, gardenia, and turmeric have all been promoted as nutritional supplements for their beneficial effects on preventing and treating atherosclerosis. The nutritional supplement with the most scientific data supporting its use in psittacine birds is fish oil, a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Although omega-3 fatty acids may hold the most promise, all nutritional supplements require further investigation to support or refute their use in psittacine birds for the prevention, management, or treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"162-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Doramectin Reduces Respiratory Mite Associated Mortality in a Population of Gouldian Finches (<i>Chloebia gouldiae</i>).","authors":"Amanda Burke, Rachel Burns, Garrett Fraess, Kat Reed, Benjamin Nevitt","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00019","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory acariasis caused by the mite <i>Sternostoma tracheacolum</i> can result in significant disease in the Gouldian finch (<i>Chloebia gouldiae</i>), an endangered Australian passerine. A previous study published at the authors' institution reviewed morbidity and mortality of <i>S. tracheacolum</i> in Gouldian finches from May 2013 to March 2021 as well as a prophylactic ivermectin treatment protocol. The mite-associated mortality rate was 39%, with no reduction in mortality observed after ivermectin treatment. In response to this finding, the institution trialed an alternative prophylactic treatment protocol using doramectin in November 2021. Doramectin, an antiparasitic drug in the avermectin family, was administered to 68 Gouldian finches at a dosage of 1 mg/kg SC for 2 doses. The average time between doses was 15.8 days. Concurrently, meloxicam was also administered at 1 mg/kg SC. Treatment was well tolerated, with 2.8% (2/72) of the finches showing tachypnea immediately after the first treatment; this resolved within 10 days. A review of Gouldian finch mortality from January 2022 to December 2024 was performed. Mild mite infection was identified postmortem in 3.4% (2/58) of the mortalities but was not considered a significant contributor to death. Five (8.6%, 5/58) other birds had significant respiratory inflammation of undetermined origin, where mites were a possible etiology but could not be confirmed. This study describes a prophylactic doramectin protocol for Gouldian finches that effectively reduced mortality associated with <i>S. tracheacolum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Plasma Vitamin and Mineral Concentrations in Pet Grey Parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) in Germany.","authors":"Christoph Leineweber, Lukas Reese, Gerd Britsch, Rachel E Marschang","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grey parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) are commonly kept as pet birds around the world, but little is known about their plasma vitamin and mineral concentrations. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for vitamins A, D, and E and various minerals (calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, inorganic phosphorus, selenium, and zinc) in the plasma of 88 adult pet grey parrots in Germany. The samples were collected during routine health checks and analyzed using a point-of-care device, an autoanalyzer, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant (all <i>P</i> > 0.05) influence of sex on the analytes was found. However, feed supplementation did significantly increase plasma vitamin D (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and iodine (<i>P</i> = 0.003) concentrations. Vitamin D concentrations were also significantly greater (<i>P</i> = 0.024) in birds with access to outdoor aviaries and natural sunlight. The results show that these factors play important roles and should be considered in the husbandry and management of these parrots, as well as in the interpretation of blood results. The established reference intervals should help to improve the medical care of grey parrots and better monitor and optimize feeding and husbandry.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psittacine Bird Ophthalmology: A Review of Anatomy, Physiology, Diagnostics, and Interventions.","authors":"Noah M Plotsker, Lauren E Thielen, Erin M Scott","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parrots (<i>Psittaciformes</i>) comprise a large group of approximately 400 species of birds. There are currently no comprehensive reviews of parrot ophthalmology in the peer-reviewed literature. This review describes the unique ocular variations of parrots, including visual ability and anatomic adaptations. A comprehensive summary of ophthalmic diagnostic tests, including aqueous tear measurements, tonometry, conjunctival cytology, conjunctival microbiology, and ocular ultrasonography, in clinically normal psittacine birds is presented. Common ocular disorders of parrots and their treatments are discussed. Aqueous tear production can be measured using Schirmer tear tests, phenol red thread tests, and endodontic absorbent paper point tear tests. Intraocular pressure is best measured with a rebound tonometer; however, applanation tonometry has also been described. Conjunctival cytology, conjunctival microbiology, and ocular ultrasonography are useful in determining disease etiopathology. Topical neuromuscular blocking agents may be effectively used with caution to induce pharmacologic mydriasis in psittacine birds. Ongoing research should be performed on all available psittacine bird species to increase sample size and available data from which normal reference intervals can be determined.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"141-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Cannabinoids in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazonia ventralis</i>).","authors":"Tori Trumble, James W Carpenter, Thomas N Tully, Stephanie E Martinez, Hugo A Gonzalez-Jassi, Geraldine Magnin","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with and without the addition of a food slurry in the Hispaniolan Amazon parrot (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>). Twelve healthy adult parrots of both sexes weighing 0.260-0.323 kg (mean 0.289 kg) were enrolled. Six birds were administered a target dose of 28 mg/kg of CBD, 113 mg/kg of CBDA, and 2.7 mg/kg of THC via commercially available hemp oil solution that was administered orally into the crop via a syringe, followed by a slurry-formulated diet dosed at 15 mL/kg. The remaining 6 birds were administered 28 mg/kg of CBD in hemp oil solution PO without the addition of a food slurry. Serial blood samples were obtained at time points 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 12 hours posttreatment in a balanced incomplete block design. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters between groups was not possible due to the naïve pooled-data approach used. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were 444 and 514 h*ng/mL, maximum plasma concentrations (<i>C</i>_max) were 63.3 and 64 ng/ mL, time to achieve <i>C</i>_max (<i>T</i>_max) were 4 and 2 hours, and the plasma half-life (<i>t</i>_½) results were 7.17 and 3.34 hours for the fed and fasted groups, respectively, for CBD. No adverse effects were appreciated in any bird. The results indicated a slower rate of absorption of CBD compared with elimination for the fed group, suggesting that the addition of a food slurry may serve as an extended-release formulation for CBD. The apparent lack of differences between the AUC and <i>C</i>_max between fed and fasted groups suggests that food does not increase the relative bioavailability of this hemp product in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, but slows down the absorption time and extends the half-life.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraocular Pressures in Free-Ranging Eastern Screech Owls (<i>Megascops asio</i>), Great Horned Owls (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>), and Barred Owls (<i>Strix varia</i>) Measured by Rebound Tonometry.","authors":"Karra N Pierce, Ernesto Dominguez-Villegas, Sangeeta Rao, Miranda J Sadar","doi":"10.1029/AVIANMS-D-25-00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/AVIANMS-D-25-00035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-ranging, nocturnal raptors are frequently presented to wildlife centers due to trauma, and ocular trauma is a common finding in these cases. Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical part of an ophthalmic examination; however, reference values for comparison are lacking in nocturnal species. Rebound tonometry was used to measure IOPs of normal eyes from free-ranging, nocturnal raptors (eastern screech owls [<i>Megascops asio</i>], great horned owls [<i>Bubo virginianus</i>], and barred owls [<i>Strix varia</i>]) presented to a wildlife rehabilitation center. In total, 248 eastern screech, 105 great horned, and 70 barred owl eyes were evaluated in this study. All IOP measurements were collected using a rebound tonometer on the \"d\" setting while owls were restrained in an upright position. The mean IOP for eastern screech owls was 9.22 ± 3.98 mmHg and 9.35 ± 3.47 mmHg for the right and left eyes, respectively, with a combined mean of 9.28 ± 3.76 mmHg. The mean IOP for great horned owls was 12.71 ± 6.16 mmHg and 12.86 ± 6.62 mmHg for the right and left eyes, respectively, with a combined mean of 12.78 ± 6.35 mmHg. The mean IOP for barred owls was 10.41 ± 4.37 mmHg and 10.97 ± 4.72 mmHg for the right and left eyes, respectively, with a combined mean of 10.66 ± 4.51 mmHg. Intraocular pressure results did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes for any species. These normal values will provide clinicians reference ranges for comparison and allow more accurate screening for ocular pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"129-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Mandibular Fracture Repair with an External Skeletal Fixator Intramedullary Pin Tie-in in a Mallard Duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>).","authors":"Evanna Lai, Brian Speer","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An approximately 5-year-old male mallard duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) was presented for assessment and treatment of bilateral mandibular ramal fractures. Physical examination revealed the presence of complete, open mandibular fractures at the rostral third of both mandibles, with ventral displacement of the rostral segments. An initial repair attempt consisted of a suture passed between the proximal and rostral fragments to form a simple interrupted suture on each side, which failed soon after the procedure. The second repair used a 1.1-mm nonthreaded Steinman pin inserted through the fracture site into the right rostral mandibular fragment, then pulled retrograde into the right proximal fragment. The exposed rostral end of the pin was bent ventrally at a 90° angle. This was repeated on the left side. Next, 1.1-mm threaded pins were inserted ventrally into the mandibular rami and directed dorsally, engaging both ventral and dorsal mandibular cortices. The exposed ends of the nonthreaded and threaded pins were cut short and joined with intravenous tubing filled with methyl methacrylate, forming a type I extra-skeletal fixator on each side. An additional crossbar was applied to the rostral pins using intravenous tubing filled with methyl methacrylate, providing interfixator stability. The patient was housed in a protected environment and demonstrated immediate return to normal feeding behavior. Thirty-eight days after the second repair, the bird was found to have removed the entire fixator apparatus; however, on recheck, the fracture site showed excellent stability and functional healing. The bird remained fully functional 4.5 years after the mandibular fracture repair surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"134-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Bupivacaine in Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) During Isoflurane Anesthesia.","authors":"Timothy J Brunner, Patricia Queiroz-Williams, Thomas N Tully, Rhett Stout, Kristen M Messenger, Anderson Favaro da Cunha","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous bupivacaine during isoflurane anesthesia in hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). Bupivacaine is an amide local anesthetic that works by blocking sodium channels and is 4 times as potent as lidocaine. Though bupivacaine is not recommended for intravenous injection, the purpose of this study was to mimic an accidental intravenous injection. A single dose of preservative-free bupivacaine at 2 mg/kg was administered intravenously over 20 seconds in 6 healthy layer chickens weighing 1340 6 193.4 grams. Each hen was placed under isoflurane anesthesia and intubated prior to drug administration. Blood was collected at baseline once under anesthesia and then at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes postdrug administration. Vitals were monitored routinely and recorded. Each patient recovered without any complications. Plasma was separated and immediately frozen at -808C (-1128F) until it was assayed for bupivacaine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A 2-compartment model was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters, including clearance (median 59.2, range 43.2-77.1 mL/min/kg), terminal half-life (median 18.2, range 12.4-36.4 min), apparent volume of distribution at steady state (median 1571.7, range 961.6-2113.4 mL/kg), area under the curve (median 33.9, range 26.0-46.3 min*mg/mL), and mean residence time (median 24.3, range 15.1-48.9 min). These results describe the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine in healthy laying hens anesthetized with isoflurane and can be used in the creation of future experimental designs of the use of bupivacaine in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 2","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex Vivo Pullout Strength of Locking and Cortical Screws in the Femur and Tibiotarsus of the Pekin Duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</i>).","authors":"Orr Cohen, Hamish R Baron, Ben C Stevenson, Daniel J Wills, Tian Wang, William R Walsh, Stephen M Fearnside, Melinda L Cowan","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00017","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-25-00017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of smaller orthopedic plates and screws has facilitated their use in avian fracture repair. Avian bone differs from mammalian bone in its biomechanical properties due to adaptations for flight, necessitating avian-specific orthopedic biomechanical studies. Screw pullout strength has not been studied in avian bone. The aims of this study were to 1) compare the axial pullout strength of cortical and locking screw designs in the tibiotarsus and femur of the Pekin duck (<i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</i>) and 2) investigate the effects of sex and screw location in bone on screw pullout strength. Locking and cortical screws were inserted in 5 locations: the distal metaphysis, distal diaphysis, middiaphysis, proximal diaphysis, and proximal metaphysis of femora (n = 28) and tibiotarsi (n = 40) from 20 Pekin ducks. Screws were tested to failure in axial pullout and maximum force recorded. Data were analyzed by a linear mixed-effects model. There were no significant differences in screw pullout strength between locking and cortical screws or between sexes. On average, maximum force was highest at the middiaphysis in the femur and at the distal diaphysis of the tibiotarsus. These results suggest that when using 2.0-mm and 1.5-mm screws in avian femoral and tibiotarsal bones, respectively, screw positioning in denser diaphyseal regions may be more critical to screw pullout strength than the choice between cortical and locking screw designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"40 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147608910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}