Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Reference Interval Creation for Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) in Healthy Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) and Quaker Parrots (<i>Myiopsitta monachus</i>).","authors":"Adam A Moreno, Thomas N Tully, Chin-Chi Liu, J Jill Heatley","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal disease is often identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in avian patients. However, currently, early antemortem detection of renal disease in avian patients is difficult. Anatomical and physiological differences between mammals and birds mean the use of commonly employed diagnostic testing (ie, measurement of blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine, urinalysis, and ultrasonography) are either nondiagnostic or difficult to achieve. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a more sensitive marker for renal disease in humans, dogs, and cats. However, SDMA has not yet been assessed for diagnostic use in any psittacine species. In this study, we establish reference ranges for SDMA in both Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>, HAP) and Quaker parrots (<i>Myiopsitta monachus</i>, QP). Blood was collected from 23 Amazon parrots and 32 Quaker parrots maintained in research facilities. Measurement of SDMA through a commercially available immunoassay (IA-SDMA) as well as creatinine, BUN, uric acid, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined through IDEXX Laboratories. Plasma SDMA concentrations ranged from 6 to 15 µg/dL and 3 to 15 µg/dL for the HAP and QP, respectively. Sex was a confounding factor for the QP population, but sex did not have a significant effect on SDMA for the HAP population. No significant correlations were identified between SDMA concentrations and other parameters in either psittacine species. Our results show proof of concept for the IA-SDMA and provide reference intervals for SDMA in HAP and QP. Further investigation is required to determine the validity of this assay and the predictive power of SDMA in the detection of renal impairment for parrots and other common companion birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma and Tissue Amikacin Concentrations Following Regional Limb Perfusion of Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Cameron Ratliff, Lorelei Clarke, Heather K Knych, Samantha L Morello, Christoph Mans","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) has been used in the treatment of pododermatitis and distal limb infections, which are significant causes of morbidity in avian species. This intravenous drug administration technique is designed to achieve high drug tissue concentrations while minimizing systemic toxic effects. Amikacin is commonly used for IVRLP in veterinary medicine, but dosing guidelines have not been established for its use in birds. The current study aimed to determine the tissue concentration of amikacin after a single IVRLP administration in healthy, euhydrated leghorn hen chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). Chickens received a single IVRLP dose of 10 mg/kg amikacin and were euthanatized posttreatment at 1 hour (n = 6), 12 hours (n = 6), and 24 hours (n = 6) to assess tissue and synovial fluid concentrations of amikacin in the injected leg. Mean tissue concentrations were highest 1 hour post-IVRLP (synovial fluid = 153.0 µg/mL, metatarsal pad tissue = 26.05 µg/mL) before declining at the 12- and 24-hour time points. This indicates that administration of amikacin via IVRLP can reach minimum inhibitory concentrations of common bacterial isolates in tissues after a single treatment with 10 mg/kg amikacin. Regional limb perfusion every 24 hours is recommended, although the minimum days of treatment may be case dependent and vary based on response to therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"91-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile in Psittacine Birds at an Avian Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Study, 2015-2022.","authors":"Kevin Fernando Barragán-Mayet, Gary García-Espinosa, María Guadalupe Sánchez-González, Lizbeth Miranda-Antonio, Ricardo Itzcóatl Maldonado-Reséndiz","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00027","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Veterinary hospitals house patient populations with diverse infectious statuses, microbiota, and histories of prior antibiotic therapy. Choanal swabs are commonly used for assessing the upper respiratory tract of birds for bacterial disease, with the samples submitted for cytologic testing and/or culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify and quantify bacteria isolated from choanal swabs collected from psittacine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Data regarding bacterial isolates from choanal swabs were obtained from the medical records of companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory bacterial disease that presented between November 2015 and December 2022. A total of 47.8% (175 of 366) of the bacterial isolates were from specimens obtained from red-lored Amazons (<i>Amazona autumnalis</i>). Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with 27 different genera identified. <i>Klebsiella</i>, <i>Staphylococcus,</i> and <i>Escherichia</i> were the most frequently isolated genera. A total of 90.4% (331 of 366) of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic tested in the sensitivity panel, and a single <i>Klebsiella</i> isolate was resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Gentamicin had a high percentage of efficacy (79.5%; 182 of 229) against the bacterial isolates, whereas isolates tested against sulfonamide-trimethoprim (46.7%, 98 of 210), streptomycin (43.8%; 88 of 201), and clindamycin (12.9%; 15 of 116) had susceptibilities <50%. This is the first study to report common bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from choanal swab samples collected from companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory disease in Mexico. Clinicians can use the information presented in this study as a guide for therapeutic decision-making when managing upper respiratory bacterial infections in companion psittacine patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00004","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"46-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Repair of Psittacine Femorotibial Luxation: A Case Series.","authors":"Kiara Marie Simonis, Melinda Lee Cowan, Lauren Williams, Hamish Robert Baron","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00016","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Luxation of the psittacine femorotibial joint most commonly occurs following trauma or as a development abnormality. Historically, this injury is considered to have a poor prognosis in birds; however, surgical management may result in acceptable and functional outcomes. This case series describes the surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes of 7 cases of femorotibial luxation in psittacine birds. Of the 7 cases, 6 were chronic injuries. Surgical repair methods included conjoined intramedullary pinning, transarticular pinning with an external skeletal fixator (ESF), a combination of extracapsular stabilization and ESF, ESF alone, and a combination of conjoined intramedullary pins with an ESF. An acceptable outcome was achieved in 75% (6/8) of luxated femorotibial joints managed with surgical methods. All cases were female birds of various species, suggesting a possible sex predisposition for stifle luxation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"34-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Humboldt Penguins (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>).","authors":"Christoph Leineweber, Maike Lücht, Christine Gohl, Hanspeter W Steinmetz, Rachel E Marschang","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00034","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting inflammation, including inflammation associated with infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis in penguins). To our knowledge, reference intervals are not available for plasma proteins via electrophoresis in Humboldt penguins (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>). Therefore, preliminary reference intervals for blood plasma proteins measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were calculated for Humboldt penguins from a single zoological collection, and possible differences between the sexes and the ages of the birds were evaluated. Lithium heparinized plasma samples from 39 Humboldt penguins were analyzed. The following sex- and age-independent reference intervals were calculated: total protein 33.8-70.4 g/L, prealbumin 1.9-4.9 g/L, albumin 12.9-31.1 g/L, albumin: globulin ratio 0.7-1.7, α-globulins 4.5-11.6 g/L, β-globulins 5.6-20.6 g/L, and γ-globulins 2.6-8.4 g/L. Male penguins had a significantly (<i>P</i> = 0.047) higher albumin: globulin ratio and lower percentage of β-globulins (<i>P</i> = 0.015) in comparison with female penguins. Prealbumin (g/L) significantly (<i>P</i> = 0.021) decreased with increased age of the penguins. These results showed some differences between the sexes and ages of the penguins, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in other age groups or seasons exist, and also to evaluate which infectious diseases affect plasma proteins and how the reference values calculated here may deviate in ill penguins.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Diabetes Mellitus: A Review.","authors":"Yannick Van de Weyer, Stamatios Alan Tahas","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-22-00057","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-22-00057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an uncommon, poorly documented metabolic disorder of birds. Extrapolating knowledge from DM in mammals is challenging because of marked differences in avian physiology and metabolism. A literature review from December 1991 to January 2022 identified 14 publications covering 16 diabetic birds, 63% (10/16) of which belonged to the order Psittaciformes with <i>Ara</i> as the predominant genus. No sex predilection was noted, but males generally presented at a younger age. Commonly reported clinical signs included polyuria 94% (15/16), polydipsia 88% (14/16), weight loss 75% (12/16), lethargy 63% (10/16), and polyphagia 38% (6/16). Diagnosis of DM was based on the presence of clinical signs and persistent hyperglycemia 100% (16/16), often with glucosuria 93% (13/14), response to insulin therapy 80% (8/10), and pancreatic pathology 90% (9/10). Specific treatment for DM was initiated in 14 patients, but blood glucose regulation for 6 months or longer was only achieved in 6 birds. Five of the regulated birds were managed with injectable long-acting insulin and 1 with oral glipizide combined with dietary modifications. However, glipizide yielded poor results in other cases, likely attributable to a lack of functional beta cells. Three diabetic birds progressed to remission. Treatment proved unsuccessful for 7 patients with a mean survival time of 36 days from diagnosis. One patient was lost to follow-up, and 2 were euthanized immediately following diagnosis. Histological examination of the pancreas frequently (90%, 9/10) revealed abnormalities including atrophy, fibrosis, and vacuolization of the endocrine islets with or without lymphoplasmacytic pancreatitis. Comorbidities, including hemosiderosis and infection, were common. This review suggests that birds diagnosed with DM are primarily affected by a type I diabetes as observed in dogs and humans. In contrast to mammalian species, avian DM is often associated with underlying disease and a complete clinical workup is essential to diagnose and address secondary disease conditions prior to initiating long-term insulin therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian Polyomavirus Among Psittacine Birds in Iran: Molecular Detection Rate and Associated Risk Factors.","authors":"Mojtaba Khosravi, Shohreh Alian Samakkhah, Rahem Khoshbakht, Kimia Sarraf Mamouri","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00022","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian polyomavirus (APV) infection causes various health problems in psittacine species, including death. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of APV among psittacine birds in Iran. We also aimed to evaluate the impact of age, sex, species, season, and origin of the birds on the prevalence of APV. This study investigated the presence of APV among 1050 individual birds from 7 psittacine species over a 1-year period in Iran, namely, green-cheeked parakeets (<i>Pyrrhura molinae</i>), rosy-faced lovebirds (<i>Agapornis roseicollis</i>), monk parakeets (<i>Myiopsitta monachus</i>), sun conures (<i>Aratinga solstitialis</i>), Senegal parrots (<i>Poicephalus senegalus</i>), cockatiels (<i>Nymphicus hollandicus</i>), and grey parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>). The overall prevalence of APV in all studied species was 25% (263/1050, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.5-27.8). Results of the study showed that age and the season of the year were 2 important determinant factors in the prevalence of APV in psittacine birds. Young psittacine birds <6 months old were 2.94 (95% CI: 1.19-7.27) times more likely to be infected with APV than birds >1 year old, and there was a significant interaction between season and species in the multivariate analysis. In the winter season, rosy-faced lovebirds and green-cheeked parakeets were 15.6 (95% CI: 4.20-57.95) and 4.76 (95% CI: 1.4-16.21) times more likely to be infected with APV than in other seasons, respectively. This is the first report on the detection rate of APV in psittacine birds in Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 1","pages":"7-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140861418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parrot Dietary Habits and Consumption of Alternate Foodstuffs.","authors":"Elise V Voltura, Donald J Brightsmith, Juan Cornejo, Ian Tizard, Christopher A Bailey, J Jill Heatley","doi":"10.1647/20-00028","DOIUrl":"10.1647/20-00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inappropriate diets cause many of the health problems commonly reported in parrots by psittaculturists and veterinarians. The dietary management of captive parrots would benefit from information derived from studies of dietary habits of wild parrots; however, it is unclear how complete this body of knowledge is at this time. Documentation of parrots' dietary habits appears to have grown dramatically over the past century. Reports of parrots consuming a number of foodstuffs beyond the reproductive parts of plants (alternate foodstuffs) have increased. The extent of alternate foodstuffs in parrot diets is currently unknown. We used Google search engines (ie, Scholar, Videos, Images) to determine how well psittaciform dietary habits have been studied to date and to quantify reports of alternate foodstuffs consumption among genera of Psittaciformes. We found that the dietary habits of over 43% of parrot species are poorly resolved. The dietary habits of 71.5% of parrot species classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as at risk of extinction are not well resolved. Parrots' consumption of alternate foodstuffs occurred at the following rates at the genus level: 91.2% foliage, 76.9% terrestrial invertebrates and fine earthen materials, 74.7% wood, 44% pure minerals, 34.1% vertebrates (9.9% dung), 29.7% sap, 19.8% roots, 17.6% charcoal, 18.7% epiphytes, 16.5% coarse earthen materials, 8.8% algae, and 6.6% aquatic invertebrates. Of these reports, 79.1% involved observations of wild parrots. Many parrot species may be more omnivorous than previously realized. Alternate foodstuffs are generally absent from current veterinary-based dietary recommendations for captive parrots. Future studies are needed to determine whether providing alternate foodstuffs to captive parrots can be used as a means to improve their diets and thus their health, welfare, and reproductive success.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 4","pages":"297-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Level of Agreement for Lactate Measurements in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) Among 2 Point-of-Care Analyzers and a Benchtop Analyzer.","authors":"Alexandra K Mason, Jordan Padlo, Mark A Mitchell, J Jill Heatley, Thomas N Tully","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.4.314","DOIUrl":"10.1647/1082-6742-37.4.314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lactate is an important biochemistry analyte used in human and veterinary medicine to assess tissue perfusion and can be used as a prognostic indicator for certain disease conditions. Whereas lactate is commonly measured using \"patient-side\" handheld meters, these meters have not been validated for companion avian species. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of agreement between 2 commercially available point-of-care lactate meters and a laboratory benchtop blood analyzer in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>). Blood samples were collected from 20 adult parrots at Louisiana State University by drawing 1.5 mL of blood from the right jugular vein. One drop of whole blood was used for the Lactate Plus analyzer and the remainder of the sample transferred into a lithium heparin microtainer. From the blood in the microtainer, 0.2 mL whole blood was analyzed using the epoc Blood Analysis System, and the remaining sample was centrifuged to obtain plasma that was immediately frozen at -80°C (-112°F) and submitted to the Texas A&M University Clinical Pathology Laboratory for analysis on the VITROS 4500 benchtop analyzer. Bland-Altman agreement plots and Passing-Bablok regression were used to measure the level of agreement between the methods. There was poor agreement between all 3 methods with mean percentage differences in lactate concentrations ≥22% (epoc and Lactate Plus: 33.6% [95% CI: 27-40]; epoc and VITROS 4500: 55% [95% CI:52-58]; VITROS 4500 and Lactate Plus: 22% [95% CI:16-28]). Based on these results, the point-of-care meters tested in this study are not interchangeable, and separate reference intervals were calculated for each method. Blood lactate concentrations may have more utility in tracing lactate trends over time in an individual rather than being able to utilize this information at 1 time point for disease diagnosis and prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"37 4","pages":"314-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}