Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy-like Transient Systolic Dysfunction in Two Bald Eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>).","authors":"Samantha Scott, Michael Aherne, Catherine Georges, Darcy B Adin, James F X Wellehan","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00055","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two wild adult bald eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) were presented to the University of Florida zoological medicine department on separate dates, both being unable to fly. One eagle had a fracture of the left humerus, and the second had no external injuries. Thoracic radiographs of both animals revealed cardiomegaly, and echocardiography revealed reduced systolic function. Both eagles were treated with oral pimobendan until recheck echocardiography documented normal systolic function. Several weeks after pimobendan was discontinued, the echocardiograms of both eagles showed normal systolic function and were considered normal. The transient nature of systolic dysfunction in these 2 eagles could be consistent with a stress-induced, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy-like phenotype although traumatic myocarditis or adverse anesthetic reactions must also be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Squamous Metaplasia Associated With Hypovitaminosis A of the Crop and Salivary Glands in Captive Falcons in the United Arab Emirates.","authors":"Peter A McKinney, Ulrich Wernery, Johan Forsman, Joerg Kinne, Barbara Arca-Ruibal, Peter Wencel, Sunita Joseph, Preethamole Varghese, Jyothi Thyagarajan","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00026","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty falcons exhibiting tongue swelling, oropharyngeal pustules, and crop mucin gland impactions were presented for veterinary care to the Al Aseefa Falcon Clinic in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from October to January 2018-2021. Squamous metaplasia was confirmed in 2 euthanized falcons from this group. A study was undertaken to assess circulating concentrations of serum retinol in this group of diseased falcons (n = 20) compared with the values of a clinically healthy group (n = 20). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for concentrations of serum retinol. Comparison of serum retinol concentrations between the 2 groups showed a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.001), with clinically normal falcons having a median (25-75%) range of 1.43 (1.34-1.66) mg/mL and clinically abnormal falcons 0.17 (0.11-0.36) mg/mL. The significant difference in the serum retinol concentrations between groups provided strong evidence that the squamous metaplasia was associated with hypovitaminosis A. These results demonstrate that circulating serum retinol concentrations may be useful for assessing and diagnosing hypovitaminosis A in cases exhibiting distinctive lesions in the tongue, salivary glands, crop, and oropharynx.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Approach Using Computerized Tomography and Successful Surgical Resolution of a Palatine Luxation and Entrapment in a Blue and Yellow Macaw (<i>Ara ararauna</i>).","authors":"Alberto Hernández Pérez, María Ardiaca García, Andrés Montesinos Barceló, Cristina Bonvehí Nadeu","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00017","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A seven-month-old male blue and yellow macaw (<i>Ara ararauna</i>) was presented with an inability to move the maxillary beak after flying into a clothesline. Unsuccessful attempts to reduce the beak were performed, first by the owner at home and later within the same day by the referring veterinarian under general anesthesia. The patient was referred for assessment and treatment 5 days later. A palatine luxation and entrapment with a possible fissure of palatine bone was suspected based on history, a physical examination, and radiographic imaging. Another unsuccessful attempt to manually reduce the beak was performed under general anesthesia. A computed tomography (CT) scan was scheduled to evaluate the skull further. Rostrodorsal displacement and entrapment of the palatine bone on the rostral edge of the interorbital septum in the mesethmoid region were identified. In addition, the CT images provided useful information for the veterinary team to rule out other skeletal abnormalities, rendering a significantly more detailed evaluation of the skull bones before surgical intervention. Surgery was performed after the previously published pin insertion method over the dorsal aspect of the palatine bone. Pressure in the ventral direction was then applied on the pin while simultaneously further hyperextending the maxillary beak to unhook the palatine bone from the interorbital septum. The present case report describes an in vivo diagnosis of palatine luxation and entrapment in a blue and yellow macaw by means of a CT scan and successful surgical resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmic Parameters of Healthy White-Eyed Parakeets (<i>Psittacara leucophthalmus</i>).","authors":"Anita Marchionatti Pigatto, Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão, Sheila Canavese Rahal, Guilherme Rech Cassanego, Gabriella De Nardin Peixoto, José Gabriel Calhari Santos, Erick Yuji Tokashiki, Carlos Roberto Padovani","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00042","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White-eyed parakeets (<i>Psittacara leucophthalmus</i>) are medium-sized birds that are diurnal and arboreal and eat a predominantly fruit-based diet. Although white-eyed parakeets are frequently presented with ocular lesions, information about ophthalmological parameters for this species is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the baseline ophthalmic parameters of healthy, white-eyed parakeets to contribute to a better understanding of their ocular health. This study evaluated the modified Schirmer tear test I (mSTTI), standardized endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and measurement of the palpebral fissure length (PFL) of 24 adult white-eyed parakeets under manual restraint. The same evaluator examined both eyes of each bird. To avoid any interference for the tear tests, 12 birds were assigned to mSTTI and 12 to EAPPTT. There was a significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.031) in the PFL between eyes, with right eyes measuring 7-9 mm and left eyes 6-8 mm. There was no significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.435) in CCT between eyes. There was a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.001) between the mSTTI and EAPPTT values, with EAPPTT values being higher than mSTTI values. There was no significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.157) for these measures within bird. There was a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.001) in the IOP values between the different species parameters, with significant differences (all <i>P</i> <0.001) recorded between all species measures except dog and rabbit (<i>P</i> = 0.09). There was no significant difference (<i>P</i> = 0.157) for the IOP measures within bird. The ophthalmic parameters obtained from the adult, white-eyed parakeets in this study can be used to expand our knowledge about the species and help distinguish healthy eyes from diseased eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"39 1","pages":"20-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mandibular Prognathism Correction in a Juvenile Umbrella Cockatoo (<i>Cacatua alba</i>) With the Use of an Orthosis.","authors":"Jessica Magnotti, Scott J Stahl, Kathy Burrier","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00016","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 9-week-old male umbrella cockatoo (<i>Cacatua alba</i>) presented with mandibular prognathism. The rostral rhinothecal tomial length appeared subjectively shorter than the rostral gnathothecal length, which was subjectively rostrally elongated. After an initial orthosis failed, a second orthosis was designed that employed the use of an orthopedic wire anchor in the rostral end of the rhinotheca, leaving the premaxillary bone undisturbed. Prior to placement of the anchor, skull radiographs were taken to measure the distance from the rostral tip of the rhinotheca to the rostral end of the premaxillary bone. This was done to mitigate iatrogenic trauma and prevent disruption of bone and underlying tissues when the orthopedic wire was deployed to anchor the rhinothecal tip. A hole was created in the rostral rhinotheca with a 20-gauge hypodermic needle rostral to the premaxillary bone. Orthopedic wire was placed through the hole and wrapped over the dorsal rhinotheca as an anchor. A second piece of orthopedic wire was formed into an elongated oval shape as a frame for the rhinothecal extension. Flexible, moldable plastic mesh was wrapped over the rhinotheca and orthopedic wire extension. Waterproof epoxy putty was placed over the rhinotheca and orthotic wires. The epoxy putty was replaced as needed until the rhinotheca had regrown into correct alignment. Twenty-five days post-placement, correct alignment was achieved, and the orthosis removed. The beak remained in correct alignment, and the bird developed normal use of the beak to engage in activities such as feeding, preening, and podomandibulation. Whereas methods for correcting mandibular prognathism have been described utilizing a variety of techniques and materials, there is a paucity of peer-reviewed literature on this procedure. This report describes the management and correction of this condition in a young bird as well as the involved anatomy, kinesiology, and details of this corrective procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"219-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Management of Acetamiprid Intoxication in a Captive Eurasian Goshawk (<i>Accipiter gentilis</i>).","authors":"Dario d'Ovidio, Morena B Wernick","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A captive, 1-year-old, male Eurasian goshawk (<i>Accipiter gentilis</i>) weighing 0.85 kg and owned by a falconer was presented with a history of acute onset of weakness, dyspnea, diarrhea, and regurgitation of a fresh-thawed pigeon contaminated with acetamiprid, an insecticide used in the raptor enclosure. The raptor had eaten the contaminated pigeon approximately 10-12 hours earlier. Two-view (lateral and ventrodorsal) full-body survey radiographs were taken, and no abnormalities were noted. A complete blood count and serum biochemistry panel showed increased concentrations of hematocrit, uric acid concentrations, and creatine kinase activity. Intravenous isotonic crystalloid fluids, oxygen supplementation, active warming, and assist feeding by oral syringe were provided. The bird rapidly improved approximately 12 hours after initiating supportive care. Complete resolution of clinical signs and return of normal appetite occurred within 2 days of hospitalization. No recurrence of clinical signs was reported in the raptor presented on 2 months' follow-up. The outcome of this case suggests that supportive treatment of acetamiprid toxicity in captive goshawks can be successful with early intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"215-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>Candida</i> spp. From the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pet Parrots and Subsequent Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles.","authors":"Jhonatan Henrique Lima da Rocha, Tamyres Izarelly Barbosa da Silva, Guilherme Henrique Reckziegel, Tallison Filipe Lima de Oliveira, Marcos Bruno Zacarias Campelo, Francisco Glauco de Araújo Santos","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psittaciformes kept as pets can serve as reservoirs of various microorganisms, many of which have zoonotic potential, including <i>Candida</i> spp. In this study, the antifungal susceptibility profiles of 16 <i>Candida</i> spp. isolated from the oral and cloacal cavities of 20 pet parrots were evaluated. Samples from the animals' oral and cloacal cavities were obtained with swabs and stored in sterile tubes. For mycological isolation, samples were seeded on Mycosel agar medium at 30°C (86°F) for up to 5 days. The 16 isolates were seeded onto chromogenic medium to verify the species. For the antifungal susceptibility profiles, the samples were diluted in saline solution and plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates with antifungal discs. The species identified were <i>Candida glabrata</i> (5/16, 31.2%), <i>Candida albicans</i> (4/16, 25%), <i>Candida tropicalis</i> (4/16, 25%), and <i>Candida krusei</i> (3/16, 18.8%). Twelve isolates were tested against 4 azole antifungals (miconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole and ketoconazole). Approximately 58% (7/12) of <i>Candida</i> spp. isolates showed intermediate susceptibility or resistance to the drugs used, with fluconazole being the least effective antifungal. These findings provide important information about the microbiota of wild birds raised as pets in Brazil and warn of the emergence of <i>Candida</i> non-<i>albicans</i> spp. resistant to azole antifungals widely used in human and veterinary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"208-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Haloperidol in Companion Psittacine Birds: 19 Cases (2012-2022).","authors":"Katharine E Hausmann Farris, Grayson A Doss","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The antipsychotic medication haloperidol has been used for many years in avian medicine as a pharmacologic therapy for refractory feather destructive behavior in pet parrots. However, despite its common use, there are no published studies evaluating its efficacy and adverse effects in psittacine birds. The goal of this study was to report the signalment, clinical presentation, dosing regimen, response to therapy, and adverse effects of companion psittacine birds prescribed oral haloperidol therapy at a single veterinary referral hospital. Included cases were pet psittacine birds that were prescribed haloperidol between 2012 and 2022 and had sufficient follow-up information available to assess efficacy and adverse effects. Nineteen parrots met the case criteria for inclusion. Haloperidol was prescribed for 17 birds with feather destructive behavior, 1 bird for excessive sexual behavior, and 1 bird prophylactically after surgery of the uropygial gland. The most common species prescribed haloperidol were grey parrots (n = 5) (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>), umbrella cockatoos (n = 4) (<i>Cacatua alba</i>), and <i>Pionus</i> spp. (n = 2). Most (12/18 [67%]) birds were classified as having a positive response to haloperidol administration. The initial median (interquartile range) total daily dose for all birds in the study was 0.24 mg/kg (0.18-0.4 mg/kg). Adverse effects were reported in 9/19 (47%) birds with grey parrots being the most common species displaying adverse effects. The most common adverse effect reported was lethargy in 5/19 (26%) birds. Some adverse effects were mitigated by adjusting dosing, and more severe adverse effects resolved after discontinuing haloperidol. This study provides descriptive data for a commonly used antipsychotic medication to assist veterinarians treating avian patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"202-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Capromorelin on Appetite and Weight Gain of Domestic Pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>).","authors":"Kelsey Trumpp, Laura Burns, Connor Jacobson, Stephen J Divers","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Weight loss and decreased appetite are commonly encountered sequela of disease and stress in avian patients. However, there is currently minimal information in the veterinary literature regarding appetite stimulation in birds. Capromorelin is a potent agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and increases food consumption via direct stimulation of the hunger centers of the hypothalamus. It is US Food and Drug Administration approved for use as an appetite stimulant in dogs (<i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>) and has also been shown to increase food consumption in New Zealand white rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>), domestic cats (<i>Felis catus</i>), and chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). Twenty adult domestic pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>), housed in groups of 5, were involved in a randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of capromorelin on appetite and weight gain. Each group of pigeons was randomly assigned to receive either oral water (control) or capromorelin (treatment). The birds were individually weighed and given either oral water (control) or capromorelin at 12 mg/kg once daily for the duration of the 6-day study period. Total food consumed was recorded in grams per cage each day, and pigeons given capromorelin consumed 38% more food than those in the control group. Pigeons given capromorelin gained significantly more weight (2.5% gain) over the course of the study period compared with controls (0.7% loss, <i>P</i> = 0.004). No adverse side effects were noted in any birds. Capromorelin shows promise as an appetite stimulant in pigeons, and further investigation into its use in other avian species is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"197-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Point-of-Care-Viscoelastic Coagulation Device in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>).","authors":"Laken Russell, Thomas N Tully, M Ryan Smith, Mark A Mitchell","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viscoelastic testing evaluates the formation and lysis of a clot over time, allowing more complete assessment of patient hemostasis in real time, whereas traditional tests, such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, only measure coagulation factor function. Patient-side viscoelastic coagulation monitors are easy to use, portable, and provide faster turnaround time than commercial laboratories. Viscoelastic testing requires only 0.2 mL of blood and is useful in diagnosing and treating hemostatic disorders. Currently, there is no standardized coagulation testing method across bird species. In this cross-sectional study, a viscoelastic coagulation device, the Entegrion Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor-Vet (VCM-Vet), was evaluated. Blood samples were obtained from 26 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAPs) (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) under manual restraint. Results were recorded on the device as graphical output with quantitative viscoelastic measurements. Results were reported using standard rotational thromboelastometry terminology, including clotting time, clot formation time, alpha angle, maximum clot firmness, clot firmness amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes after clot formation, and clot lysis at 30 and 45 minutes. The median clotting time was 463 seconds (reference interval: 56-1635 seconds), the mean clot formation time was 704.7 seconds (reference interval: 172-1697 seconds), the mean alpha angle was 27.3 (reference interval: 7-60), and the mean maximum clot firmness was 15.4 (reference interval: 7-25). Statistical analysis found that all parameters were normally distributed aside from clotting time in seconds. There was no appreciable breakdown of the clot during the 60-minute device runtime, and there was no significant difference in any parameter based on sex. The VCM-Vet produced clotting times for this population of HAPs and enabled the creation of reference intervals. Based on our findings, the VCM-Vet can be used to assess clot potential in HAPs and possibly other avian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"188-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}