Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Use of Haloperidol in Companion Psittacine Birds: 19 Cases (2012-2022).","authors":"Katharine E Hausmann Farris, Grayson A Doss","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The antipsychotic medication haloperidol has been used for many years in avian medicine as a pharmacologic therapy for refractory feather destructive behavior in pet parrots. However, despite its common use, there are no published studies evaluating its efficacy and adverse effects in psittacine birds. The goal of this study was to report the signalment, clinical presentation, dosing regimen, response to therapy, and adverse effects of companion psittacine birds prescribed oral haloperidol therapy at a single veterinary referral hospital. Included cases were pet psittacine birds that were prescribed haloperidol between 2012 and 2022 and had sufficient follow-up information available to assess efficacy and adverse effects. Nineteen parrots met the case criteria for inclusion. Haloperidol was prescribed for 17 birds with feather destructive behavior, 1 bird for excessive sexual behavior, and 1 bird prophylactically after surgery of the uropygial gland. The most common species prescribed haloperidol were grey parrots (n = 5) (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>), umbrella cockatoos (n = 4) (<i>Cacatua alba</i>), and <i>Pionus</i> spp. (n = 2). Most (12/18 [67%]) birds were classified as having a positive response to haloperidol administration. The initial median (interquartile range) total daily dose for all birds in the study was 0.24 mg/kg (0.18-0.4 mg/kg). Adverse effects were reported in 9/19 (47%) birds with grey parrots being the most common species displaying adverse effects. The most common adverse effect reported was lethargy in 5/19 (26%) birds. Some adverse effects were mitigated by adjusting dosing, and more severe adverse effects resolved after discontinuing haloperidol. This study provides descriptive data for a commonly used antipsychotic medication to assist veterinarians treating avian patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"202-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Capromorelin on Appetite and Weight Gain of Domestic Pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>).","authors":"Kelsey Trumpp, Laura Burns, Connor Jacobson, Stephen J Divers","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Weight loss and decreased appetite are commonly encountered sequela of disease and stress in avian patients. However, there is currently minimal information in the veterinary literature regarding appetite stimulation in birds. Capromorelin is a potent agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and increases food consumption via direct stimulation of the hunger centers of the hypothalamus. It is US Food and Drug Administration approved for use as an appetite stimulant in dogs (<i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>) and has also been shown to increase food consumption in New Zealand white rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>), domestic cats (<i>Felis catus</i>), and chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>). Twenty adult domestic pigeons (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>), housed in groups of 5, were involved in a randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of capromorelin on appetite and weight gain. Each group of pigeons was randomly assigned to receive either oral water (control) or capromorelin (treatment). The birds were individually weighed and given either oral water (control) or capromorelin at 12 mg/kg once daily for the duration of the 6-day study period. Total food consumed was recorded in grams per cage each day, and pigeons given capromorelin consumed 38% more food than those in the control group. Pigeons given capromorelin gained significantly more weight (2.5% gain) over the course of the study period compared with controls (0.7% loss, <i>P</i> = 0.004). No adverse side effects were noted in any birds. Capromorelin shows promise as an appetite stimulant in pigeons, and further investigation into its use in other avian species is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"197-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Point-of-Care-Viscoelastic Coagulation Device in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>).","authors":"Laken Russell, Thomas N Tully, M Ryan Smith, Mark A Mitchell","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viscoelastic testing evaluates the formation and lysis of a clot over time, allowing more complete assessment of patient hemostasis in real time, whereas traditional tests, such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, only measure coagulation factor function. Patient-side viscoelastic coagulation monitors are easy to use, portable, and provide faster turnaround time than commercial laboratories. Viscoelastic testing requires only 0.2 mL of blood and is useful in diagnosing and treating hemostatic disorders. Currently, there is no standardized coagulation testing method across bird species. In this cross-sectional study, a viscoelastic coagulation device, the Entegrion Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor-Vet (VCM-Vet), was evaluated. Blood samples were obtained from 26 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAPs) (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) under manual restraint. Results were recorded on the device as graphical output with quantitative viscoelastic measurements. Results were reported using standard rotational thromboelastometry terminology, including clotting time, clot formation time, alpha angle, maximum clot firmness, clot firmness amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes after clot formation, and clot lysis at 30 and 45 minutes. The median clotting time was 463 seconds (reference interval: 56-1635 seconds), the mean clot formation time was 704.7 seconds (reference interval: 172-1697 seconds), the mean alpha angle was 27.3 (reference interval: 7-60), and the mean maximum clot firmness was 15.4 (reference interval: 7-25). Statistical analysis found that all parameters were normally distributed aside from clotting time in seconds. There was no appreciable breakdown of the clot during the 60-minute device runtime, and there was no significant difference in any parameter based on sex. The VCM-Vet produced clotting times for this population of HAPs and enabled the creation of reference intervals. Based on our findings, the VCM-Vet can be used to assess clot potential in HAPs and possibly other avian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 4","pages":"188-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in a Wild Carnaby's Cockatoo (<i>Zanda latirostris</i>).","authors":"Anna Le Souëf, Michael Lohr, Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins, Katrina Wood, Flaminia Coiacetto","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00014","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A wild male Carnaby's cockatoo (<i>Zanda latirostris</i>) was presented to a veterinary hospital after falling from a tree. The bird showed few clinical signs during the first days of hospitalization. On Day 4, the cockatoo showed excessive hemorrhage at a venipuncture site, epistaxis, and significant anemia (packed cell volume, 15%). The cockatoo was euthanized due to ongoing blood loss, weakness, and inappetence. Liver concentrations of brodifacoum (0.439 mg/kg wet weight) and difenacoum (0.033 mg/kg wet weight) had a total anticoagulant rodenticide concentration of 0.472 mg/kg wet weight and were above the threshold for toxicity for many avian species. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication has been identified in a wild Australian psittacine species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"162-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Dose of Dexmedetomidine with Nalbuphine Hydrochloride or Butorphanol Tartrate for Sedation in Buff Orpington Hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Julie Fithian, Greta Doden, João Brandão","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00054","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) are commonly used for research, food production, show, and companionship. Sedation is often necessary for sample collection, imaging, or treatment. Dexmedetomidine has been previously used to sedate birds, often with other sedatives. Butorphanol tartrate, a Schedule IV controlled substance, is commonly used but presents regulatory challenges. Nalbuphine hydrochloride, an opioid with similar receptor affinity to butorphanol, has potential as a noncontrolled alternative. Although information regarding nalbuphine use in birds is limited, its noncontrolled status makes it more accessible. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose to produce sedation in 50% (ED₅₀) of patients and to estimate the calculated effective dose of dexmedetomidine in combination with either butorphanol (DexBut) or nalbuphine (DexNal) in domestic hens to sedate 99% of patients (ED₉₉). Eighteen 33-week-old laying Buff Orpington hens were divided into 2 groups: one receiving DexBut (n = 9) and the second receiving DexNal (n = 9). Each hen was sedated with varying doses of intramuscular dexmedetomidine with a constant dose of either 2 mg/kg IM butorphanol or 12.5 mg/kg IM nalbuphine by an up-and-down design. Sedation was determined using a clinically applicable scoring system. The ED₅₀ values of dexmedetomidine with 2 mg/kg IM of butorphanol, calculated by both the up-and-down method and logistic regression, were 38 and 49 µg/kg, respectively, while the ED₅₀ values of dexmedetomidine in combination with 12.5 mg/kg IM of nalbuphine were 19 and 18 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated dexmedetomidine ED₉₉ values with butorphanol or nalbuphine were 51 and 19 µg/kg, respectively. Multiple chickens in both groups exhibited open-mouth breathing and comb pallor but no lasting morbidity or mortality occurred. Combinations of DexBut or DexNal should be considered for sedation of domestic chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgical Removal of a Nonmetastatic Testicular Round Cell Tumor in a Solomon Island Eclectus Parrot (<i>Eclectus roratus solomonensis</i>).","authors":"Rachel Baden, Brian Speer, Michael Garner, Vanessa Hernández Urraca, Brenna Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00001","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An intracoelomic mass was palpated on an annual exam of a 24-year-old male Solomon Island eclectus parrot (<i>Eclectus roratus solomonensis</i>). The initial diagnostic workup included a complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, and coelomic ultrasound. Computed tomography was highly suggestive of a testicular mass. Tamoxifen and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists leuprolide and deslorelin were administered as neoadjunctive endocrine therapies. Biopsy and histologic examination confirmed a testicular mass consistent with a round cell tumor. Four doses of carboplatin 15 mg/kg IV were administered as neoadjunctive chemotherapy, and testicular size decreased by approximately 95%. The remaining gross tumor was removed via orchidectomy with clean but narrow margins. Seven months following surgery, a contrast CT scan did not show any evidence of recurrence of or metastasis from the original mass. This is the first report of successful treatment of a testicular tumor in a psittacine with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orchidectomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Captive-Bred Houbara Bustards (<i>Chlamydotis undulata</i>).","authors":"Mohammed Al-Rasheed","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the first reported case of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in houbara bustards (<i>Chlamydotis undulata</i>) from Saudi Arabia. Infectious bronchitis virus is a highly infectious virus that leads to major economic losses in the poultry industry. It is prevalent globally and causes severe respiratory and reproductive diseases in chickens. Although a wealth of information exists about IBV prevalence and transmission in domestic birds, similar information is lacking for houbara bustards. The major objectives of this research were to investigate whether IBV infections exist among houbara bustards at the National Wildlife Research Center in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the prevalence of this virus in this bird population. Fifty-eight oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were gathered from 29 unvaccinated birds without clinical signs between 2017 and 2023. Extraction of complete RNA from the swab samples and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing were used to identify IBV. The prevalence of IBV in this population was 37.9% (11 of 29; 95% confidence interval, 20.2-55.5%), indicating transmission asymptomatically among captive houbara bustards. This research identified for the first time that houbara bustards were exposed to IBV, and that this exposure is not uncommon. To counter IBV in Saudi Arabia, recommendations include continuous monitoring of the virus, isolation of infected birds, phylogenetic analysis, genotypic identification of the virus in houbara bustard, and development of an effective vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"129-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uric Acid Ingluviolith in a Budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>).","authors":"Perri Wiggin, Heidi L Hoefer","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00005","DOIUrl":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This clinical report describes an adult, female budgerigar (<i>Melopsittacus undulatus</i>) diagnosed with an ingluviolith. The patient presented for intermittent regurgitation, and a palpable foreign body was present in the crop. Radiographs showed a radiopaque foreign body, and computed tomography showed an approximately 16 × 12 mm (length 3 width) structure in the crop with a soft tissue and focally mineralized center and a 2-3 mm-thick mineral-attenuating shell. An ingluviotomy was performed. The stone was first analyzed using polarized optical crystallography, a method that cannot analyze uric acid salts, and was incorrectly deemed a cystine calculus. The calculus was then analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffractometry and was confirmed to be a shell of subcrystalline to monoclinic crystals of anhydrous uric acid (C₅H₄N₄O₃) encrusting aggregates of numerous, threadlike, protein-based fibers. This case presents new information regarding avian ingluviolithiasis. The large size of the calculus indicates formation in the crop, and coprophagia linked to stress is thought to be the potential reason for urate and feather ingestion.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"167-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous Wing Tip Edema in Captive Birds of Prey: Review of 41 Cases in the United Kingdom (2004-2022).","authors":"Dominic Byron-Chance, Lucía Gomez, Sofia Saraiva, Ashton Jade Hollwarth, Elia Esquivel, Thomas Anthony George Dutton","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is limited literature regarding wing tip edema (WTE) in raptors, and much of our current understanding of the condition is based on anecdotal reports. The aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical features of WTE in birds of prey, to identify prognostic factors for return to flight and patient survival following diagnosis, and to develop and assess the clinical significance of a novel WTE grading system. Between 2004 and 2022, 41 cases of WTE were identified in 39 captive birds. No cases were found in wild birds. Harris's hawks (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>), lanner falcons (<i>Falco biarmicus</i>), and peregrine falcons (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) had the highest frequencies of WTE, and all cases presented between October and May. Increasing days of air frost per month and colder median monthly temperatures were significant risk factors for the development of WTE. Of the cases where patient outcomes were known, 23/31 (74.2%) cases returned to normal flight and 29/34 (85.3%) cases survived. End-stage disease, represented by primary flight feather loss and metacarpal ischemic (dry) gangrene, and enalapril use were associated with poor patient outcomes. Presentation within 24 hours of disease onset, isoxsuprine use, and physiotherapy were associated with improved patient outcomes. This study showed that WTE is an infrequently encountered but clinically significant condition in captive raptors and is associated with an overall high morbidity and moderate mortality risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 3","pages":"141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Anatomical Distribution, and Risk Factors of Adipocytic Tumors and Xanthomas in Psittaciformes: 1096 Cases (1998-2018).","authors":"Lucyanne Megan, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Kevin Keel, Hugues Beaufrère","doi":"10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/AVIANMS-D-24-00009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adipocytic tumors are mesenchymal tumors that are commonly reported in psittacine birds; however, large-scale studies evaluating their prevalence and associated risk factors are lacking. A retrospective study of adipocytic tumors in psittacine birds was performed by reviewing pathology submissions from the University of California, Davis-Drury Reavill Pathology Database, containing 26 013 submissions from psittacine birds (1998-2018). Age, sex, genus, anatomic distribution, and pathological diagnosis were collected for each case when available. The prevalence, risk factors, and association with other lipid-accumulation disorders were reported. A total of 450 cases of lipoma, 129 cases of myelolipoma, 35 cases of hemangiolipoma, 31 cases of liposarcoma, and 451 cases of xanthoma were identified. The prevalence of adipocytic tumors and xanthomas on necropsy was 1.3% (158/11 737, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.6). Adipocytic tumors were identified in 27 genera. <i>Amazona</i> (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.24-2.99, <i>p</i> = 0.004), <i>Myiopsitta</i> (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.2, <i>p</i> = 0.041), <i>Melopsittacus</i> (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.1-5.5, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and <i>Agapornis</i> (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.0-6.1, <i>p</i> < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of developing adipocytic tumors compared with other genera, whereas <i>Ara</i> had significantly lower odds (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, <i>p</i> = 0.030). Age was also a significant risk factor for many types of adipocytic tumors. There was no significant association between general adipocytic tumor formation and atherosclerosis or hepatic lipidosis. Xanthomas were associated with atherosclerosis (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.01-3.51, <i>p</i> = 0.048), but not hepatic lipidosis (<i>p</i> = 0.503). On necropsy, the trunk and air sacs were the most common sites of xanthoma formation, whereas the trunk and liver were the most common sites of lipoma and myelolipoma formation, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"38 2","pages":"108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}