Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone and Midazolam Compared With Midazolam and Butorphanol in Rhode Island Red Hens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>).","authors":"Kyra A Knutson,&nbsp;Olivia A Petritz,&nbsp;Andrea Thomson,&nbsp;James Robertson,&nbsp;Julie A Balko","doi":"10.1647/20-00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) often undergo veterinary procedures requiring sedation; however, there is little published research evaluating the efficacy of sedation protocols in this species. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of intramuscular alfaxalone and midazolam compared with intramuscular butorphanol and midazolam in chickens. In a complete crossover study, 11 healthy adult hens were randomly administered midazolam 2.5 mg/kg IM combined with either alfaxalone 15 mg/kg IM (AM, n = 11) or butorphanol 3 mg/kg IM (BM, n = 11), with a 35-day washout period between groups. Time to first effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery were recorded. Physiologic parameters and sedation scores were recorded every 5 minutes by 2 blinded investigators. Fifteen minutes after injection, positioning for sham whole body radiographs was attempted. At 30 minutes, flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg IM was administered to all hens. Peak total sedation score was significantly higher for AM compared with BM (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Mean ± SD or median (range) time to initial effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery in AM and BM were 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.9 (<i>P</i> = 0.02), 3.5 (1.6-7.6) and 4.8 (2.2-13.0) (<i>P</i> = 0.10), 40.3 (28.0-77.8) and 33.2 (5.2-41.3) (<i>P</i> = 0.15), and 71.2 (45.7-202.3) and 39.9 (35.9-45.9) minutes (<i>P</i> = 0.05), respectively. Radiographic positioning was successful in 6 of 11 (54.5%) and 0 of 11 (0%) birds in the AM and BM groups at 15 minutes, respectively. Heart and respiratory rates remained within acceptable clinical limits for all birds. Intramuscular AM resulted in significantly faster onset of sedative effects, significantly longer duration of recumbency, significantly higher peak sedation, and improved success of radiographic positioning compared with intramuscular BM. Intramuscular AM produces clinically effective sedation in chickens without clinically significant cardiorespiratory effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Reference Values for Captive White-Fronted Parrots (<i>Amazona albifrons</i>) in México.","authors":"José Juan Díaz Vértiz,&nbsp;Adriana Margarita Ducoing Watty,&nbsp;Araceli Lima Melo,&nbsp;Roberto Wolf Webels,&nbsp;Ricardo Itzcóatl Maldonado-Reséndiz","doi":"10.1647/20-00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to establish hematological and plasma biochemical reference values in captive white-fronted Amazon parrots (<i>Amazona albifrons</i>), as well as to determine whether sex effects the reference values. To our knowledge, hematological and plasma biochemical data have not been reported in this species. Thirty-seven clinically healthy adult individuals (21 males, 16 females) from El Nido Bird Sanctuary, Ixtapaluca, Estado de México, were the subject birds for this study. Complete blood count and selected plasma biochemical parameters, including uric acid, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, and albumin, were evaluated. Blood samples were collected in the winter (January), outside of the birds' breeding season. Many hematological and plasma biochemical analytes had large coefficients of variation, and there were no statistically significant sex differences identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Myeloma with Aberrant CD3 Expression in a Red-Lored Amazon Parrot (<i>Amazona autumnalis</i>).","authors":"Gretel Tovar-Lopez,&nbsp;Samantha Evans,&nbsp;Juan F Muñoz Gutiérrez,&nbsp;A Russell Moore,&nbsp;Miranda J Sadar","doi":"10.1647/21-00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 20-year-old, female, red-lored Amazon parrot (<i>Amazona autumnalis</i>) was presented for a 2-week history of weakness. On physical examination, the bird was quiet, fluffed, weak, and had a distended coelom. Radiographic and ultrasound imaging revealed coelomic distention, increased pulmonary parenchymal opacity, renomegaly, dilated intestines, and a thickened ventricular wall. The results of a complete blood cell count indicated the patient was anemic (28%) and had intermediate to large lymphocytes with immature chromatin that were suspected to be neoplastic. Immunocytochemistry on peripheral blood determined that the suspected circulating neoplastic cells were cluster of differentiation (CD) 3+ and occasionally expressed multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1). Abnormalities from a plasma biochemistry panel were moderate hyperphosphatemia (6.8 mg/dL), marked hyperproteinemia (13.6 g/L), analbuminemia (0 g/dL), and marked hyperglobulinemia (13.6 g/dL). Agarose gel plasma protein electrophoresis documented the presence of albumin (1.2 g/dL) and monoclonal bands which, on reduced lithium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, resolved as 60-kd and ∼25-kd bands consistent with immunoglobulin Y heavy and light chains. On the basis of these findings, multiple myeloma was diagnosed. Because of a poor prognosis, the bird was euthanized for postmortem examination. Bone marrow cytology from samples collected during the postmortem examination revealed 17.4% plasma cells and 24% large immature cells with occasional plasmacytoid features. Histopathologic findings included aggregates of neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow, spleen, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, ovary, and brain. The neoplastic cells were strongly immunoreactive for MUM1 and cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), but negative for CD79a, paired box protein 5, and CD20. This confirmed the clinical diagnosis of multiple myeloma. This report describes an avian immunoglobulin Y-secreting multiple myeloma with aberrant CD3 expression and pseudoanalbuminemia. Aberrant CD3 expression by avian multiple myeloma may explain previously published cases of birds with a monoclonal gammopathy and apparent T-cell lymphoma diagnosed by CD3 immunoreactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Agreement Between 2 Point-Of-Care Glucometers and a Laboratory Automated Analyzer in North American Raptors.","authors":"Kara Hiebert,&nbsp;Sarah Reich,&nbsp;Matthew C Allender","doi":"10.1647/21-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood glucose abnormalities are commonly observed in veterinary medicine. Point-of-care (POC) glucometers provide rapid results, are inexpensive, and require very small sample volumes to measure blood glucose concentrations. Although POC glucometers are used frequently in dogs and cats, there have been few studies evaluating POC glucometers in avian species, none of which include raptors. This study evaluated the agreement between a veterinary POC glucometer, a human POC glucometer, and a benchtop laboratory automated analyzer (auto analyzer) using both plasma and whole blood samples from 50 free-ranging raptors admitted to the University of Illinois Wildlife Medical Clinic (Urbana, IL, USA). The veterinary POC glucometer, when used with plasma and whole blood, and the human POC glucometer, when used with whole blood, were in poor agreement with the laboratory auto analyzer. The human POC glucometer, when used with plasma, was in greatest agreement with the laboratory auto analyzer, meeting the US Food and Drug Administration's accuracy guidelines for \"over-the-counter\" POC glucometers for use in humans. Based on these results, the use of the Contour Next EZ with plasma samples is the only POC recommended for use in raptors. Further research should focus on assessing the clinical utility of blood glucose measurements when treating various disease processes in raptors and the prognostic value of blood glucose measurements when assessing critically ill raptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematologic Reference Intervals and Comparison of Natt-Herrick Technique and Smear-Based Leukocyte Estimation in Cockatiels (<i>Nymphicus hollandicus</i>).","authors":"Marissa Rae Monopoli,&nbsp;David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman,&nbsp;Philip H Kass,&nbsp;Amir Kol","doi":"10.1647/21-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although cockatiels are among the most common avian species maintained as companion animals in the United States, information on standard hematologic reference values for this species is limited. The objectives of this study were to establish hematologic reference intervals (RI) for cockatiels, compare methods using both the Natt-Herrick technique (NHT) and the smear-based estimation technique (SBT), explore age and sex differences in the hematologic findings for this species, and produce the first cockatiel RI for fibrinogen concentration and thrombocyte estimate. Healthy cockatiels (60 males and 60 females, 2-11 years old) from a research colony were included in this study. Blood samples were placed in dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes, and erythrocyte counts and thrombocyte estimates were determined via automated analyzer (ADVIA 120) and SBT, respectively. Moreover, leukocyte concentrations were determined using both NHT and SBT to compare these common methods for measuring a complete blood count in cockatiels. Data were analyzed for outliers, distributions, descriptive statistics, and RI via Reference Value Adviser, a set of macroinstructions for Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Lymphocytes were the predominant leukocyte across both methods. According to the NHT, females had significantly higher concentrations of total leukocytes, heterophils, bands, lymphocytes, basophils, and total plasma protein compared with males. Significant inverse polynomial relationships were noted between total leukocyte count and age and lymphocyte counts and age for NHT. Total leukocyte count produced via NHT and SBT were compared using Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman plots, and no significant constant or proportional biases were found. However, these methods showed wide limits of agreement. While the RI were interchangeable between methods from a clinical standpoint, the same method should be used to assess changes in an individual. The reported RI are uniquely robust given the sample size, balanced sex and age distributions, inclusion criteria, and control over sample collection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (<i>Buteo buteo</i>).","authors":"Zeynep Bozkan,&nbsp;Rahime Yaygingul,&nbsp;Osman Bulut,&nbsp;Ali Belge","doi":"10.1647/21-00064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of detomidine and medetomidine alone or in combination with ketamine on Schirmer tear test I (STT I) results and intraocular pressures (IOPs) in the common buzzard (<i>Buteo buteo</i>). Fourteen ophthalmologically healthy common buzzards were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist groups: a detomidine group (group 1) and a medetomidine group (group 2). The detomidine group had 2 subgroups, detomidine alone or in combination with ketamine. Similarly, the medetomidine group had 2 subgroups, medetomidine alone or in combination with ketamine. Five minutes after α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist administration, the first measurements of STT I and IOP were collected. Ketamine was injected intramuscularly immediately after the first measurements were recorded. Schirmer tear test I and IOP measurements were repeated 5 minutes after ketamine administration. Measurements were obtained for 3 subgroups per agonist grouping: baseline 1, detomidine alone and detomidine with ketamine for group 1, and baseline 2, medetomidine alone and medetomidine with ketamine for group 2. Both IOP and STT I decreased significantly after sedation, anesthesia, or both. Intraocular pressure was significantly lower in the detomidine-ketamine group compared with the detomidine alone group. The IOP and STT I significantly decreased in both the medetomidine alone and medetomidine-ketamine groups when compared with those for all 14 unanesthetized animals before administering the α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist and ketamine. When α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists were considered as a single group (groups 1 and 2 combined), IOP also showed a significant decrease in the α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist-ketamine groups compared with the α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists alone, but STT I did not. According to the results obtained from these common buzzards, no statistical differences were found between the detomidine and medetomidine (alone) groups or detomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine groups in terms of STT I and IOP.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiographic Reference Intervals for Cardiac Size in Common Mynahs (<i>Acridotheres tristis</i>).","authors":"Amir Norouzi,&nbsp;Ali Mirshahi,&nbsp;Jamshid Razmyar,&nbsp;Mohammad Azizzadeh,&nbsp;Peyman Nakhaee","doi":"10.1647/21-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases in the common mynah (<i>Acridotheres tristis</i>) often go undiagnosed due to limitations with the physical examination and common concurrent illnesses. The aim of this study was to establish accurate reference intervals for cardiac size based on radiographs for this species. All birds were considered healthy based on physical examination. High-quality ventrodorsal radiographic images were obtained from 34 healthy common mynah birds. The cardiac width (CW), thoracic width, distance between third and fourth ribs, synsacral width, coracoid width, and distance between clavicular bones were evaluated on the ventrodorsal radiographic images. Additionally, the ratio between the CW and these anatomical indices were measured. In order to evaluate the correlation between CW and the radiographic indices, a linear regression model was used. The mean ± SD for CW in the 34 birds was 16.1 ± 0.9 mm (95% confidence interval: 14.1-18 mm). Significant moderate correlation was found for CW with thoracic width (<i>R</i>² = 0.37; <i>P</i> < 0.001), coracoid width (<i>R</i>² = 0.25; <i>P</i> = 0.002), and the distance between the third and fourth ribs (<i>R</i>² = 0.34; <i>P</i> < 0.001). The radiographic reference intervals calculated in this study can be used to evaluate cardiac size in the common mynah bird.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Transfusion from a Magellanic Great Horned Owl (<i>Bubo virginianus magellanicus</i>) to a Barn Owl (<i>Tyto alba</i>): A Successful Case of Xenotransfusion.","authors":"Javiera Gómez-Adaros,&nbsp;Ariela Cultrera-Rozowski,&nbsp;Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira","doi":"10.1647/21-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes successful transspecies blood transfusion from a Magellanic horned owl (<i>Bubo virginianus magellanicus</i>) to a barn owl (<i>Tyto alba</i>). The barn owl was admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center with severe anemia (packed cell volume [PCV] = 6.7%) from suspected anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Procedures performed included patient stabilization, pharmacological treatment, and persistent monitoring following the blood transfusion. The patient's PCV was measured daily, increasing progressively, and attaining a normal value for the species (PCV > 40%) on the eighth day posttransfusion. With no possibility of obtaining a same-species donor and because of the serious condition of the patient and unfavorable prognosis, a decision was made to perform the xenotransfusion. The result was a successful recovery and ultimately the release of the owl into its natural habitat. We concluded that xenotransfusion for avian species should be considered in cases with no possibility of obtaining a homologous donor.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"Aiden Masri,&nbsp;Thomas N Tully,&nbsp;Corinne Mayer,&nbsp;Naomi Falconnier,&nbsp;Eric Erwood,&nbsp;Fabio Del Piero,&nbsp;Mariano Carossino","doi":"10.1647/22-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00049","url":null,"abstract":"A 3-month-old, sexually intact male domestic goose (Anser anser) was presented to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Baton Rouge, LA, USA) with a 2-day history of progressive lethargy, anorexia, and neurologic signs. The neurologic signs observed by the owner consisted of intermittent circling, stargazing, and neck tremors occurring 4–5 times daily with normal, mentally appropriate behavior noted between episodes. The goose was housed outdoors in a shared enclosure with 1 other goose and 7 ducks. A separate enclosure that contained 12 chickens was also on the property but was not in direct contact with the ducks and geese. Over the past 3–4 weeks, several of the ducks were presented to the primary veterinarian with similar clinical signs. All the ducks died or were humanely euthanized following treatment based on their clinical condition. Additional diagnostic testing and postmortem examination of the ducks were not performed. On physical examination, the goose was depressed, with a thin body condition score (3/9), and weighed 3.1 kg. A bilateral serous discharge from the nares was present, and the goose had a mildly increased respiratory effort with an intermittent cough during examination. On neurologic evaluation, the goose ambulated with an intoed and ataxic gait and intermittently stargazed and walked into corners. The patient also displayed intention tremors of the head and neck and maintained the neck in a retracted position throughout the examination. A small volume of watery green diarrhea was also noted, although the remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. A blood sample was collected for a complete blood count (CBC) and plasma biochemistry profile. Results of the CBC revealed a packed cell volume of 37% (reference interval 38–58%), and the only abnormality in the plasma biochemistry panel was an increased gamma-glutamyl transferase of 15 U/L (reference 0–5 U/L). Full-body radiographic imaging was performed and revealed numerous pinpoint mineral opacities within the ventriculus consistent with grit. Overall, there were no significant radiographic findings on the images obtained of the patient. Additional blood and fecal samples were acquired for heavy metal testing (lead and zinc); viral disease testing, including eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and West Nile virus (WNV) serology; and a fecal direct examination and flotation.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10370262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of an Intravenous Formulation of Voriconazole as an Intramuscular Injection in Pigeons (<i>Columba livia</i> f. <i>domestica</i>).","authors":"Isadora Fontenelle Carneiro de Castro,&nbsp;Volker Schmidt,&nbsp;Christu-Das Silvanose,&nbsp;Ambily Binoy,&nbsp;Panagiotis N Azmanis","doi":"10.1647/20-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspergillosis is a common disease in birds. Currently, avian aspergillosis is treated with voriconazole administered orally, although intramuscular (IM) administration increases bioavailability and is more effective in treating generalized aspergillosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of the intravenous formulation of voriconazole as an IM injection in the pectoral muscles of pigeons (<i>Columba livia</i> f. <i>domestica</i>) as a model for other avian species. Sixteen healthy pigeons received IM injections of voriconazole (12.5 mg/kg) and sterile saline in the right and left pectoral muscles, respectively, twice a day for 7 days. Additionally, 4 birds acted as controls (no injections). Eight birds in the treatment group and 2 of the control pigeons were humanely euthanized 1 day (group 1) and 14 days (group 2) after the final injection. Hematologic and plasma biochemistry panels were performed prior to the birds being euthanized. Gross and histopathological evaluations of the pectoral muscles were completed postmortem. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in multiple parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, but all biochemical analytes remained within the reference intervals for the species. The group 1 birds had advanced gross and histopathological pectoral muscle lesions associated with the voriconazole injections compared with the contralateral side, the group 2 birds, and the negative controls. After 14 days, the pectoral muscles did not reveal any gross or histopathological changes associated with the voriconazole or sterile saline injections. These results indicate that the intravenous formulation is safe for IM use twice per day for 1 week in pigeons. Further investigation is needed to extrapolate these findings to other avian species and to evaluate the roles of longer treatment periods and higher doses of voriconazole.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35209918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}