Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in Native and Citrated Whole Blood in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) With a Handheld Point-of-Care Analyzer.","authors":"Rachel Baden,&nbsp;Thomas N Tully,&nbsp;João Brandão,&nbsp;Chin-Chi Liu,&nbsp;Britton Grasperge","doi":"10.1647/22-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective assessment of coagulation in birds is difficult, and traditional methods of measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with the use of mammalian reagents have not been validated in birds. Avian-specific reagents must be prepared from brain extract and are not practical for clinical use. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the InSight qLabs point-of-care analyzer (Micropoint Biotechnologies Inc, Guangdong, China) could measure PT and aPTT in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) in native and citrated whole blood, and whether the values obtained correlated with clinical appearance and basic hematologic and biochemical parameters from the bird. The qLabs analyzer was able to measure aPTT reliably, but not PT. Activated partial thromboplastin time of citrated blood was significantly different from the aPTT measured from native whole blood (<i>P</i> < 0.001). On the basis of this study, the qLabs machine may be used to measure aPTT, but clinical application between avian species requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"356-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites in an Ornithological Garden.","authors":"Ali Salavati,&nbsp;Mahdi Khalilzade-Houjaqan,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Haddadmarandi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Arabkhazaeli,&nbsp;Seyed Ahmad Madani","doi":"10.1647/21-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Captive birds in collections may be infested with a wide range of parasites. Globally, information on parasitic infections and their health implications in ornithological collections are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of parasitic infections in an ornithological garden in Tehran was investigated. Samples (n = 109) from various bird species were collected. Direct wet smear, sedimentation, flotation with Sheather's sugar, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Giemsa staining were used for parasite screening. Parasites were identified in 57 (52.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 42.9-61.7) samples, with protozoans being the most frequently observed organisms, including <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species, <i>Eimeria</i> species, <i>Isospora</i> species, <i>Trichomonas</i> species, and <i>Histomonas</i> species. Helminths were observed in 29 (26.6%, 95% CI 18.3-34.9) of the samples and included strongyles, <i>Capillaria</i> species, and <i>Raillietina</i> species. Ectoparasites were rarely recovered, but 2 species were identified: the poultry shaft louse (<i>Menopon gallinae</i>) and the fowl tick (<i>Argas persicus</i>). Free-ranging birds were significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) more likely to have parasites in their feces than caged birds. Fecal parasitic infections were order dependent and more prevalent in the Anseriformes and Galliformes (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites was notable in the investigated collection. In open natural bird gardens, such as in the present study, the probable transmission routes and sources of the parasitic infections are most likely via the free-ranging avian species. It is wise to recommend regular screening of the birds in these gardens to improve preventive control measures. Additionally, parasite genotyping should be considered to clarify our understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic and nonzoonotic parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"380-387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9199046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Avian Chlamydiosis Detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Psittacine Birds in Thailand.","authors":"Suphawan Tripinichgul,&nbsp;Sompoth Weerakhun,&nbsp;Kwankate Kanistanon","doi":"10.1647/21-00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study surveyed avian chlamydiosis, with the aim to estimate the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> infection in psittacine birds kept as domestic pets in Thailand. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 120 psittacine birds that were randomly selected from hospitals in the central (Bangkok) and northeastern regions (Khon Kaen) of Thailand between 2019 and 2021. The oropharyngeal swabs were subject to polymerase chain reaction testing to detect the <i>C psittaci ompA</i> gene. The prevalence of <i>C psittaci</i> was 2.5% (3/ 120, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-5.3). Of the 3 positive birds, 1 was a <i>Forpus</i> parrot (<i>Forpus</i> species)(CP43TH) and 1 was an African grey parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>)(CP49TH) from Bangkok; both were juvenile birds with clinical signs of disease. The third positive bird (CP12TH) was a subclinical adult sun conure (<i>Aratinga solstitialis</i>) from Khon Kaen. Two sequences of samples that were previously identified in human psittacosis cases (accession numbers MK032053.1 and HM450409.1) were also examined. Since there was a low number of infected birds, potential associations between <i>C psittaci</i> infection and various environmental variables (eg, cage cleaning, synanthropic birds, quarantine of new birds, and overcrowding) were assessed by Fisher exact tests. This study provides estimates of the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with <i>C psittaci</i> infection in psittacine birds from central (Bangkok) and the northeastern regions (Khon Kaen) of Thailand. The detection of <i>C psittaci</i> in captive psittacine birds demonstrates that there is a possibility for bird-to-bird transmission as well as some zoonotic potential for the human caretakers of these birds. Furthermore, larger-scale studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"372-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"fmi - fmi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42313789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Abstracts from the Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.338","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic factors such as habitat fragmentation, hunting, and collection for the pet trade continue to be important reasons that members of the family Psittacidae are one of the most endangered groups of birds in the world. If we hope to protect these animals as they are extirpated from their native range, it is important for us to develop evidence-based husbandry and nutritional methods to ensure their success. One group this will be important for is hatchling and nestling birds. Unfortunately, research on their nutrition is limited. In this study, the authors measured the metabolizable energy, crude protein, crude fat, minerals, and the essential amino acid profiles of the crop contents from nestlings of 5 free-living psittacine species: scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and red-and-green macaws (Ara chloropterus) from Peru; Cuban Amazon parrots (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis) from the Bahamas; lilaccrowned Amazon parrots (Amazona finschi) from northwestern Mexico; and thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from northern Mexico. The nutritional profiles for the crop contents of the different birds were similar even though their habitats, geographic ranges, and food sources were different. Interestingly, the crude protein and crude fat concentrations for the Ara and Amazona species were similar, while the thick-billed parrot had higher crude fat and lower crude protein contents. Electrolyte and mineral concentrations, such as sodium and iron, were more varied between species. When these results were compared with hand-feeding formulas, the captive diets contained lower crude fat, magnesium, arginine, valine, and phenylalanine concentrations, as well as much higher concentrations of calcium and zinc. These results suggest that there are differences between species and identifying these differences will be key to our success with these birds in captivity. There were also differences in the freeliving bird samples compared with current handfeeding formulas, and additional research will be needed to determine if these differences will impact the growth and success of these animals in captivity.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 1","pages":"338 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41609099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is Your Diagnosis?","authors":"Aiden Masri,&nbsp;Thomas N Tully,&nbsp;Corinne Mayer,&nbsp;Naomi Falconnier,&nbsp;Eric Erwood,&nbsp;Fabio Del Piero,&nbsp;Mariano Carossino","doi":"10.1647/22-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00049","url":null,"abstract":"A 3-month-old, sexually intact male domestic goose (Anser anser) was presented to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Baton Rouge, LA, USA) with a 2-day history of progressive lethargy, anorexia, and neurologic signs. The neurologic signs observed by the owner consisted of intermittent circling, stargazing, and neck tremors occurring 4–5 times daily with normal, mentally appropriate behavior noted between episodes. The goose was housed outdoors in a shared enclosure with 1 other goose and 7 ducks. A separate enclosure that contained 12 chickens was also on the property but was not in direct contact with the ducks and geese. Over the past 3–4 weeks, several of the ducks were presented to the primary veterinarian with similar clinical signs. All the ducks died or were humanely euthanized following treatment based on their clinical condition. Additional diagnostic testing and postmortem examination of the ducks were not performed. On physical examination, the goose was depressed, with a thin body condition score (3/9), and weighed 3.1 kg. A bilateral serous discharge from the nares was present, and the goose had a mildly increased respiratory effort with an intermittent cough during examination. On neurologic evaluation, the goose ambulated with an intoed and ataxic gait and intermittently stargazed and walked into corners. The patient also displayed intention tremors of the head and neck and maintained the neck in a retracted position throughout the examination. A small volume of watery green diarrhea was also noted, although the remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. A blood sample was collected for a complete blood count (CBC) and plasma biochemistry profile. Results of the CBC revealed a packed cell volume of 37% (reference interval 38–58%), and the only abnormality in the plasma biochemistry panel was an increased gamma-glutamyl transferase of 15 U/L (reference 0–5 U/L). Full-body radiographic imaging was performed and revealed numerous pinpoint mineral opacities within the ventriculus consistent with grit. Overall, there were no significant radiographic findings on the images obtained of the patient. Additional blood and fecal samples were acquired for heavy metal testing (lead and zinc); viral disease testing, including eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and West Nile virus (WNV) serology; and a fecal direct examination and flotation.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"333-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10370262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Abstracts from the Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.2.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.2.229","url":null,"abstract":"The avian pelvis serves many important func-tions, including supporting locomotion and con-necting the axial and appendicular (legs) skeletons. To understand how the pelvis evolved, it is important to assess the impact of locomotion on development. The goal of the authors from this study was to assess how different locomotor modes in birds influenced the evolution of pelvic mor-phology. To do so, they performed a 2-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of bird pelves in dorsal and lateral views from 163 species. They investigated the relationships of the pelvic shape to potential influential factors, including ecology, phylogeny, and allometry. The authors found major shape trends in the pelves across birds based on locomotor categories. Birds adapted for special life histories, such as hind limb–propelled swimming, had unique pelvic structures (eg, elongate ilia) to help streamline swimming and reduce drag. Certain factors (eg, ecologic and allometric) accounted for less variation than was expected. The results of the study demonstrated that there was widespread convergence in pelvic morphology. Genome","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 1","pages":"229 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41414937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.2.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.2.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"98 2","pages":"fmi - fmi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Egg Residues of Oral Meloxicam in Bantam Cochin Chickens.","authors":"C Robert Stilz,&nbsp;Sherry Cox,&nbsp;Joan Bergman,&nbsp;Lillian Gerhardt,&nbsp;Sarah Singleton,&nbsp;Lainey Harvill,&nbsp;Marcy J Souza","doi":"10.1647/21-00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Backyard poultry are commonly treated in veterinary hospitals; however, there is limited information regarding appropriate dosing of medications and withdrawal times for eggs. Six healthy adult bantam Cochin hens were given a single oral dose of meloxicam (1 mg/kg). Meloxicam plasma concentrations and egg residues were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental analysis was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. The apparent terminal half-life, maximum concentration, and time to maximum concentration were 5.94 ± 0.92 hours, 7.03 ± 2.68 µg/mL, and 2.83 ± 1.33 hours, respectively. Meloxicam was detected in egg whites for 4.8 ± 1.5 days and egg yolks for 9.8 ± 2.4 days. Results were compared with previous studies in white leghorn and Columbian Wyandotte hens. Bantam Cochin hens demonstrated a significantly longer mean apparent terminal half-life, greater area under the curve, smaller elimination rate constant, and longer egg residue times compared with white leghorn hens. However, the pharmacokinetic results from the bantam Cochin hens did not significantly differ from those reported for the Columbian Wyandotte hens. Until pharmacodynamic studies can be performed, dosing of oral meloxicam in bantam Cochins should follow recommendations for Columbian Wyandotte hens to reduce the likelihood of adverse effects. These results better inform appropriate dosing of meloxicam in domestic hens, as well as recommended withdrawal times for egg consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"140-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40632049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of Three Diet Conversion Methods in Psittacine Birds Converting from Seed-Based Diets to Pelleted Diets.","authors":"Alison M Cummings,&nbsp;Laurie R Hess,&nbsp;Carl F Spielvogel,&nbsp;Jack J Kottwitz","doi":"10.1647/21-00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The nutritional deficiencies of popular seed-based diets for captive psittacine birds have been linked to physical and psychological disease conditions in these species. However, bird owners often reject transitioning their pets to nutritionally complete pelleted diets because of concerns over the difficulty of diet conversion. To assess dietary conversion of psittacine birds from seed-based to pelleted diets, avian veterinarians presented 3 diet conversion methods to owners with birds of varying ages and species. The owners implemented their chosen conversion method at home and then received a survey when they successfully completed diet conversion or abandoned their attempt. “Birdies Choice” was a reward-based method in which birds were offered 3 different pelleted diets on a tabletop. If there was a positive interaction and the bird ate one or more of the diets, the bird was rewarded. The preferred pellet was then gradually transitioned into their food dishes. In the “Slow and Steady” method, pellets were alternated with familiar food at varying intervals to increase the birds' exposure to the pellets. The “Tough Love” method maximized exposure to new pellets by introducing a small portion of familiar food for a limited time, along with multiple dishes of new pellets. Survey results showed 96% of birds converted regardless of method, with 57.5% converting within the first 7 days. When conversion times were evaluated by life stage (juvenile, adult, and geriatric), sex, or bird family (Psittacidae, Cacatuidae, and Psittaculidae), differences noted between groups were not significant. The only variable significantly affecting time to conversion was method used, with Tough Love converting birds faster than the other methods. Ultimately, all 3 methods of dietary conversion were successful with the majority of birds during the first month of implementation. These results provide evidence-based information to owners and veterinarians to facilitate pellet conversion attempts for psittacine birds.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40632050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}