Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Plasma Trace Elements Between 2 Captive Humboldt Penguin (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>) Populations.","authors":"Christoph Leineweber,&nbsp;Christine Gohl,&nbsp;Maike Lücht,&nbsp;Sandra Marcordes,&nbsp;Hanspeter W Steinmetz,&nbsp;Rachel E Marschang","doi":"10.1647/21-00079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollutants and their effect on wildlife health play an important role in the conservation of endangered species and can be clinically relevant in captive animals too. Data on relevant concentrations of trace elements in captive birds with no known exposures are rare. For this study, silver, arsenic, gold, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, thallium, selenium, and zinc were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in lithium heparinized plasma samples from 18 Humboldt penguins at 2 zoological collections in Germany. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of silver, arsenic, gold, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, and selenium differed significantly (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) between the 2 penguin collections. The results indicate that the location of the birds has a strong influence on the plasma trace element concentrations. Well water used in the enclosures was suspected to be associated with these significant differences. Trace elemental concentrations in feed (eg, marine fish) and contamination from enclosure construction materials may also play a role. This study could provide a basis for further comparative, biomonitoring, toxicity, and reference interval studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suspected Mefloquine Toxicity in a Colony of Humboldt Penguins (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>).","authors":"Christopher Scala,&nbsp;Melanie Oesterwind,&nbsp;Thomas Lanot","doi":"10.1647/21-00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian malaria is an important cause of mortality in captive penguins housed in outdoor exhibits. Mefloquine was used as a prophylaxis to treat a colony of 19 Humboldt penguins (<i>Spheniscus humboldti</i>) for avian malaria. A target dose of 30 mg/kg was obtained from anecdotal literature for sphenisciforms that was not based on pharmacokinetic or toxicity studies. For this reason, preliminary plasma concentrations of mefloquine were acquired after the first dose in some penguins to ensure that plasma concentrations reached human malaria prophylactic concentrations. Afterward, each penguin in the entire colony received mefloquine (26-31 mg/kg [125 mg in toto] PO q7d). Regurgitation was frequently observed starting after the fourth weekly administration. Plasma concentrations of mefloquine after the seventh dose showed elevated concentrations, and the treatment was immediately terminated. Eight penguins died during and after the treatment period. The first fatality occurred after the fifth weekly administration, and 7 birds died within 7-52 days after the seventh weekly administration. Three penguins were found dead without previous symptoms. The other five presented with marked lethargy, dyspnea, poor appetite, and vomiting, and all died despite medical care. The remaining 11 penguins of the colony survived without any supportive care; 5 did not exhibit any clinical disease signs, while the other 6 showed a mild apathy and decreased appetite. Mefloquine toxicity was highly suspected on the basis of clinical signs, the elevated mefloquine plasma concentrations, and no other underlying pathologic disease conditions identified through postmortem examinations. Nonspecific lesions, including pulmonary congestion and edema and hepatic perivascular hematopoiesis, were noted in the birds that died. Additionally, 1 case presented with myocarditis, and mycobacteria were observed within granulomas in the respiratory tract of 2 penguins. Caution is advised, and further studies are encouraged before administering mefloquine to penguins.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterotopic Ossification Bone Formation in the Frontal Bones of an African Grey Parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>).","authors":"Ashton J Hollwarth,&nbsp;Maya C Esmans,&nbsp;Annika Herrmann,&nbsp;Thomas A G Dutton","doi":"10.1647/22-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 5-year-old, male African grey parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) was presented with multiple, slow-growing, firm, bilateral masses around the dorsal orbital rims. Computer tomographic imaging revealed mild, incomplete bridging bone formation on the rostrodorsal aspects of the head. A moderate amount of smooth bone formation was identified at the rostrodorsal aspect to the left orbit, with minimal associated soft tissue swelling. Surgical biopsies were collected from the masses and histopathological analysis of the most rostral right mass showed well-differentiated bone, surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue. Scattered, well-differentiated osteocytes were present within the bone. No evidence of neoplastic changes or infectious agents were identified. The histopathological changes were consistent with metaplastic bone formation. History obtained from the owner revealed recent head trauma, which likely induced the cranial heterotopic ossification in the African grey parrot.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Cubital Lymphoma and Mycobacteriosis in a Salmon-Crested Cockatoo (<i>Cacatua moluccensis</i>).","authors":"Grace Pawsat,&nbsp;Nathan Hoggard,&nbsp;Abigail Duvall,&nbsp;Bente Flatland","doi":"10.1647/22-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 32-year-old male salmon-crested cockatoo (<i>Cacatua moluccensis</i>) was diagnosed by cytology with bilateral cubital lymphoma and mycobacteriosis. Polymerase chain reaction assay testing confirmed <i>Mycobacterium genavense</i>. This patient was subsequently humanely euthanized. Postmortem histopathology confirmed both diagnoses with findings of multicentric lymphoma, acid-fast bacilli, and severe degenerative changes in all synovial joints examined. Immunohistochemical staining for paired box protein 5 of the cubital mass was positive for a high percentage of B-cell lymphocytes, consistent with B-cell lymphoma. This unusual case of two major diseases presenting concurrently in one patient raises the question of whether the pathogenesis could have an interdependent relationship. Mycobacteriosis, severe degenerative joint changes, or both may have stimulated lymphocytes, eventually leading to lymphoma. Additional screening and monitoring for comorbidities may be advised if 1 of these diseases are diagnosed in companion avian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9187516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in Native and Citrated Whole Blood in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) With a Handheld Point-of-Care Analyzer.","authors":"Rachel Baden,&nbsp;Thomas N Tully,&nbsp;João Brandão,&nbsp;Chin-Chi Liu,&nbsp;Britton Grasperge","doi":"10.1647/22-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/22-00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective assessment of coagulation in birds is difficult, and traditional methods of measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) with the use of mammalian reagents have not been validated in birds. Avian-specific reagents must be prepared from brain extract and are not practical for clinical use. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the InSight qLabs point-of-care analyzer (Micropoint Biotechnologies Inc, Guangdong, China) could measure PT and aPTT in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (<i>Amazona ventralis</i>) in native and citrated whole blood, and whether the values obtained correlated with clinical appearance and basic hematologic and biochemical parameters from the bird. The qLabs analyzer was able to measure aPTT reliably, but not PT. Activated partial thromboplastin time of citrated blood was significantly different from the aPTT measured from native whole blood (<i>P</i> < 0.001). On the basis of this study, the qLabs machine may be used to measure aPTT, but clinical application between avian species requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites in an Ornithological Garden.","authors":"Ali Salavati,&nbsp;Mahdi Khalilzade-Houjaqan,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Haddadmarandi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Arabkhazaeli,&nbsp;Seyed Ahmad Madani","doi":"10.1647/21-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Captive birds in collections may be infested with a wide range of parasites. Globally, information on parasitic infections and their health implications in ornithological collections are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of parasitic infections in an ornithological garden in Tehran was investigated. Samples (n = 109) from various bird species were collected. Direct wet smear, sedimentation, flotation with Sheather's sugar, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Giemsa staining were used for parasite screening. Parasites were identified in 57 (52.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 42.9-61.7) samples, with protozoans being the most frequently observed organisms, including <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species, <i>Eimeria</i> species, <i>Isospora</i> species, <i>Trichomonas</i> species, and <i>Histomonas</i> species. Helminths were observed in 29 (26.6%, 95% CI 18.3-34.9) of the samples and included strongyles, <i>Capillaria</i> species, and <i>Raillietina</i> species. Ectoparasites were rarely recovered, but 2 species were identified: the poultry shaft louse (<i>Menopon gallinae</i>) and the fowl tick (<i>Argas persicus</i>). Free-ranging birds were significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) more likely to have parasites in their feces than caged birds. Fecal parasitic infections were order dependent and more prevalent in the Anseriformes and Galliformes (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites was notable in the investigated collection. In open natural bird gardens, such as in the present study, the probable transmission routes and sources of the parasitic infections are most likely via the free-ranging avian species. It is wise to recommend regular screening of the birds in these gardens to improve preventive control measures. Additionally, parasite genotyping should be considered to clarify our understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic and nonzoonotic parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9199046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Avian Chlamydiosis Detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Psittacine Birds in Thailand.","authors":"Suphawan Tripinichgul,&nbsp;Sompoth Weerakhun,&nbsp;Kwankate Kanistanon","doi":"10.1647/21-00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study surveyed avian chlamydiosis, with the aim to estimate the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> infection in psittacine birds kept as domestic pets in Thailand. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 120 psittacine birds that were randomly selected from hospitals in the central (Bangkok) and northeastern regions (Khon Kaen) of Thailand between 2019 and 2021. The oropharyngeal swabs were subject to polymerase chain reaction testing to detect the <i>C psittaci ompA</i> gene. The prevalence of <i>C psittaci</i> was 2.5% (3/ 120, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-5.3). Of the 3 positive birds, 1 was a <i>Forpus</i> parrot (<i>Forpus</i> species)(CP43TH) and 1 was an African grey parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>)(CP49TH) from Bangkok; both were juvenile birds with clinical signs of disease. The third positive bird (CP12TH) was a subclinical adult sun conure (<i>Aratinga solstitialis</i>) from Khon Kaen. Two sequences of samples that were previously identified in human psittacosis cases (accession numbers MK032053.1 and HM450409.1) were also examined. Since there was a low number of infected birds, potential associations between <i>C psittaci</i> infection and various environmental variables (eg, cage cleaning, synanthropic birds, quarantine of new birds, and overcrowding) were assessed by Fisher exact tests. This study provides estimates of the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with <i>C psittaci</i> infection in psittacine birds from central (Bangkok) and the northeastern regions (Khon Kaen) of Thailand. The detection of <i>C psittaci</i> in captive psittacine birds demonstrates that there is a possibility for bird-to-bird transmission as well as some zoonotic potential for the human caretakers of these birds. Furthermore, larger-scale studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42313789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Abstracts from the Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-36.3.338","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic factors such as habitat fragmentation, hunting, and collection for the pet trade continue to be important reasons that members of the family Psittacidae are one of the most endangered groups of birds in the world. If we hope to protect these animals as they are extirpated from their native range, it is important for us to develop evidence-based husbandry and nutritional methods to ensure their success. One group this will be important for is hatchling and nestling birds. Unfortunately, research on their nutrition is limited. In this study, the authors measured the metabolizable energy, crude protein, crude fat, minerals, and the essential amino acid profiles of the crop contents from nestlings of 5 free-living psittacine species: scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and red-and-green macaws (Ara chloropterus) from Peru; Cuban Amazon parrots (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis) from the Bahamas; lilaccrowned Amazon parrots (Amazona finschi) from northwestern Mexico; and thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from northern Mexico. The nutritional profiles for the crop contents of the different birds were similar even though their habitats, geographic ranges, and food sources were different. Interestingly, the crude protein and crude fat concentrations for the Ara and Amazona species were similar, while the thick-billed parrot had higher crude fat and lower crude protein contents. Electrolyte and mineral concentrations, such as sodium and iron, were more varied between species. When these results were compared with hand-feeding formulas, the captive diets contained lower crude fat, magnesium, arginine, valine, and phenylalanine concentrations, as well as much higher concentrations of calcium and zinc. These results suggest that there are differences between species and identifying these differences will be key to our success with these birds in captivity. There were also differences in the freeliving bird samples compared with current handfeeding formulas, and additional research will be needed to determine if these differences will impact the growth and success of these animals in captivity.","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41609099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Two Juvenile African Grey Parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>).","authors":"Akshata Taggers,&nbsp;Mirrim Kelly-Bosma,&nbsp;Alexandr Mastakov,&nbsp;Rachel Allavena,&nbsp;Robert J T Doneley","doi":"10.1647/21-00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1647/21-00047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two sibling 12-week-old DNA-sexed female African grey parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) were presented for progressive whole-body tremors, proprioceptive deficits, and an inability to stand unassisted. A third bird in the clutch (DNA-sexed as a male) exhibited no clinical signs. Physical examination of the affected birds revealed ataxia, inability to stand without assistance, and a reliance on their beaks to assist with their mobility. Hematologic and biochemical analyses were normal, as were radiographic images of both birds. Cerebellar disease of unknown origin was diagnosed, and the birds were euthanized. Postmortem examinations of the brains of both parrots revealed marked reduction in cerebellar size and poor folia formation. Microscopic review of the cerebellums demonstrated decreased density of the granular layer and thinning of the molecular layer with poorly organized and differentiated Purkinje fibers, consistent with a diagnosis of cerebellar hypoplasia. There are limited clinical reports and experimental studies examining cerebellar disease in birds. Conditions described have included cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar abiotrophy, and cerebellar dysplasia. Although these terms are used interchangeably due to similar clinical signs, histopathology is needed to differentiate between the different disease conditions. This case describes cerebellar hypoplasia that suggested a developmental etiology in 2 African grey parrots.</p>","PeriodicalId":15102,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}