Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Axial compressive behavior of double-skin steel-plate composite walls with parallel CFST columns","authors":"Mengyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan He ,&nbsp;Bowen Liu ,&nbsp;Guifeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuhong Ma ,&nbsp;Dawen Guo ,&nbsp;Zhuangcheng Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzed the axial compressive behavior of double-skin steel-plate composite walls with parallel CFST columns (P-CFST-DSCWs) to improve structural stability and performance under axial loading conditions. Four specimens underwent axial compression tests, focusing on key design factors such as steel plate thickness, CFST column spacing, and aspect ratio. Experimental and finite element analyses were performed to examine load-bearing mechanisms, record failure modes (including steel bulging, concrete crushing, and overall instability), and confirm model accuracy. Results indicated that increasing steel tube thickness significantly enhanced initial stiffness, peak load capacity, and confinement effects on the concrete core, contributing to improved structural integrity. Reducing CFST column spacing lowered post-peak ductility, suggesting that closer spacing could limit deformation capacity under extreme loads. Specimens with greater aspect ratios demonstrated susceptibility to global buckling, leading to compromised ductility and reduced load capacity. Comparative analysis revealed close alignment between finite element predictions and experimental findings, supporting the reliability of the model in simulating axial compression behavior in P-CFST-DSCWs. A calculation model for axial compressive capacity was introduced, integrating steel confinement effects and steel-concrete synergy; results demonstrated greater accuracy and stability compared to traditional methods. This research provided essential insights for optimizing P-CFST-DSCW design to enhance load-bearing capacity and energy dissipation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an occupancy measurement system for micro-zones within open office spaces based on multi-view multi-person 3D pose estimation","authors":"Sihua Chen, Tomohiro Fukuda, Nobuyoshi Yabuki","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113037","url":null,"abstract":"A micro-zone constitutes the fundamental unit of open spaces. Occupancy information of micro-zones with functional attributes is critical for layout optimization, space management, and energy control in open-plan workplaces. However, existing occupancy measurement methods predominantly focus on macro-scales and commonly suffer from reliance on additional devices, rigid behavioral constraints, and limited access to authentic human occupancy data. To address these limitations and bridge the gap in micro-scale occupancy analysis, this study proposes a design framework for occupancy measurement systems to investigate functional zone utilization in open office spaces. The framework takes multi-view RGB images as input, applies 3D pose estimation to infer spatial positions of human joints, and further determines the occupancy state and metrics of the entire space and functional zones by analyzing overlap between projected joint coordinates and zone boundaries. To evaluate the feasibility of the framework, a prototype system is developed and deployed in a small-scale open office space, achieving a Precision of 100% and an F1 score of 89.19% in occupancy state measurement. These results demonstrate that the framework effectively supports occupancy surveys of functional zones and holds potential for real-world application. This study presents a low-cost, multi-scale occupancy measurement approach that innovatively introduces pose estimation technology into building occupancy investigation. While enabling holistic spatial occupancy perception, it fills the gap in functional zone analysis. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the development of CCTV-based occupancy measurement methods and offers data support for decision-making in the sustainable design and operation of indoor open office environments.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating symbolic neural networks with building physics: A study and proposal","authors":"Xia Chen, Guoquan Lv, Xinwei Zhuang, Carlos Duarte, Stefano Schiavon, Philipp Geyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113033","url":null,"abstract":"Symbolic neural networks, such as Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN), offer a promising approach for integrating prior knowledge with data-driven methods, making them valuable for addressing inverse problems in scientific and engineering domains. This study explores the application of KAN in building physics, focusing on predictive modeling, knowledge discovery, and continuous learning. Through four case studies, we demonstrate KAN’s ability to rediscover fundamental equations, approximate complex formulas, and capture time-dependent dynamics in heat transfer. While there are challenges in extrapolation and interpretability, we highlight KAN’s potential to combine advanced modeling methods for knowledge augmentation, which benefits energy efficiency, system optimization, and sustainability assessments beyond the personal knowledge constraints of the modelers. Additionally, we propose a model selection decision tree to guide practitioners in appropriate applications for building physics.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual indoor localization in complex scenes based on image semantic and spatial features","authors":"Xinya Jing ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Yang ,&nbsp;Jiwen Chen ,&nbsp;Hongwei Chen ,&nbsp;Yongchao Li ,&nbsp;Zijie Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In complex and high precision indoor scenarios without pre-deployed facilities, traditional visual indoor localization methods urgently need improvement due to the low retrieval efficiency of offline database images and reduced positioning accuracy under dynamic environments and lighting changes. This paper aims to propose an efficient and accurate indoor localization method. To this end, a visual localization method combining semantic and spatial features is adopted. First, common indoor infrastructure objects are taken as semantic features, and an offline database is constructed by using a hybrid semantic segmentation algorithm based on K-Net + UperNet. Then, coarse semantic retrieval is carried out to determine the positioning range, reducing retrieval time and avoiding accuracy issues caused by structural similarities. Finally, a generative adversarial network is utilized to extract spatial features as descriptors for fine retrieval, and accurate positioning is achieved by combining with prior position information. Experiments on the self-built dataset of Shandong Jianzhu University show that the hybrid semantic segmentation model performs excellently. The introduction of the dynamic convolutional kernel module of K-Net improves the model performance, and the retrieval method based on spatial and semantic features significantly enhances the retrieval accuracy. The newly proposed method in this study effectively improves the efficiency and accuracy of indoor positioning, providing a new solution for localization in complex environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113172"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving shear and flexural performance of macroscale 3D printed concrete beams through filament interlocking","authors":"Jean-Pierre Mostert,&nbsp;Jacques Kruger","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weak interlayer bonding remains a critical challenge in the structural performance of reinforced three-dimensional concrete printed (3DCP) beams, leading to premature delamination and reduced shear capacity. This study investigates a novel interlocking filament approach to enhance interlayer adhesion and improve mechanical performance. Custom-designed 3D-printed nozzles were developed to extrude filaments with tongue-and-groove geometries, thereby increasing the degree of mechanical interlocking of interlayers. To evaluate its effectiveness, four macroscale reinforced 3DCP beams—two with conventional flat interlayers and two with interlocked interlayers—were fabricated and tested under four-point bending with different shear-spans. Experimental results demonstrate that interlocking interlayers significantly enhance structural performance, with the shear capacity of interlocked beams increasing by up to 97.6 % compared to reference beams. Additionally, interlocked beams exhibited improved ductility and delayed interlayer delamination, with flexural strength increasing by up to 10.7 %. Deterministic resistance calculations, based on modified Eurocode 2 models, revealed that shear capacity predictions for 3DCP beams with conventional layers overestimate experimental values by 108 %, whereas interlocked beams align more closely, with a deviation of only 13.08 %. These findings highlight the necessity of filament interlocking geometries to enhance the structural integrity of 3DCP beams, particularly under shear-dominant loading. The results provide insights into optimising interlayer bonding strategies, contributing to the development of structurally efficient, ductile and reliable 3DCP elements. Future research should further explore interlocking topologies in combination with other reinforcement techniques to maximise interlayer strength and long-term performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113159"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a sound quality model for noise impact prediction in building acoustics","authors":"Kuen Wai Ma ,&nbsp;Cheuk Ming Mak ,&nbsp;Hai Ming Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building acoustics is the science of controlling and predicting sounds in buildings, as well as studying the effects of environmental sound quality and noise impacts on building occupants. However, developing noise impact prediction remains a research challenge due to a huge variety in multidimensionally modeling of environmental sound quality. Researchers have recently revealed the three fundamental human perceptual dimensions of sound, called <em>Evaluation</em>, <em>Potency</em>, and <em>Activity</em> (<em>EPA</em>). This is the first study aimed at developing prediction models for the negative noise impacts (<em>O1</em>: <em>Discomfortable</em>, <em>O2</em>: <em>Annoying</em>, <em>O3</em>: <em>Stressful</em>, <em>O4</em>: <em>Unacceptable</em>, <em>O5</em>: <em>Averse</em>, <em>O6</em>: <em>Unsatisfying</em>) using the sound quality model (<em>EPA</em> model) in three approaches (holistic, subjective-synthesized, and pure-objective). A total of 582 jury listening tests were conducted on the recorded natural sounds, human sounds and mechanical sounds. The statistical analysis results validated the reliability of constructing <em>E</em>-, <em>P</em>-, <em>A</em>-, and <em>EPA</em>-scores in the <em>EPA</em> model. The holistic models (<em>O1</em>-<em>O6</em>-<em>In</em>) demonstrated the highest goodness-of-fit among the approaches. The subjective-synthesized models (<em>O1</em>-<em>O6</em>-<em>EPA</em>) were designed to integrate the perceptual influences of all fundamental perceptions without the notable drop in goodness-of-fit (−6.1 % to −14.7 %) as <em>EPA</em>-score was a significant predictor of all negative impacts. Compared with the models relying solely on the A-weighted, equivalent continuous sound pressure level (<em>L</em>_Aeq), the pure-objective models (<em>O1</em>-<em>O6-EPA</em>_pre) incorporating the predictive <em>EPA</em>-score (<em>EPA</em>_pre) demonstrated higher adjusted <em>R</em>² values (+24 % to +58 %). The results will be beneficial for future urban planning or building restoration, particularly in sustainable noise control considering environmental sound quality and noise impacts on building occupants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113183"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of digital twin system for central air-conditioning based on BIM","authors":"Nie Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Changwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Sun ,&nbsp;Jili Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of building intelligence, the efficient management and control of central air-conditioning systems have become a research hotspot in the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) field. The effective integration of BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology and digital twins into HVAC systems enables the visualization of smart operation and maintenance processes, as well as information sharing across complex equipment systems, providing technical support for modeling, simulation, fault detection, and optimized control of air conditioning systems. This paper proposes a BIM-based digital twin framework for central air-conditioning systems. Through secondary development of a laboratory air conditioning system's BIM model, a communication architecture and data-driven logic for the central air conditioning digital twin system is presented. The system is designed and developed using OPC/UA technology and the Unity platform. Comprehensive performance testing validates the stability and reliability of the digital twin platform, The test results show that, under typical operating scenarios, the platform consistently maintains a CPU frame time within 10 ms, memory usage below 2 GB, script execution time under 10 ms, and fewer than 2000 rendering batches. All functional test cases were successfully passed, demonstrating stable feature responsiveness and validating the platform's excellent performance in response speed, security, and interactive capabilities. These results provide strong technical support for the intelligent operation and maintenance of central air-conditioning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113171"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear mechanical behavior and seismic response analysis of a multi-story traditional timber structure based on a planar model considering column rocking","authors":"Ya-Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Yi-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Jia-Ru Wen ,&nbsp;Qi-Fang Xie ,&nbsp;Xi-Guang Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng-Yun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Muti-story timber structures exhibited prominent rocking behavior under earthquakes, this paper investigated the nonlinear mechanical behavior and seismic response analysis of a multi-story traditional structure based a planar model considering column rocking. First, a modelling and characterization method of the column rocking behavior was proposed. Second, a planar model of a typical multi-story traditional timber structure was developed, based on which the lateral performance of each frame layer was obtained, the layers’ stiffness and load-resisting capacities along the structural height was analyzed. Third, time history analyses were performed to reveal the seismic displacement response and damage characteristics of such a multi-story traditional timber structure. The research indicated that the lateral load-resisting capability of the frame layers mainly derived from the column rocking mechanism, the lateral stiffness and load-resisting capacity contribution of timber columns to a frame layer was more than 87 % and 79 %, respectively. Owing to the increasing of vertical compression load, the lateral performance of lower frame layers was superior than upper frame layers. Due to the maximum shear force at the bottom frame layer and the minimum stiffness of the top frame layer, these two layers had larger inter-story drifts than other layers. Under frequently-met earthquakes, the column joint damage was uneven distributed along structural height, with the column head damaged most. Under fortification and rarely-met earthquakes, the damage index of the column head and foot joints exceeded 0.6. The research could provide reference to the protection of multi-story traditional timber structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensemble Super Learner Model for predicting strain at maximum stress and energy absorption capacity of UHPFRC","authors":"Seunghye Lee ,&nbsp;Joaquín Abellán-García ,&nbsp;Thuc P. Vo ,&nbsp;Trung-Kien Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting the mechanical performance of ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) remains challenging due to the complex, nonlinear interactions among its constituents. This study presents a Super Learner model using various ensemble techniques to simultaneously predict strain at maximum stress (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and energy absorption capacity (<span><math><mi>g</mi></math></span>) based on 34 input variables across 980 UHPFRC samples. Exploratory data analysis and leverage-based outlier detection were employed to refine five optimised datasets and improve predictive accuracy in regions of data misalignment. The top-performing base learners, namely Gradient Boosting Regressor (GBR), XGBoost and CatBoost, were integrated into a Super Learner framework (SL-GXC), which achieved a high coefficient of determination (R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.973), surpassing existing modelling approaches. Model interpretability was strengthened through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Partial Dependence Plot (PDP) analyses. Results identify the fibre reinforcement index as the most influential variable, positively affecting both outputs. While higher matrix compressive strength generally enhances mechanical performance, values above 130 MPa reduce ductility due to increased brittleness. Additionally, longer fibres and larger equivalent diameters improve strain capacity and energy absorption by promoting better mechanical interlocking. Among fibre types, twisted steel fibres were most effective for energy dissipation, whereas smooth high-strength steel microfibres excelled in maximising strain at peak stress. This work introduces a robust and interpretable predictive framework that offers valuable insights for optimising UHPFRC mix design in high-performance structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113001"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual and energy optimization of semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic glass curtain walls in buildings","authors":"Yanyi Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Lv ,&nbsp;Shuihang Chen ,&nbsp;Youhua Han ,&nbsp;Xin Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combining photovoltaic (PV) materials with building envelopes can create structures with energy-saving and power-generating potential. However, previous research on PV windows or curtain walls has typically focused only on energy or visual performance. When large-area PV curtain walls are employed, interior lighting comfort and energy efficiency are critical, and therefore, multidimensional metrics are needed to assess their impact on the building. This study offers a solution by parametrically modeling a perovskite tandem photovoltaic cell as curtain wall glass. The calculated thermal and light transmission properties are used as inputs. The study compares energy consumption and visual comfort differences between common and photovoltaic curtain walls through energy and daylighting simulations. The results show that compared to ordinary glass: 1) electricity generation and savings reduced energy consumption by a total of 22.84 %, 2) PV curtain wall increases the Useful Daylight Illumination (UDI) by about 10 % and reduces the Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) 6.2 %–34.4 %, and 3) the manufacturing cost of 477 CNY/m² is lower than that of conventional photovoltaic windows or materials. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generated by the hybrid installation of low-e glass and PV curtain wall was 0.894/kWh when the surrounding buildings were shaded, which was better than the 1.015/kWh for the full-layer PV glass coverage. This confirms the cost-effectiveness and shorter payback period for future high-rise PV installations. In high-rise buildings with relatively large window walls, PV glazing shows significant energy and economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113163"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}