Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Behaviour of fibre reinforced EPS lightweight concrete under dynamic splitting tension","authors":"Peifang Hu, Jingfeng Wang, Wanqian Wang, Qihan Shen, Xutao Wu, Yungeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113360","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating fibres into EPS lightweight concrete (EPSLC) is an effective method to enhance its strength, toughness, and impact resistance, making it more promising for applications in protective engineering. In this paper, fibre reinforced EPSLC was tested under dynamic splitting tension at strain rates ranging from approximately 4.6 s<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-1</ce:sup> to 17.5 s<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-1</ce:sup> using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device. The fibres used were steel fibres (SF) at volume fractions of 0.4% and 0.8%, lightweight fibres including basalt fibres (BF), polypropylene fibres (PPF), and polyvinyl alcohol fibres (PVAF) at volume fractions of 0.2% and 0.4%, as well as three hybrid fibre combinations consisting of 0.4%SF with 0.2% of one type of lightweight fibre. The testing results indicated that the addition of these fibres significantly enhanced both the static and dynamic splitting tensile strengths of EPSLC. Herein, EPSLC reinforced with 0.4%SF achieved the most pronounced enhancements, with a 41.56% increase in static splitting tensile strength and a 33.61%-40.70% improvement in dynamic splitting tensile strength. Furthermore, adding single fibres at a volume fraction of 0.4% or higher, or using hybrid fibres, can effectively mitigate the dynamic splitting damage to EPSLC and improve its crack resistance as well as impact toughness. Notably, the dynamic splitting tensile properties of all EPSLC specimens demonstrated a clear strain rate effect. Compared to the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of non-fibre reinforced EPSLC, SF reinforced EPSLC and hybrid fibre reinforced EPSLC showed lower strain rate sensitivities, while lightweight fibre reinforced EPSLC exhibited higher strain rate sensitivities. Finally, empirical formulas for DIF were proposed to guide the engineering applications of fibre reinforced EPSLC subjected to dynamic loads.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on predicting building façade deterioration in winter cities using diffusion model","authors":"Shuo Yu, Jianyi Li, Hao Zheng, Haoran Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113365","url":null,"abstract":"Building façades, continuously exposed to natural environmental conditions, are susceptible to various forms of damage over time. Accurate prediction of such deterioration is essential for guiding the design, maintenance, and preventive conservation of buildings—a practice aligned with the concept of Restauro Preventivo (preventive conservation, Italian). Traditional approaches to damage prediction primarily rely on real-time monitoring or physics-based modeling. These traditional methods have a low degree of automation, rely on explicit parameter inputs, and require a large amount of labor and a long lead time. Recent advancements have demonstrated that Diffusion Models (DMs) are capable of generating high-resolution images with rich, diverse features, offering new potential for forecasting façade degradation. A dataset comprising multiple images of buildings on Rongshi Street in Harbin was constructed, and a suitable model architecture was identified through design-of-experiments methodologies. A customized training approach was developed, incorporating mesh-based control mechanisms and tailored dataset augmentation to enhance predictive accuracy. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted, with the refined model achieving an average Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) score of 71.2 %. This indicates that the model adequately learns the complex building damage information and improves the decision-making process for re-repairing buildings after damage.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling effect of binary sludge thermal treatment products on the workability and hydration process in the Portland cement system","authors":"Chuanbo Sun, Xin Chen, Fu Yi, Xiaowei Ye, Jiang-shan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113294","url":null,"abstract":"The cement industry's carbon reduction initiatives are constrained by the uneven regional distribution of existing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), while the heat treatment products (SHP) of municipal sewage sludge face significant storage pressures and potential environmental risks. Base on this, this study innovatively evaluates the combined utility of binary SHPs, namely incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and sludge biochar (SBC), in ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The workability, strength evolution and hydration mechanisms of SHP-OPC pastes at various replacement levels were systematically explored. The addition of SHP can reduce the bleeding rate of the composite system and SBC can mitigate the negative impact of high ISSA content on the workability of the system. The combined replacement of 2% SBC and 10% ISSA increased the 28d compressive strength of OPC by 42.7%. The addition of SHP causes the main hydration peak of OPC paste significantly delayed. This is attributed to the PO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">3-</ce:sup> ions released from the phosphorus components in SHP. The internal regulation ability of SBC helps mitigate the inhibitory effect of ISSA on the hydration of the system. Additionally, SHP facilitated the formation of highly polymerized C-A-S-H, which effectively filled the mesopores in the paste. ISSA and SBC demonstrated distinct hydration enhancement effects, and their combined replacement of OPC exhibited a positive synergistic utility. These findings provide a critical basis for the development of novel SCMs and the resource-efficient utilization of municipal sludge.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new type of rocking column and its application in RC frame structures","authors":"Fanfu Bu, Xilin Lu, Chun Jiang, Huanjun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113350","url":null,"abstract":"A new type of reinforced concrete (RC) rocking column was investigated in this study. Steel tubes were installed for end protection, and steel angles were used as connectors and energy dissipation devices. The concept of pseudo-plastic hinge was proposed to estimate the rotational deformation of the rocking column. Based on this concept, a new fiber-based numerical model was developed and implemented in the software OpenSEES. The lateral force-displacement hysteretic curves and uplifts of RC rocking columns obtained by numerical simulations showed good agreement with the experimental results. The parametric analysis was conducted to explore the effects of steel angle sizes and axial compression ratio on the seismic performance of RC rocking columns. The results show that the increase in the sizes of the steel angles or axial compression ratio significantly increases the load-bearing capacity of the column. The energy dissipation capacity of RC rocking columns rises with the increase of steel angle sizes. To further investigate the potential application scenarios for the proposed rocking column in RC moment frame structures, three five-story RC frames were designed, including a conventional RC frame, a frame with rocking columns in the first story, and a frame with rocking columns and viscous dampers in the first story. The seismic performance of these frames was investigated through nonlinear time-history analysis. The numerical results indicate that, compared to the conventional RC frame, incorporating rocking columns in the first story significantly reduces the residual deformation of the structure. Furthermore, combining rocking columns with viscous dampers in the first story effectively controls both inter-story drift and acceleration responses of RC frames, particularly under near-field earthquake excitations.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of graphene and basalt fibers on water penetration resistance of manufactured sand mortar","authors":"Jianmiao Dong, Zhicong Chen, Liuyue Su, Qi He, Jin Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113338","url":null,"abstract":"This study employed water permeability and storage tests to investigate the effects of graphene and basalt fibers on the resistance to water penetration in mortar prepared with manufactured sand. The mineral composition and microstructural morphology of the materials were characterized through techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pore analysis. The underlying mechanisms were analyzed alongside workability, mechanical properties, and shrinkage tests. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of graphene and basalt fibers significantly enhances the mechanical properties and water penetration resistance of the mortar while simultaneously reducing its natural shrinkage and optimizing pore distribution, thereby reducing pore connectivity. When the graphene dosage was 0.02 % and the basalt fiber dosage was 0.5 %, the compressive strength at 28 days increased by 7.61 % compared to the control group, while the water penetration height decreased by 71.56 %. Additionally, shrinkage was reduced by 55.8 %, the pore spacing factor increased by 39.6 %, and the air content decreased by 46.8 %. No cracking or leakage was observed at the bottom of the mortar specimens after 48 h of water storage. The addition of graphene and basalt fibers promotes the formation of cement hydration products, reduces microcracks, and increases the density of the matrix, ultimately enhancing the resistance to water penetration of the mortar containing graphene and basalt fibers.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of calcination temperature and curing conditions on the hydration and chemical shrinkage of dolomite powder waste pastes","authors":"Changming Li, Guanfeng Liu, Dongyang Jia, Weihua Li, Xudong Yang, Huilin Liu, Shunbo Zhao, Wenyu Song, Songlin Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113353","url":null,"abstract":"Dolomite powder waste (DPW), abundant in calcium and magnesium elements, represents a potential raw material for concrete expansion agents. This paper shows the hydration properties of calcined dolomite powder waste (CDPW) under different curing temperatures and alkaline conditions. At the same time, the influence of CDPW on the chemical shrinkage characteristics of cement pastes under different curing conditions was analyzed. The intrinsic relationship between the expansion components and chemical shrinkage in the hydration products has been explored using XRD and TG quantitative analysis. SEM-EDS techniques are employed to systematically investigate the microstructural evolution of the samples after 28 d of reaction. The results indicate that within the calcination temperature range of 800–950 °C, the active MgO and CaO content in CDPW exhibits a synchronous increase with elevated temperature, subsequently inducing the formation of a brucite-portlandite complex during hydration. Substituting cement partially with 80 % 850 °C CDPW, the chemical shrinkage of the composite pastes after 28 d under standard curing conditions decreased by 50.98 % compared to cement pastes. In addition, chemical shrinkage is highly sensitive to curing temperatures and solution alkalinity. Although elevated temperatures and robust alkalinity environments accelerated the early hydration of the pastes, extreme conditions (high temperature and robust alkali) resulted in a reduction of the chemical shrinkage rate by 22.58 % compared to standard curing conditions. Microscopic analysis results reveal the crucial role of curing temperature on the degree of paste hydration reaction and product distribution. Under high-temperature and robust alkaline conditions, a synergistic effect exists between the concentrations of Ca(OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and Mg(OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> and the rate of chemical shrinkage. This phenomenon is attributed to the unique embedding interaction between Ca<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup> and Mg<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>, which facilitates the formation of C-M-S-H gels and the optimization of the hydration product structure.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"231 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of weather forecasting uncertainty on building thermal load predictions","authors":"Cong Thanh Do, Simeon N. Ingabo, Non Phichetkunbodee, Kuan-Chun Shih, Ying-Chieh Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113366","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate thermal load prediction is crucial for the efficient operation and control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Weather forecast inaccuracies are a major source of deviation between predicted and actual building thermal loads, potentially compromising HVAC control strategies. However, the influence of these forecasting uncertainties has not been thoroughly quantified. This study conducts a statistical analysis of measured and forecasted weather data to characterize uncertainties in key parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, solar irradiation, cloud cover, wind speed, and wind direction. The Monte Carlo method is used to evaluate the impact of each parameter's uncertainty on thermal load predictions across various scenarios, including different window orientations, thermal mass levels, shading control strategies, and weather conditions. Results show that forecast errors in solar irradiation and temperature have the greatest influence on thermal load prediction. On a hot sunny day, temperature forecast errors can lead to a 3.69 % overestimation in daily cooling demand for multi-zone spaces and 8.28 % for single-zone spaces. Solar irradiation forecast errors can result in overestimations as high as 30.93 % for multi-zone and 14.48 % for single-zone spaces. However, the influence of solar irradiation errors diminishes when shading devices are implemented.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitive mechanisms of hydration and carbonation in hydraulic lime under natural and accelerated carbonation (3% CO2)","authors":"Dong Xu, Guodong Qi, Dongmin Wang, Dajiang Zhang, Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113357","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of hydraulic lime primarily depends on the hydration and carbonation reactions, which occur simultaneously and mutually inhibit each other, creating a competitive relationship. This study investigates the competitive mechanisms of hydration and carbonation in hydraulic lime containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% metakaolin (AL, MK10AL, MK20AL, MK30AL) under natural curing (NC) and accelerated carbonation (AC, 3% CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>). The results show that under NC curing, increasing the metakaolin content accelerates hydration, leading to the formation of C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>SAH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">8</ce:inf>, C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>AĈH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">11</ce:inf>, C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>AH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>, and C-S-H gels. These products form a dense network with the remaining calcium hydroxide (CH), reducing pore volume, average pore size, and porosity, thereby improving compressive strength. MK30AL reached 14.5 MPa at 28 days, compared to AL’s 2.7 MPa. Under AC curing, carbonation predominates, consuming CH and slowing hydration. This decomposes hydration products, creating a microstructure primarily composed of loosely packed calcite. While AC enhances AL's pore structure, it negatively affects MK-AL’s hydration phases, increasing capillary pores and reducing gel pores and mesopores. As a result, MK-AL’s compressive strength under AC at 28 days is approximately half of that under NC.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Martian construction: High-strength ISRU bricks, robust sulfur bonding, modular assembly, and FEA-verified pyramid habitats","authors":"Wei Sun, Jiabao Zhao, Handong Yan, ShaoFei Jiang, Tiejiong Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113356","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable habitat construction on Mars faces significant challenges, including low atmospheric pressure hindering hydration, reduced gravity complicating compaction, and large habitat pressure differentials. This study presents an integrated In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) approach combining high-strength regolith bricks, hydration-free sulfur bonding, and a modular pyramid habitat design validated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Optimized mechanical compaction (40 MPa) of nano-SiO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-enhanced Martian regolith simulant effectively bypasses hydration constraints, achieving compressive strengths exceeding 20 MPa even at ambient temperatures. A systematic parameter study (pressure, particle size, water content, temperature) yielded predictive design equations and demonstrated potential strength enhancement up to 44.5 MPa with thermal treatment (1000°C). Furthermore, a robust, hydration-free sulfur-based mortar was developed for modular assembly; optimized flat-cut interfaces yielded bond strengths exceeding 2.0 MPa, crucially shifting the failure mode from the bond interface to the brick material itself (ensuring a reliable minimum tensile capacity &gt;1.2 MPa). Leveraging these advancements, a pyramid-shaped habitat module, advantageous for Martian environmental loads (including a 101.3 kPa internal pressure differential and 3.71 m/s<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> gravity), was designed. FEA, incorporating experimentally derived material properties (e.g., 22 MPa compressive strength, 1.2 MPa tensile/bond capacity), confirmed the structural integrity, with maximum predicted tensile stress (1.15 MPa) remaining below the bond limit. This research provides a comprehensive, experimentally validated framework—from material development and bonding to structural application—for constructing resource-efficient, durable habitats on Mars, significantly advancing solutions for sustainable extraterrestrial infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modal characteristics of vertical vibration in typical steel frame structures under road traffic loads: actual measurements and finite element model update","authors":"Jiahong Zhao, Feifei Sun, Senhao Yang, Wenhan Yin, Ziguang Xu, Songhang He","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113346","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing expansion of urban transportation networks has significantly amplified structural vibrations transmitted to adjacent buildings, particularly in the vertical direction. While vertical modal characteristics fundamentally govern building responses to such excitations, the underlying deformation mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the interaction mechanism of the components during vertical vibration of a steel frame structure under road traffic loads, through field measurements and numerical analysis. A novel model updating method based on horizontal components modal matching was also developed, successfully enhancing the accuracy of numerical analysis. Key findings reveal two characteristic vertical vibration patterns sharing common interaction mechanisms but differing in spatial manifestation: (1) global coordinated deformation modes where flexural beam-slab motion systematically induces column axial straining throughout the structure, and (2) locally dominated deformation modes where architectural unique configurations trigger beam-slab bending in specific regions. The identified deformation patterns directly explain observed vibration amplifications, particularly at upper floors and geometrically irregular zones. The findings of this study have universal significance, providing valuable insights into the vibration pattern of steel frame structures under road traffic loads and offering theoretical guidance for identifying locations with excessive risk and designing vibration control devices.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}