Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of lithology on the freeze-thaw damage behavior of tunnel slag concrete: Experimental and numerical investigations","authors":"Yanchun Miao ,&nbsp;Siyi Ju ,&nbsp;Han Wang ,&nbsp;Zeyu Lu ,&nbsp;Lu Yang ,&nbsp;Junlin Lin ,&nbsp;Jinyang Jiang ,&nbsp;Taotao Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of tunnel slag in the production of concrete raw materials can significantly alleviate the shortage of natural sand aggregates, reduce the costs associated with transporting raw materials, and contribute to environmental protection. However, the influence mechanisms of the lithology for tunnel slag products (coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and stone powder) on the basic properties and frost resistance of concrete remain unclear. This study initially experimentally investigated the slump, compressive strength before freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), as well as mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and pore structure after FTCs for the concrete incorporating tunnel slag products (tunnel slag concrete, TSC), including granite, limestone, and gneiss TSC. Furthermore, the cohesive zone model was adopted to explore the freeze-thaw damage of TSC and validated through the aforementioned tests. Based on this model, the freeze-thaw failure patterns and residual compressive strength of concrete containing varying lithological tunnel slag products and stone powder contents were examined after FTCs. Finally, a freeze-thaw damage prediction model for TSC with an initial porosity greater than 0.78 % was established. The results indicated that the number of FTCs required for granite and limestone TSC to reach the same damage was 25–50 greater than that of gneiss specimen with same amount of stone powder, and reducing the stone powder content can significantly enhance frost resistance of TSC. Additionally, the freeze-thaw damage of TSC was directly related to its initial porosity, and the damage prediction model based on initial porosity provided a more accurate forecast of freeze-thaw damage in TSC. This study aims to offer a feasible solution for the resource utilization of tunnel slag and ensure the durability of TSC structures in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-resource GAN-stack for high-resolution floor plan generation with enhanced evaluation and contextual validation","authors":"Michael Sahl Lystbæk ,&nbsp;Michail J. Beliatis ,&nbsp;Archontis Giannakidis","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fast and reliable prototyping of floor plan layouts is a crucial element in the early stage of the building construction cycle. The purpose of this study is to ameliorate the major difficulties associated with the use of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for automating high-resolution floor plan generation: vast computational and data requirements, training instability, and problematic result evaluation. A stable resource-efficient multi-module GAN-stack framework is proposed comprising pre-processing (denoising and 4<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> down-sampling), floor plan image generation, and up-sampling modules. Each module is individually optimized. An innovative holistic evaluation framework of the generated building floor plans is presented covering image quality, diversity, truthfulness, overall training time, energy spent during training and associated carbon emissions. A novel validation framework is introduced, involving contextual building functionality, data privacy, capability to manipulate design generation to suit the designer’s desires, usability in BIM downstream tasks, and inference speed. Results demonstrate that the apropos network architecture choices allow for significantly cutting down the wall clock training time (<span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span>60 h) while maintaining superior generated image quality and contextual meaningfulness, given only sub-thousand 1024 × 1024 training images of single-story residential Danish homes and a limited computing resource (a single RTX-3090 GPU). The proposed computer-aided pipeline may support decisions between architects and their clients. It may broaden access to the GAN-based research on the automation of building design. The presented automated tools could find application in other industries which have the same driving needs and resource constraints for adopting GANs, and that also lack ways of validating their end product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114211"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the seismic resilience of structures using a two-stage friction self-centering damper (TFSD)","authors":"Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Jianyang Xue ,&nbsp;Zheng Luo ,&nbsp;Chengyu Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a two-stage friction self-centering damper (TFSD), comprising a friction damper (FD) and a self-centering friction damper (SCFD) connected in series. A predefined gap length for frictional sliding in the FD allows energy dissipation firstly, then the SCFD is activated when the deformation exceeding the gap to provide both energy dissipation and self-centering. Cyclic loading tests and numerical modeling were conducted on a specimen of TFSD. A prototype multi-story building structure was used to study the seismic responses influenced by TFSD design parameters, including the ratio of the first-stage sliding force to second-stage sliding force (<em>α</em>) and the gap ratio (<em>γ</em>), which is the ratio of lateral floor displacement corresponding to the gap length to the story height. The advantages of the TFSD braced frame (TFSDF) in controlling structural responses and resisting collapse were evaluated through comparison with the frame braced by buckling-restrained braces (BRBF) and SCFD braces (SCFDF). Experimental results indicate that the TFSD exhibits full hysteresis loops under low deformations, transitioning to flag-shaped loops after the inputs beyond the gap length. The numerical model of TFSD shows good agreement with the experimental results. The parametric analysis on the multi-story case shows that the structure achieves minimal peak inter-story drift ratio (<em>θ</em>_<em>P</em>) and peak floor acceleration (<em>A</em>_<em>P</em>) when <em>α</em> ranges from 0.3 to 0.7, and the residual inter-story drift is governed by <em>γ</em>. Compared to the SCFDF, the TFSDF shows lower peak responses under Design Based Earthquake (DBE) and Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) shaking levels, with <em>θ</em>_<em>P</em> and <em>A</em>_<em>P</em> reduced by up to 26 % under MCE shaking level. Moreover, the fragility analysis demonstrates that the TFSDF consistently outperforms both BRBF and SCFDF in collapse resistance across all damage states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114290"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bond behavior of staggered lap and anchored reinforcement in ultra-high performance concrete","authors":"Yupeng Xie ,&nbsp;Ergang Xiong ,&nbsp;Shang Wang ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ertugrul Taciroglu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the bond behavior between ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and reinforcement, 13 groups of pull-out tests on staggered lap rebars in UHPC and 10 groups of direct pull-out tests on anchored rebars were conducted. The variables studied included development length, cover thickness, reinforcement diameter, and reinforcement spacing. Most specimens exhibited a splitting pull-out failure mode, characterized by ductile behavior. However, when the reinforcement diameter or spacing was large, the specimens showed brittle failure characteristics, transitioning from splitting pull-out failure to UHPC splitting failure. Compared to anchored specimens, the bond strength of lap splice specimens was less influenced by development length but more sensitive to cover thickness. Additionally, refined finite element models for both types of specimens were developed and validated, and the stress state in the lap splice region and the characteristics of bond stress distribution were investigated. The results revealed that as the spacing increased, the compressive stress struts formed between the lapped reinforcements became discontinuous. At peak load, the bond stress in lap splice specimens has a bimodal distribution, whereas in anchored specimens, the bond stress has a single distinct peak near the loading end and gradually decays with increasing distance from the loading end. Based on the observed and inferred non-uniform bond stress distributions, a model for the reinforcement stress in UHPC was derived, which offered high consistency with experimental results reported in prior studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114329"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mix design optimization and mechanism analysis of alkali-activated lithium slag–blast furnace slag composite binders","authors":"Yuling Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinliang Wu ,&nbsp;Yifan Huang ,&nbsp;Xin Ren ,&nbsp;Wenlin Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Xun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale production of lithium salts has led to the accumulation of lithium slag (LS), an industrial by-product rich in SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ with potential cementitious activity. This study used LS and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as aluminosilicate precursors to prepare alkali-activated materials (AAMs). An L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal design evaluated the effects of LS content, water-to-binder (W/B) ratio, and silicon-to-aluminum (Si/Al) ratio on workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure. Results indicate that the Si/Al ratio was the key factor controlling fluidity and strength. Increasing Si/Al from 2.4 to 3.2 raised fluidity by 40.67 mm and extended setting time by over 100 %. Optimal strength was achieved at a Si/Al ratio of 2.4, LS content of 30 %, and W/B of 0.35. Under this mix proportion, the AAMs achieved a 28-day compressive strength and flexural strength of 73.5 MPa and 5.1 MPa, respectively. SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed that Si/Al = 2.4 favored a dense, highly cross-linked N(C)-A-S-H gel network. Solid-state NMR revealed the highest proportions of Q¹ and Q² species, the longest mean chain length (MCL = 14.95), and dominant Al(IV) tetrahedral coordination (83.15 %) under this condition, indicating excellent polymerization and connectivity. Higher Si/Al ratios caused excessive silicate polymerization, incomplete reactions, increased porosity, and aluminum coordination shifted from ordered Al(IV) to disordered Al(V)/Al(VI), weakening the gel and mechanical properties. This study provides new insights into the design of AAMs incorporating multiple industrial solid wastes and systematically elucidates the influence mechanisms of key parameters on their performance, supporting the sustainable utilization of LS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying compound principle to optimizing the efficacy of air entraining agent based on sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate","authors":"Maohong Li ,&nbsp;Qiuxu Guo ,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Jinlin Xiong ,&nbsp;Yulin Zhan ,&nbsp;Yihang Xu ,&nbsp;Jumei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To optimize the efficacy of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), a compound technology was employed by adding fluorocarbon surfactant (FC) and changing its mole fraction. A series of compound air entraining agents (CAEAs) were prepared by adjusting the ratio of FC and SDBS, and characterized in terms of foamability, foam stability and surface tension, while the molecular interaction was calculated. The results showed that FS3, with the mole fraction of FC being 0.3 in CAEAs, had the highest foamability and greater foam stability because there was a positive molecular interaction in FS3. Thus, concrete with FS3 (FS3/C) was prepared, and its performance and pore characterization was measured and analyzed. Concrete with SDBS (SDBS/C) was served as the control. The findings demonstrated that FS3/C possessed a 0.5 % increase in air content, a 31.9 % reduction in air content loss over time, a 9.4 % increase in slump, and a comparable compressive strength loss relative to SDBS/C. More notably, SDBS/C was destroyed after 50 freeze-thaw cycles, whereas FS3/C showed only a 2.54 % mass loss and a relative dynamic elastic modulus as high as 88.9 % after 300 freeze-thaw cycles. The better frost resistance was attributed to the smaller pore diameter reduced by 12.1 % and the smaller pore spacing factor (<em>L</em>) reduced by 12.7 %. Therefore, it could be concluded that employing compound technology to optimize the air entraining agent based on SDBS by adjusting the FC-to-SDBS ratio was effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114307"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cracking behaviour in 3D concrete printed fibre-reinforced cementitious composites: A review","authors":"Mohammad Reza Delavar,&nbsp;Farhad Aslani,&nbsp;Tim Sercombe","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology in cementitious composites offers significant opportunities, particularly in enhancing material efficiency and enabling greater design flexibility. However, the layer-by-layer deposition process introduces new challenges, especially regarding crack formation due to factors such as weak interfacial bonding and anisotropic mechanical behaviour. Fiber reinforcement has emerged as an effective strategy to mitigate crack development and enhance overall mechanical performance. This review examines the primary causes of crack initiation, key influencing factors, and mitigation strategies in 3DCP fibre-reinforced cementitious composites. Initially, it analyses crack formation in conventional cement-based materials, focusing on mechanisms of crack initiation, propagation triggers, and challenges associated with crack control. Traditional approaches such as steel reinforcement and chemical admixtures are also discussed. The review then explores recent advances in 3DCP techniques, including material selection, the role of anisotropy, and interlayer adhesion. Experimental findings suggest that maintaining a mini-slump flow diameter between 127 mm and 203 mm ensures suitable printability, while additives such as silica fume improve resistance to cracking. The nature of fracture propagation throughout the 3DCP process is specifically examined, emphasising how printing factors affect the evolution of cracks. An overview of the computational, experimental, and microstructural approaches for assessing crack behaviour is also included in the paper. Finally, the role of fibre characteristics, such as orientation, bridging mechanisms, and aspect ratio, is evaluated in relation to their effect on crack control in 3DCP composites. By synthesizing these findings, the study demonstrates pathways to enhance the durability and mechanical integrity of 3DCP fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, ultimately contributing to improved crack resistance and broader adoption of 3DCP in construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114312"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing penetration resistance of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy fiber reinforced concrete under high impact velocity: a comprehensive study","authors":"Weiwei Sun ,&nbsp;Yuqing Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Yuan ,&nbsp;Xudong Gao ,&nbsp;Shibin Lu ,&nbsp;Wenze Ni ,&nbsp;Jun Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the penetration resistance of shape memory alloy fiber reinforced concrete (SMAFRC) in protection engineering. Tensile and temperature residual stress tests on SMA wires with different pre-strains revealed that increasing pre-strain enhanced the wire elastic modulus, yield strength, and recovery stress, while reducing its elongation at break. Through pull-out tests, a peak bond strength of 3.2 MPa was observed on SMA wires at a 5 % pre-strain, a 33.3 % increase compared to SMA wires without pre-strain. Furthermore, the compressive strength of SMAFRC incorporated with high fiber content even exceeded 300 MPa. Subsequently, penetration tests on SMAFRC with varying SMA fiber volume ratios (0 %–7 %) and pre-strains (0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %) revealed that a 3 % fiber volume ratio optimally enhanced penetration resistance. At this ratio, the crater area, volume, equivalent diameter, and residual velocity of the projectile were significantly reduced. Finally, a validated 3D mesoscale model showed that SMA fibers significantly improve the penetration resistance of concrete, making SMAFRC a promising high-performance material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114250"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual design and axial-flexural performance of composite dowels columns","authors":"Jiaqi Li,&nbsp;Zhihua Xiong,&nbsp;Hujiang Fan,&nbsp;Hongyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel-concrete composite columns have several engineering application scenarios in structural engineering. However, existing composite columns face several challenges including interfacial concrete debonding, inflexible cross-sectional configurations limit adaptability. To resolve these issues, this paper proposes a novel Composite Dowels Column (CDC) utilizing puzzle-shaped composite dowels. The connection performance of the composite dowels ensures robust steel-concrete bonding, eliminating debonding risks. Flexible cross-sectional adjustment is achieved by modulating concrete casting thickness, enabling precise control of strong-axis and weak-axis moments of inertia. Building on this design concept, the study systematically investigated the influence of seven factors affecting the axial-flexural capacity of CDC, <em>i.e.</em>, the capacity under both axial forces and bending moments, which includes material strength, eccentricity, transverse links, flange width-to-thickness ratio, section aspect ratio, and embedment depth of PZ composite dowels. Among these factors, concrete strength and flange width-thickness ratio are found to be the two governing factors of CDC. The CDC exhibits superior axial-flexural capacity compared to Partially Encased Composite columns with the same steel consumption, which is benefited from its adaptable cross-section. The failure mode of composite dowels columns under eccentric compression is identified, and a design method for axial-flexural capacity is established. This work provides guidance for the future engineering application of this novel column system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114275"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of marine salt corrosion on hygrothermal properties of porous building envelope materials: A review","authors":"Chuanrui Li ,&nbsp;Qinglin Meng ,&nbsp;Yiting Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhao ,&nbsp;Junsong Wang ,&nbsp;Mattheos Santamouris","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine salt corrosion poses a significant threat to coastal buildings. While the corrosion resistance of structural components is relatively well understood, the degradation of hygrothermal properties in envelope materials—such as plaster mortar, aerated concrete, and stone—remains overlooked, negatively impacting thermal performance and durability. To address this gap, this study provides a comprehensive review that highlights the processes of salt deposition and diffusion, their effects on porosity, hygric, and thermal-optical properties, as well as recent advancements in mitigation strategies. The review reveals five key findings: (1) Wind is a crucial factor influencing the generation and deposition of salt on building facades; however, the impact of building type and urban layout on these processes is often overlooked, representing a fundamental boundary issue; (2) The absence of standardized experimental protocols for assessing changes in hygrothermal properties following salt ingress—characterized by inconsistent salt concentrations and cycle counts—impedes meaningful comparative analyses; (3) The impact of marine salt erosion on the hygrothermal parameters of building materials is often neglected, preventing the establishment of a comprehensive hygrothermal parameter database; (4) There is a lack of a systematic prevention system for salt spray corrosion in outer protective structures, with mitigation strategies for critical junctions (such as windowsills and curtain wall connectors); (5) A comprehensive model that evaluates the entire salt spray process—from generation and deposition to migration and parameter impacts—remains undeveloped, hindering the creation of accurate assessment and mitigation strategies. Specific recommendations based on these findings have been provided. Further research is essential to bridge these gaps and enhance the resilience of buildings against marine salt corrosion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114239"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}