Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Properties of UHPC with totally recycled fine aggregates and its mixture design method","authors":"Yajiang Guo, Danying Gao, Daotian Qin, Hengjie Pi","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111769","url":null,"abstract":"Using recycled fine aggregates (RFA) in preparing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a critical challenge for developing sustainable building materials. This study explores the optimal gradation and mixture design method for using totally RFA to prepare UHPC. The modified Andreasen and Anderson model (MAAM) was adopted to design the gradation of RFA, and the effects of three key parameters including maximum particle size (<ce:italic>Φ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">max</ce:inf>), minimum particle size (<ce:italic>Φ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">min</ce:inf>), and distribution modulus (<ce:italic>n</ce:italic>) in MAAM on the flow and mechanical properties of UHPC were analyzed. Based on the experimental results, an optimized mixture design method for UHPC with totally RFA was proposed. The results showed that the flow of UHPC with totally RFA maintains a linear relationship with the total water absorption capacity of the RFA gradation. The compressive and flexural strengths achieved maximum values of 133 MPa and 12.4 MPa, respectively. Based on the synthetic strength evaluation, the optimal values of <ce:italic>n</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>Φ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">max</ce:inf>, and <ce:italic>Φ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">min</ce:inf> in MAAM were identified as 0.32, 2.36 mm, and 0.038 mm, respectively. The total density of the RFA gradation has an obvious correlation with the compressive strength of UHPC. Additionally, under the same RFA gradation, the proposed mixture design method increased the compressive and flexural strengths of UHPC without steel fibers by 6.5 % and 12.1 %, respectively. Adding 3 % steel fibers further enhanced the compressive strength by 10.7 % and improved the flexural strength by 183.9 %. These results highlight the benefits of optimized gradation in enhancing the performance of UHPC and validate the effectiveness of the proposed mixture design method. This work is of significant importance for the development and widespread application of environmentally friendly UHPC.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating weathering and thermal regulation performance of window frame applied with microencapsulated phase change thermochromic pigment coated wood material","authors":"Ahmet Can, Osman Gencel, Ahmet Sarı, Gökhan Hekimoğlu, Abid Ustaoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111718","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of phase-change thermochromic (TC) coatings on the durability, color stability, and thermal regulation of poplar wood, focusing on potential applications in energy-efficient buildings. By applying accelerated weathering tests, the study assessed how TC pigments (red or yellow) at varying concentrations affect wood properties. The results showed that TC-treated wood undergoes significant color shifts depending on pigment concentration and temperature. For instance, at 25 °C, the color change (ΔE∗) reached 71.07 for red-20 samples and 68.30 for yellow-20, with increased lightness (L∗) at higher temperatures. Unlike untreated samples, TC-coated wood exhibited a whitening tendency as temperatures rose to 38 °C and 50 °C, suggesting a promising thermal regulation capability. Accelerated weathering tests revealed that TC-treated wood experienced greater color changes than control samples, though varnish coating helped reduce discoloration. Notably, thermal regulation tests demonstrated that TC-treated wood helps maintain cooler indoor temperatures during hot conditions and warmer temperatures in cold conditions, highlighting potential energy efficiency in building environments. This study provides a foundation for utilizing thermochromic materials in construction, offering insights into their weathering and thermal performance. Future studies should focus on optimizing TC formulations and assessing durability in real-world settings.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterioration mechanism and pore structure characteristics of concrete under the coupling effect of SO₂ and CO₂","authors":"Jie Huang, Ditao Niu, Yao Lv, Zhenyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111760","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete structures in industrial corrosion environments experience prolonged exposure to SO₂ and CO₂, leading to premature failure. This study conducted indoor simulation experiments to investigate the effects of SO₂ and CO₂, both individually and in combination, on concrete. By examining substance distribution within the neutralization zone, including pH values, ion concentrations, and microscopic morphology, the coupling degree of SO₂ and CO₂ effects was analyzed. The long-term corrosion effects of SO₂ and CO₂ were investigated to elucidate the deterioration mechanisms in concrete. Additionally, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and fractal theory, the relationship between pore fractal dimensions and the compressive strength of the corroded layer was explored. The findings reveal that under the combined effects of SO₂ and CO₂, CO₂ predominantly drives concrete neutralization, with the neutralization depth proportional to the square root of corrosion time. The distribution of corrosion products reveals that the coupled action of SO₂ and CO₂ mutually inhibits their diffusion into the concrete interior. Initially, corrosion products include plate- and rod-like gypsum crystals and cubic calcite. The rod-like and plate-like gypsum crystals grow close to and parallel with the calcite crystals. Subsequently, the corrosion products transform into large prismatic gypsum crystals, which aggregate perpendicular to the silicate matrix. When these crystals form at grain boundaries or within narrow pores, they generate substantial crystallization pressure on the silicate matrix, inducing microcracks and increasing concrete porosity. As porosity increases, the fractal dimension (<ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">c</ce:inf>) of large and capillary pores significantly rises, thereby amplifying the heterogeneity of the pore structure. Consequently, the compactness of the concrete decreases, leading to a pronounced reduction in its strength.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limestone calcined clay (LC³) cement: Ice content profile and calcium carbonate reaction vs pore structure and mechanical properties development","authors":"Iman A.N. Omrani, Ewa Kapeluszna, Jakub Szydłowski, Łukasz Kotwica, Marcin Koniorczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111762","url":null,"abstract":"Correlating the evolution of the pore structure, phase composition and mechanical properties of the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>-based (limestone calcined clay cement) materials is essential for the future guidelines of this eco-friendly binder. Accordingly, the present study focused on the ice content profile and calcium carbonate reaction and their correlation with the pore structure and mechanical properties of the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>-based materials during the first 56 days of hydration. The ice content profile of the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> paste was investigated for the first time via differential scanning calorimetry which requires no pre-drying of the samples. Mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction pattern and thermogravimetric analysis were the techniques utilized for reading the pore structure and phase composition evolution of the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> paste. Compressive and flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> mortars were also studied. Both ice content profile and calcium carbonate reaction were shown to be reliable predictors of the pore structure evolution (i.e. decrease of the capillary pores and emergence of the ink-bottle pores) and mechanical properties built-up in the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>-based materials. The rate of calcium carbonate reaction in LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> was the fastest between the 2nd and 7th days of hydration, that reached 1.6 % per day.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the thermal environment of a large atrium in an office building using computational fluid dynamics","authors":"Meifang Su, Pengyu Jie, Sijie Zhu, Peixian Li, Naiping Gao, Francesco Causone, Xiaoying Wu, Xu Yang, Xing Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111754","url":null,"abstract":"A glass-roofed atrium often results in vertical thermal stratification, significantly affecting the indoor thermal environment. However, detailed studies on the spatial-temporal variations of the thermal environment in complex atriums, particularly under different operational strategies, remain limited. We employed computational fluid dynamics simulations, validated by field measurements, to analyze the atrium thermal environment of a high-rise office building in Xi'an, China. A detailed three-dimensional model of the building was developed, and the transient multi-region solver chtMultiRegionFoam in OpenFOAM was used for numerical simulations, incorporating the finite-volume discrete ordinates radiation model and the k-epsilon turbulence model to account for radiation and ventilation effects. Operational strategies examined included shading, air conditioning, and their combination during summer and air conditioning during winter. Results indicate that (1) combining shading and air conditioning in summer achieved the most significant cooling effect (7.87 °C), while shading alone provides limited cooling (0.33 °C). (2) The highest vertical temperature gradients were 0.096 °C/m and 0.046 °C/m for summer and winter baselines, respectively. Shading reduced the gradients in the upper zone by up to 0.03 °C/m, with minimal impact on the middle and lower zones. Thermal stratification was nearly absent in air-conditioned areas but increased by approximately 0.3 °C/m in non-air-conditioned upper zones. (3) Regression and correlation analyses identified ambient temperature as the most significant factor influencing atrium temperature, followed by height and radiation for baseline cases. Shading strategies effectively reduced the influence of radiation. These findings contribute to developing sustainable operational strategies for large atrium buildings, optimizing thermal comfort and energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal evaluation of a Trombe wall with phase change material for heating in the cold season: Effect of PCM location, melting point, and wall materials","authors":"E. Vázquez-Beltrán, L.F. Aparicio-Mercado, I. Hernández-López, J.F. Hinojosa, J.P. Ibarra-Salazar","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111620","url":null,"abstract":"A parametric study of a phase change material Trombe wall (PCM-TW) system was carried out under the climatic conditions of a temperate city (<mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>w</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>) during the coldest period of the year. An alternative sustainable and passive indirect gain technology for heating buildings is the Trombe wall (TW). This work analyses in detail the effect that the melting point and position of a phase change material (PCM) have together on the thermal performance of a TW. In addition, this work analyzes configurations of construction materials that have not been reported previously. The results were presented in terms of daytime thermal efficiency, nighttime thermal efficiency, storage efficiency, dissipation efficiency, and PCM average liquid fraction. The results showed that the best nighttime performance is obtained by placing a low melting point PCM (29 °C) on a concrete wall and locating it at the opposite end of the absorber surface. On the other hand, PCMs with high melting points (48 and 60 °C) present the worst thermal performance of the system since in no configuration could they reach the liquid phase completely. In addition, the performance improves if the wall is made of concrete (high thermal diffusivity) in the absorber section and adobe (low thermal diffusivity) in the room section. This combination produced the maximum values of storage efficiency (27.66%) and dissipation efficiency (67.60%).","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative 4E analysis (energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic) between geothermal heat exchangers and cooling towers in large air conditioning systems in tropical climates","authors":"Renato Vinícius dos Santos, Paulo Eduardo Lopes Barbieri, Willian Moreira Duarte, Tiago de Freitas Paulino","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111617","url":null,"abstract":"The operation of air conditioning systems in tropical climates requires a significant input of electrical energy. Moreover, the expansion of the global economy and the phenomenon of climate change have led to a surge in demand for refrigeration and air conditioning. Geothermally assisted air conditioning systems are recognized globally as an effective solution for enhancing performance. Given the aforementioned advantages, this technology is currently employed on a large scale in several countries. Nevertheless, it remains relatively uncommon in tropical climates and there is a paucity of studies that compare large water chiller and ground source heat pumps for this type of location. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the energetic, exergetic, environmental, and economic performance for these two configurations. The experimental data are employed to validate the mathematical model that carried out simulations for four Brazilian cities using environmental conditions of 2023. The results indicated that the annual reduction in electricity consumption varies between 2.1% and 9.5%, in line with the emissions of pollutants. Additionally, the TEWI of the geothermal system is reduced between 1.7% and 7.5%. If the boreholes are constructed concurrently with the construction of the building, the payback period varies between 3.4 and 6.1 years. This indicates that constructing the boreholes at the same time as the building reduces costs, as well as saving energy and reducing the environmental impact of the large air conditioning system in tropical climates.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new mathematical model for elastic modulus prediction in mortar and concrete","authors":"Qiaorong Sun, Rishi Gupta, Zhenyang Zhu, Ashutosh Sharma, Sheng Qiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111761","url":null,"abstract":"Tests were conducted on cylindrical mortar samples (10 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height) with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.4, cured at three constant temperatures (8 °C, 22 °C, and 40 °C) as well as under variable temperature conditions. Experimental results reveal that the rate of the dynamic elastic modulus development in the tested cement mortar blocks is solely influenced by the current temperature and the current dynamic elastic modulus. Based on this observation, an implicit relationship was proposed to characterize the rate of dynamic elastic modulus development, incorporating these two factors. Model parameters were determined using a combination of exhaustive search, least squares optimization, and iterative solution methods. Validation of the proposed model, achieved by comparing its predictions with experimental data, demonstrated the deviation of less than ±5 %. The results indicate that the linear temperature-based model provides a better fit than the Arrhenius function within the range of 8 °C–40 °C, with maximum relative errors of 3.41 % and 3.89 %, respectively. The model shows excellent agreement with the experimental data, highlighting its potential for accurately predicting the dynamic elastic modulus of cement mortar. Additionally, the proposed model has been further validated for its application and accuracy in estimating the elastic modulus of concrete with varying water-to-cement ratios (w/c), cement types, and curing temperatures exceeding 40 °C. These results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves high accuracy, with over 95 % precision.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural changes in blast-furnace cements with different replacement ratios under repeated drying and wetting cycles","authors":"Xi Luo, Jihoon Kim, Yukio Hama","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111763","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature and humidity changes affect the durability of buildings. Experiments can be conducted to simulate the changes in the temperature and humidity conditions in real environments through repeated dry and wet cycles, revealing the microstructural changes in hardened cement. Calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) is a hydration product with the greatest influence on the physical properties of concrete, resulting in changes in the pore structure of hardened ordinary cement with repeated dry and wet cycles. However, blended cements with blast furnace slag produce less microstructural changes under dry and wet cycles than ordinary cement. In this study, blast-furnace cements with different replacement ratios were employed to investigate the causes of fine pore structure changes in blast-furnace cements under repeated dry and wet cycles. The hydration products were quantified using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the pore size distribution was confirmed by mercury injection porosimetry. The <ce:sup loc=\"post\">27</ce:sup>Al MAS NMR results showed an increase in the Al/Si content after repeated dry and wet cycles, and from the Al content of Al[Ⅳ], it is inferred that AlO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> bonds to C–S–H and C–A–S–H is formed, which maintains the width of the C–S–H interlayer and reduces pore structure changes in the size range of 30–2000 nm than ordinary cement. In the future, blast furnace cement with different substitution rates may exhibit a better practical freezing resistance owing to reduction of microstructural changes with repeated drying and wetting of the cement.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind load analysis for rooftop solar photovoltaic panels in the presence of building interference: A wind tunnel study","authors":"H.Y. Peng, H. Liang, S.F. Dai, H.J. Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111702","url":null,"abstract":"The interference effect of a tall building on wind loads of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) arrays was studied. Effects of the building spacing ratio <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> and building arrangement were studied. The interfering building amplified the largest most critical negative peak module force coefficient <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>ˇ</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> among all wind directions and modules regardless of <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> and building arrangements. The most significant influence on the largest most critical interfering factor <ce:italic>IF</ce:italic> (=3.31) occurred for the tandem arrangement in the upstream direction with <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> = 1.5. The interfering building significantly reduced the negative peak pressure coefficient on upper surface contributed to the large <ce:italic>IF</ce:italic>. Panel zoning was studied using the <ce:italic>k</ce:italic>-means algorithm based on wind loads on PV arrays. The panel zoning was much affected by <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> and building arrangements, especially for the zone including modules at the roof center. The critical <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> of the panel zoning were 1.5, 4.0, and 8.0. The largest most critical <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>ˇ</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> on modules in various zones decreased linearly with <ce:italic>S</ce:italic>. The regression analysis of the largest most critical <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>ˇ</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> with <ce:italic>S</ce:italic> was conducted. The fitted equations and scheme of panel zoning provided recommended design loads on rooftop PV arrays interfered by the neighboring building.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142929653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}