Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Microplastics and nanoplastics in indoor environments: Current knowledge and future research","authors":"Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Xiong ,&nbsp;Wangjin Lai ,&nbsp;Hongjing Zhao ,&nbsp;Donghong Peng ,&nbsp;Xuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Chunhui Liao ,&nbsp;Mengjie Li ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Wei ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Jiao Cai ,&nbsp;Jiping Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants detected ubiquitously in ecosystems and human populations, with their presence indoors posing potential health risks to building occupants. This paper synthesizes the published studies, up to June 2024, on measurement techniques, indoor levels, and human exposure related to MNPs. In total, 31 original research articles providing quantitative data on indoor MNPs across 46 countries were analyzed. Most studies were conducted in residential settings, with additional investigations in universities, schools, offices, and other indoor spaces. Mass concentrations of indoor MNPs were determined by Py-GC-MS, LC-MS and gravimetric determination, while the number concentrations were determined by microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy. Reported MNP concentrations in indoor settled dust, fallout particles, and airborne particles in residences ranged from 1000 to 33,000 μg/g, 526 to 9981 items/m²/day, and 0.47 to 2700 items/m³, respectively. The predominant polymers identified were polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyester, exhibiting diverse shape, size and color. This review consolidates current knowledge on the measurement techniques and levels of MNPs in indoor environments and identified four priority areas for future research: (1) standardization of measurement protocols, (2) characterization of spatiotemporal variation, (3) epidemiological studies on health impacts in building occupants, and (4) development of mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114242"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and modeling of a bendable UHPC using pure steel fiber reinforcement","authors":"Jiao Chen,&nbsp;Longbang Qing,&nbsp;Ru Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cementitious composites with high compressive strength usually have low toughness, and vice versa – it’s difficult to achieve high strength and high toughness simultaneously. In this investigation, an ultra-high-performance concrete (ASFHT-UHPC), featured with both ultra-high strength and high toughness, is prepared using aligned steel fiber reinforcement and examined through four-point bending tests. The results show that when the volume fraction of high aspect ratio steel fibers is 0.6 % or above, the ASFHT-UHPC specimen is “bendable” – its ultimate deflection to span ratio is up to 0.03, which is almost 20 times that of conventional UHPC. A model of the bending behavior of the ASFHT-UHPC beam is proposed, in which the interaction between the steel fiber and matrix, and the influence of the volume fraction, aspect ratio, and orientation of the steel fiber were taken into account. Both the modeled and test results show that the volume fraction, aspect ratio, and orientation of steel fibers are crucial for the toughness of the UHPC beam specimens. Also, good agreement is achieved between the model and experimental tests, and the model can be used to predict the bending properties of the ASFHT-UHPC beams precisely. The steel fiber reinforced high-toughness UHPC combines the advantages of ECC (engineered cementitious composites) and UHPC, which is helpful for the improvement of the safety and resilience of structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114236"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating higher-mode effects in steel rocking core-moment resisting frame systems using viscoelastic damper connections","authors":"Wenchen Lie ,&nbsp;Lerui Zhuang ,&nbsp;Fei Shi ,&nbsp;Yun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of stiff rocking cores in moment resisting frame (MRF) systems has been shown to mitigate story drift concentration and enhance the global collapse capacity of the structure. However, this beneficial stiffening effect concurrently amplifies floor accelerations, potentially exacerbating damage to acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components and creating a design trade-off. This study aims to resolve this conflict by introducing viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) between the rocking core and the MRF. The VED connections allow relative deformation between the moment frame and the rocking core, thereby dissipating vibration energy and mitigating higher-mode effects. The design methodology for the VEDs is developed based on the second mode of the structure. A dimensionless connection factor (<em>CF</em>) is introduced to guide the selection of VED capacity, which can be physically interpreted as an estimate of the VEDs’ damping ratio with respect to the second mode of the structure. A total of 12 nonlinear structure models are developed in OpenSees, including one traditional bare MRF, one enhanced by a steel rocking core with hinged rigid links, and ten using VED connections with <em>CF</em> values ranging from 0.03 to 1.5. Nonlinear response history analyses are performed. The results show that, compared to the rigid-link system, VED connections with a <em>CF</em> greater than 0.5 not only maintain excellent drift control (reducing both maximum IDR and DCF) but also drastically reduce peak floor accelerations by up to 39.1 %, achieving the desired simultaneous mitigation. Larger <em>CF</em> values also result in lower deformation demands on the VEDs. Additionally, collapse assessments are conducted on the analyzed models using the procedure provided in FEMA P695, in conjunction with seismic risk evaluation. The results indicate improved collapse resistance for rocking core-MRF systems with VED connections, provided the <em>CF</em> is no less than 0.2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114225"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micromechanical insights into high-ductility geopolymer composites incorporating red mud (RM): Role of in situ spherical RM-balls at the fiber-matrix interface","authors":"Hai-Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Li-Ping Guo ,&nbsp;Xiang-Peng Fei ,&nbsp;Yingjie Chu ,&nbsp;Hao-Ran Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud (RM), an aluminosilicate-rich solid waste, finds its primary resource utilization in replacing cementitious binders in concrete systems. This study successfully fabricated red mud-based high-ductility geopolymer composites (RM-HDGC) through alkali activation, utilizing 70 wt% red mud as the primary raw material, supplemented with ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash. Micromechanical analysis revealed that an increase in the Ca/Si ratio initially enhanced fiber dispersion, reaching an optimum before declining. In contrast, the tensile ductility consistently increased, achieving a maximum elongation of 4.71 %. This phenomenon deviates from the predicted optimal ductility range based on rheological parameters and contradicts classical micromechanical interfacial theories. Microstructural analysis revealed the presence of characteristic micrometer-sized spherical products (RM-balls) at the fiber-matrix interface. Their chemical composition, which is similar to that of N-A-S-H gel, was further confirmed by in situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Considering the 60 °C steam-curing high-alkali environment these structures are determined to be gel-phase transformation products formed through thermo-alkali coupled activation of reactive RM components. RM-balls synergistically optimize interfacial performance via dual mechanisms: firstly reducing chemical bonding energy G_d; secondly their spherical geometry induces localized rolling effects during fiber slip significantly decreasing the slip-hardening coefficient β thereby promoting thorough debonding-slip development. The core contributions of this work are threefold: demonstrating engineer-grade ductility (4.71 %) achievable in HDGC with 70 % RM incorporation; first discovery of regularly-shaped spherical gel RM-balls growing in-situ on PVA fiber surfaces which structurally overcomes traditional ductility constraints imposed by rheology and fiber dispersion; revelation of RM-ball-induced in-situ hydrophobization effects on PVA fibers. These findings provide mechanistic explanations for anomalous mechanical behavior and establish a theoretical foundation for constructing precise micromechanical constitutive models for RM-HDGC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114231"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PANDORA: An open-access database of indoor pollutant emission rates for IAQ modeling","authors":"Marc Abadie ,&nbsp;Eol Geffre ,&nbsp;Charles-Florian Picard ,&nbsp;Marcel Loomans ,&nbsp;Francesco Babich ,&nbsp;Aurora Monge-Barrio ,&nbsp;Dusan Licina ,&nbsp;Gráinne McGill ,&nbsp;Linda Toledo ,&nbsp;Ann Marie Coggins ,&nbsp;Mohsen Pourkiaei ,&nbsp;Núria Casquero-Modrego ,&nbsp;Constanza Molina ,&nbsp;Sasan Sadrizadeh ,&nbsp;James McGrath ,&nbsp;Gabriel Rojas-Kopeinig","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling indoor air quality requires reliable data on pollutant emission rates (ERs) from indoor sources. While many studies focus on measuring indoor pollutant concentrations, far fewer provide the source-specific ERs needed for predictive modeling, and those that do often report fragmented and non-standardized formats that limit their use. This paper addresses this gap by introducing PANDORA (a comPilAtioN of inDOor aiR pollutAnt emissions), an internet-based open-access database designed to improve consistency and transparency in indoor air quality assessments. PANDORA systematically compiles ERs data for gaseous and particulate pollutants from a wide range of indoor sources. It classifies 747 sources into comprehensive categories such as construction and decoration materials (354), furniture (38), cleaning products and air fresheners (123), occupants and occupant activities (134), heating and cooking appliances (48), electrical equipment (40), whole room or building (6) and others (4). In this paper, we summarize key experimental methods used to assess the pollutants. To aid in informed decision-making, statistical analyses are provided for selected indoor pollutants of interest, including PM_2.5, formaldehyde, benzene, and TVOC. Additionally, we compare the impact of using three different modeling approaches and assumptions through a case study that uses the PANDORA data to evaluate indoor pollutant ERs in a room. This application shows how PANDORA supports more transparent and consistent use of emission rate data. Our findings highlight that, despite compiling 9968 emission rate entries, expanding PANDORA with new measurements will further strengthen the accuracy and reliability of indoor air quality modeling and exposure assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114216"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal influence and stability of in-situ mixed CO2 in cementitious mineral phases","authors":"Won Kyung Kim, Jihoon Lee, Junboum Park, Juhyuk Moon","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114223","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete's potential for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is underscored by its widespread global use and capacity for stable mineral carbonation. This study highlights the effectiveness of in-situ CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> mixing technology for CCU application in concrete production, eliminating the need for additional facilities or chemical additives. Various mixing water temperatures were employed to understand their impact on mineral carbonation. Results demonstrated that elevated temperatures expedite cement dissolution, enhancing CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> absorption and subsequent calcite (CaCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>) precipitation, thereby improving early compressive strength development. In CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-rich sealed environments, a notable transformation of CaCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> into monocarboaluminate was observed during the hydration process. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of mineralogical changes is crucial for evaluating concrete's capacity as a CCUS medium. Consequently, a quantitative assessment of CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> content in the cementitious phase was conducted, utilizing a combination of experimental and thermodynamic analyses.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance of steel facade profiles: An experimental setup and self-shading assessment","authors":"Ricardo Lionar ,&nbsp;David Kroll ,&nbsp;Veronica Soebarto ,&nbsp;Ehsan Sharifi ,&nbsp;Marina Aburas","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy demand for heating and cooling in buildings is impacted by envelope design and construction. This study investigates how the profile shape, direction, orientation, and self-shading potential of common steel sheet profiles affect thermal performance, air flow and heat gain of the envelope. Three steel cladding profiles were tested under solar radiation in Adelaide's Mediterranean climate. Surface, cavity air, and internal space temperatures were recorded at 15-min intervals for different orientations and profile directions, while a fixed weather station monitored air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The three steel sheet profiles are standing seam, corrugated, and interlocking. The Standing seam profile consistently exhibited the highest cavity temperature, with values exceeding that of the other profiles by up to 20 °C, indicating relatively poorer thermal performance under this setup. The Corrugated profile performed the best, particularly when oriented horizontally, reducing heat gain. The study also showed that airflow through natural convection within the cavity had a significant impact. Under more airtight conditions, the Interlocking profile, which lacked shading provided by the rib protrusion, exhibited higher cavity temperatures, with differences exceeding 14 °C compared to the other two profiles. This research provides valuable insights into the role of steel cladding profiles and self-shading in reducing cooling energy demand. It serves as a foundation for further exploration of steel sheet properties, rib depth, and profile design, supporting the development of energy-efficient building practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114208"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on mechanical properties and evolution of acoustic emission characteristic parameters of basalt fiber shotcrete","authors":"Pengfei Fang, Min Huang, Qingfeng Chen, Jingmin Duan, Yajun Lv, Jingjing Li, Weizhun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114218","url":null,"abstract":"Basalt fiber (BF) possesses advantages such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and environmental friendliness. When combined with shotcrete (SC), its mechanical properties can be enhanced. Acoustic emission (AE) is an effective method to nondestructively assess the damage of concrete structures. The damage state of concrete structures can be effectively analyzed by the variation of AE characteristic parameters. Based on this, the effects of different BF dosage (0, 0.1 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 %) and length (6 mm, 12 mm, and 18 mm) on mechanical properties of SC were studied. AE technology was used to monitor the propagation of internal cracks in the bending state of SC, and the changes of AE characteristic parameters of SC were analyzed. The results show that the compressive and flexural strengths of basalt fiber shotcrete (BFSC) increase first and then decrease with an increase in BF dosage. At age of 28 d, the compressive strength of SC with a BF dosage of 0.1 % and a length of 12 mm can reach 49.1 MPa, while the flexural strength reaches the maximum at a BF dosage of 0.3 % and a length of 18 mm, which is 32.0 % higher than that of control group. The hydration products of BFSC adhere to the fiber surface, improve the density of SC, and inhibit the development of cracks. With an increase in BF dosage, the energy and peak value of ringing counts of BFSC with different fiber lengths gradually increase, and the change law with time is similar. When BFSC reaches the breaking point, the cumulative energy and the cumulative ringing counts will make a platform transition. Three-dimensional spatial acoustic location can be used to monitor the initiation, development, and propagation direction of cracks in BFSC, and can effectively reflect the damage evolution in BFSC at different stress stages.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterioration and damage mechanisms of concrete under high-temperature and sulfate-rich environments","authors":"Hu Yunpeng ,&nbsp;Duan Fuqiang ,&nbsp;Zheng Mingming ,&nbsp;Dong Yucang ,&nbsp;Zhu Yongquan ,&nbsp;Cai Yanshan ,&nbsp;Zhu Dongping","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete structures operating in high-temperature and sulfate-rich environments inevitably face severe durability challenges. Previous studies have mainly addressed the effects of thermal damage or sulfate corrosion on concrete separately. The mechanisms through which their coupling drives microstructural evolution and macroscopic deterioration remain underexplored. To investigate these synergistic degradation mechanisms in the newly emerging class of complex hydrothermal engineering environments with corrosive ions encountered in recent years, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted to assess mass loss, mechanical properties, microstructural evolution, and ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete under accelerated exposure conditions. The results reveal that elevated temperatures markedly accelerate corrosion onset and progression, with the 120-day mass loss rate exceeding three times that observed under standard conditions. Compressive strength and elastic modulus exhibited temperature-dependent degradation, with critical deterioration thresholds reduced by up to 47.87 % and residual service life at 80 °C falling to only 16.1 % of that at 20 °C. Microstructural analysis demonstrated that high temperatures promote ion diffusion, facilitating the formation of expansive ettringite and gypsum crystals, which generate internal stresses and initiate microcracking. These microcracks further enable ion ingress, leading to interconnected crack networks and increased porosity. The combined effects of corrosion product expansion and thermal stress cycling intensified crack propagation, ultimately compromising the load-bearing capacity of the material. Ultrasonic tests confirmed the evolution of internal defects, with wave velocity decreasing by 22.7 % and signal amplitude attenuation exceeding 80 %, alongside the disappearance of high-frequency signals. These findings clarify the damage mechanisms of concrete under coupled thermal and corrosive conditions and establish quantitative, design-oriented indicators for macroscopic performance degradation. Moreover, these outcomes in this work can also guide the optimization of construction materials for underground engineering applications exposed to hydrothermal environments containing corrosive ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114221"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A machine learning framework for predicting the fire resistance time of cold-formed steel walls","authors":"Kang Liu ,&nbsp;Changheng Lu ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Boshan Chen ,&nbsp;Yecheng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a machine learning (ML) framework for accurately predicting the fire resistance time of cold-formed steel (CFS) walls under ISO 834 fire conditions. Only 32 experimental results regarding the fire resistance time of CFS walls were reported in the literature. To address this issue, a finite element heat-transfer model was developed and validated against the experimental test results. Using the validated models and the load ratio-hot flange critical temperature curve, a total of 592 data points were compiled to construct the dataset of CFS walls. The effects of various wall configurations, sheathing board types and thicknesses were investigated. Different ML models were used, comprising Artificial Neural Network, Extreme Learning Machine, Convolutional Neural Network and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The results suggest that XGBoost can accurately predict the fire resistance time of CFS walls, and <em>R</em>^<em>2</em> and MAE values were 0.986 and 2.287, respectively. The mean ratio of the fire resistance time obtained from the XGBoost prediction to the experimental test results was 1.004, with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.047. Finally, the XGBoost prediction was interpreted by the SHapley Additive exPlanations method to determine the significance of input features. The ML-based framework proposed in this study can offer a promising alternative for researchers and engineers to efficiently and effectively design the CFS walls under fire conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 114206"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}