{"title":"Effect of silanization on mechanical properties and microstructure of thin spray-on liners with different polymer-cement ratios","authors":"Jinlong Teng, Lianjun Chen, Guoming Liu, Xiangfei Cui, Lingnan Cui, Siyuan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111647","url":null,"abstract":"Thin spray-on liner (TSL) is a polymer-modified cementitious composite. To enhance the compatibility of the organic-inorganic interface in TSLs and improve their performance, TSLs with three polymer-cement ratio gradients were treated with a silane coupling agent (SCA). We evaluated the impact of the polymer-cement ratio and silanization on the mechanical properties of TSLs. Additionally, we used a range of analytical techniques—nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Leica microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)—to assess the pore characteristics and hydration properties of the treated TSLs. The results indicated that silanization increased the compressive and flexural strength of TSLs, but the effect on toughness was not obvious. The excess polymer agglomerated into floccules, which were prone to plastic deformation, thus increasing the porosity of TSLs. Silanization facilitated the formation of a compact organic-inorganic interface transition zone. This prevented adhesion failure between the polymer and the cement material, and prevented plastic deformation of the floccules, resulting in a denser TSL. The newly formed polymer membrane-cement material composite bearing structure provided higher strength for TSL. Silanization inhibited the formation of pore throats, which increased resistance to the flow of CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O, and other substances. This restrained the growth of hydration products such as Ca(OH)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, CaCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>, and reduced the CH particle size. However, the formation of nanoparticles by silane polycondensation promoted the generation of calcium silicate hydrate.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.R. Martins, J.C. Rocha, R.M. Novais, J.A. Labrincha, D. Hotza, L. Senff
{"title":"Zeta potential in cementitious systems: A comprehensive overview of influencing factors and implications on material properties","authors":"J.R. Martins, J.C. Rocha, R.M. Novais, J.A. Labrincha, D. Hotza, L. Senff","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111556","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to evaluate the influence of zeta potential on the behavior of cement-based materials based on data from the literature. Zeta potential plays a critical role in determining the degree of interaction among cement particles and their interaction with the surrounding medium. In a liquid medium, cement particles exhibit a zeta potential that can vary based on particle characteristics and liquid composition. For cement-based materials, the properties of the paste are paramount for optimal material utilization. Factors such as homogeneity, rheology, interaction with additives, setting time, and bubble coalescence are crucial for the quality of cementitious products and are directly influenced by the zeta potential of cement particles. After reviewing various studies involving the analysis of the zeta potential of cements, it can be seen that factors such as the water/cement ratio, the composition of the cement, the presence of additives and the type of solution directly interfere with the zeta potential value reached by the particles. It can also be seen that high zeta potential values, in module, decrease viscosity, shear stress and yield stress, since the greater repulsion between the particles directly affects these factors.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Damage mechanism and mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete under the coupled compressive loading and sulfate erosion","authors":"Kaihua Liu, Kangshen Fu, Jiuwen Bao, Canhui Chen, Rongbin Zhang, Yuan Sang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111664","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfate attack poses a significant threat to the durability of concrete structures, particularly in marine and salt lake environments. This study systematically examines the effects of sustained compressive loading and sulfate exposure on recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Hollow prismatic specimens were prepared with varying recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratios (0 %, 50 %, 100 %), sustained compressive stress levels (0, 0.25<ce:italic>f</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">c</ce:inf>, 0.5<ce:italic>f</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">c</ce:inf>), and dry-wet cycles (0, 60, 120). The results indicate that compressive stress below 0.5<ce:italic>f</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">c</ce:inf> effectively mitigates the durability damage of RAC, evidenced by a slower mass increase and a reduced decline in the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity. Microscopic analysis reveals ettringite and gypsum as primary sulfate attack products, with a higher concentration in RAC without sustained loading. Sustained loading delays the formation of these internal erosion products, reduces overall porosity and lowers the proportion of harmful pores. Furthermore, sustained compressive loading significantly reduces the loss of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, though its impact on plastic deformation capacity is limited. A predictive model for axial compressive strength was developed, along with a biphasic constitutive model that accurately describes the compressive behavior of RAC under combined sustained loading and sulfate attack. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and evaluation of RAC structures in aggressive sulfate environments.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prateek Kumar Sharma, Alastair J.N. MacLeod, Laurie P. Aldridge, Frank Collins, Will P. Gates
{"title":"Pozzolanic behaviour and environmental efficiency of heat-treated fines as a partial cement replacement in mortar mixes","authors":"Prateek Kumar Sharma, Alastair J.N. MacLeod, Laurie P. Aldridge, Frank Collins, Will P. Gates","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111656","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the suitability and environmental efficiency of a heat-treated fines (HTF) material, a by-product from contaminated soil heat-treatment, to optimize the percentage by weight (wt.%) replacement of cement to produce lower embodied carbon cement mortar for the construction industry. Here, HTF replaced Portland cement at rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt% in mortar mixes. The composition, workability, water uptake and 7- and 28-day strengths of the mortars was experimentally assessed. These results were used to calculate an environmental efficiency metric, assessing the embodied carbon based upon their mix formulation and strength. Results show that cement replacement up to 30 wt% attained compressive strengths >40 MPa (>90 % of control), while 40 wt% HTF reached compressive strengths >40 MPa with the use of a cement superplasticiser, but at the cost of increased embodied carbon due to the superplasticiser. A decrease in portlandite content with heat-treated soil fines content was observed using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis, confirming that HTF underwent pozzolanic reactions. Environmental efficiency metrics showed that 30 wt% HTF in the mixes resulted in up to a 18 % reduction in embodied carbon per unit strength than conventional OPC.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alkali-activated concrete with expanded polystyrene: A lightweight, high-strength solution for fire resistance and explosive protection","authors":"A.Y.F. Ali, Sabry A. Ahmed, M.S. El-Feky","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111648","url":null,"abstract":"The risk of explosion associated with high-strength cement concrete under elevated temperature conditions underscores the urgent need for safer and more resilient alternatives in construction applications. This study focuses on developing environmentally sustainable, explosion-resistant concrete options. A high-strength alkali-activated mortar (HSAAM) using granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) was produced, and subsequently, a lightweight, high-strength alkali-activated concrete (LWHSAAC) was developed by replacing 50 % of the sand volume in HSAAM with expanded polystyrene (EPS). The mixtures were prepared with consistent ratios of sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and water for the alkali activation solution. Samples were subjected to three distinct temperatures—200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C—at a controlled heating rate of 10 °C/min for durations of 10, 20, and 30 min. The study examined the effects of two cooling regimes (furnace and water) on performance metrics, including residual compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, impact resistance, mass loss, thermal insulation characteristics, visual appearance, and microstructural integrity. Key findings include a 3.47 %–18.89 % increase in compressive strength at 200 °C for S0 and a 6.58 %–14.47 % increase for S50, while reductions in compressive strength at 600 °C reached up to 82.57 % for S50. The S50 mix displayed a 27.5 % reduction in impact energy at room temperature but improved at 200 °C. EPS incorporation significantly enhanced thermal insulation, with a core temperature of 77.75 °C for S50 compared to 91.5 °C for S0 at 200 °C. The findings provide valuable insights into the performance of EPS-infused high-strength concrete, emphasizing its potential for enhanced thermal resistance and structural integrity in fire-prone environments. This research contributes to the quest for safer, lightweight concrete solutions that minimize explosion risks while maintaining high mechanical performance.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ze Mo, Ganping Shu, Wenrui Liu, Baofeng Zheng, Hengli Fu, T.Y. Yang
{"title":"Seismic properties, calculation method, and equivalent model of internal connection in modular steel building","authors":"Ze Mo, Ganping Shu, Wenrui Liu, Baofeng Zheng, Hengli Fu, T.Y. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111613","url":null,"abstract":"Modular steel building (MSB) is a new type of building structure in which prefabricated modules are transported to the construction site and assembled through connections, indicating that the connection between module units has a great influence on the properties of MSB. Since the internal connections of MSB require installation operation space, reliable seismic properties, and cannot conflict with other components within the modular unit, the requirements for internal connection are higher than those for external connections. In this paper, two forms of internal connections, two-direction connection form (2-DCF) and three-direction connection form (3-DCF), were proposed, and the seismic properties of the two connections were investigated. Due to its three-directional spatial connections, the 3-DCF exhibits a stronger semi-rigid connection and a full-strength connection compared to the 2-DCF. To further optimize the design parameters, a parametric study was conducted on the seismic properties of 3-DCF, in which the bolt preload and the thickness of box connector (BC) has a significant effect on the stiffness of 3-DCF. In addition, the calculation method of skeleton curve of 3-DCF was proposed and evaluated, and the equivalent model of 3-DCF was established and verified to accurately reflect its cyclic properties. Finally, the equivalent model of 3-DCF was applied to a four-story three-span MSB for calculation and it was found that 3-DCF can effectively reduce the dynamic response of MSB compared with the prescribed hinged connection, which can provide a reference for the design and use of the internal connections in MSB.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of thermal-daylighting climate subzones and energy efficiency design optimization for office buildings","authors":"Jingyun Ao, Chenqiu Du, Larry Bellamy, Baizhan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111669","url":null,"abstract":"Existing building optimization designs mainly focus on balancing thermal comfort and energy efficiency, while few explore the coupled effect of daylighting, thermal and energy performance for synergistic optimization. This study was to propose a multi-objective framework for optimal designs for office buildings, achieving the trade-off between thermal, daylighting and energy performance. Given the varying thermal and daylighting conditions in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) zone of China, and the lack of refined subzones during building optimization designs, the meteorological data from 107 cities throughout this region was first collected; using heating degree day (HDD<ce:inf loc=\"post\">18</ce:inf>), cooling degree day (CDD<ce:inf loc=\"post\">20</ce:inf>) and annual global horizontal illuminance (GHI), four subzones were obtained based on cluster analysis. Nine building design variables were identified as key inputs through the global sensitivity analysis. Energy usage intensity (EUI), thermal discomfort percentage (TDP) and useful daylighting illuminance (UDI<ce:inf loc=\"post\">100-2000</ce:inf>) were adopted as optimization objectives. The multi-criteria decision-making process was conducted to explore the recommended range and trade-off solutions for optimal variables for different climate subzones. The optimization solutions of high building airtightness (0.5 h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>) and thermal insulation of the exterior wall (0.22–0.27 W/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> K) had positive effects on energy efficiency and thermal comfort, while WWR of the south/north facades and exterior shading enhance natural ventilation and daylighting uniformity. This work innovatively integrated climate subzones of thermal and daylighting into optimization process, and quantified their regional differences during passive designs, which benefit to the design, refurbishment and renovation of office buildings in the HSCW zone in China.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiyuan Wang, Junjin Liu, Dian Li, Jianhui Li, Chao Wang, Bo Yang, Yue Liu
{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on temperature-deformation behavior of insulating glass units","authors":"Zhiyuan Wang, Junjin Liu, Dian Li, Jianhui Li, Chao Wang, Bo Yang, Yue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111629","url":null,"abstract":"Precise and rapid calculation of insulating glass units (IGUs) under climate load is crucial for the determination of the durability, aesthetics, and safety of curtain walls during the early design and subsequent service stages. However, available empirical data and numerical simulations are inadequate in accurately evaluating the temperature field and the temperature-induced mechanical behavior of this energy-saving building material, especially the in-plane thermal shear deformations of Polyisobutylene (PIB) and the out-of-plane deformation of the glass panels. In this paper, three pieces of IGUs were used in heat transfer tests to obtain the temperature and displacement fields. Two finite element (FE) models were built based on sequential thermo-mechanical coupling simulation and the calibration approach of the Ideal Gas Law. The applicability, accuracy, and computational efficiency of the models above were compared. A simplified piecewise-linear model for rapidly calculating the temperature field along the thickness direction was proposed by MATLAB surface fittings. Based on the deformation mechanism, the contribution ratios of two main influencing factors to deformations were defined. Simplified calculation formulas applicable to the in-plane thermal deformation of PIB, and the out-of-plane deformation of glass panel were proposed with the coefficient of determination <ce:italic>R</ce:italic><ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> over 0.99, considering the temperature difference of indoor and outdoor environment, rectangular dimension, and the thicknesses of pane and airspace. In addition, the mutual constraint effects were presented and defined in this paper. The detailed analysis of thermal deformation lays the groundwork for further addressing premature failure issues and optimizing edge bond constructions of IGUs.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of anisotropic behavior in 3D concrete printing for mechanical property evaluation","authors":"Nima Aminpour, Ali Memari","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111652","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of automated construction methods is pivotal in meeting the burgeoning demand for housing. However, ensuring these methods comply with design codes and regulatory standards requires a deep understanding of the material design process. In addition, the use of lightweight concrete is essential in 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) to reduce the significant weight of printed structures while understanding the strength and behavior of these materials. There are concerns about the layer-by-layer deposition of concrete during printing, as weaker bonding between layers may undermine structural integrity. This study explores the anisotropic behavior of concrete and its impact on mechanical properties. Samples extracted from printed blocks were tested in various orientations, including comparisons with LWC containing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). The mixtures were selected to evaluate the impact of lightweight aggregates on anisotropic behavior and compare them to normal-weight concrete. The results demonstrate that the timing between layer depositions significantly influences strength. Notably, cracks observed between filaments indicate weaker interlayer bonding, a condition exacerbated by delays between printing each layer, which notably affects flexural and shear strengths. These findings highlight that such delays increase the anisotropic coefficient, underscoring the importance of meticulous attention during the design process. A micro-model was utilized to analyze the 3DCP in detail, employing the Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) and interaction-separation law in Abaqus. The numerical analysis exhibited a strong correlation with experimental tests.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does carbonation affect the microstructural inhomogeneity of recycled aggregate concrete?","authors":"Renjie Mi, Ganghua Pan, Feifei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111650","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, two types of modelled recycled aggregate concrete were prepared using the recycled aggregates in the lab. The evolutions of three kinds of interfacial transition zones (ITZs) and two kinds of mortars in these concretes before and after accelerated carbonation were separately studied using phenolphthalein spray test, CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> diffusion coefficient modelling, pore structure test, backscattered electron test and nanoindentation test. The results showed that carbonation increased the inhomogeneity of recycled aggregate concrete by dividing the concrete into an irregular carbonation zone and a noncarbonation zone. Additionally, the average ITZ width showed the highest difference before and after carbonation, compared with the average elasticity modulus, average unhydrated cement content and average porosity. Carbonation also changed the differences in the microstructures between different kinds of ITZs and between different types of mortars. The inhomogeneity changes with time in the whole service life and further affects the long-term mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concrete.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}