Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Repeated impact behavior of one-part high performance geopolymer composites at ambient and extremely low temperatures","authors":"Yuxuan Wang, Yuanzheng Lin, Zhouhong Zong, Hanyuan Shi, Yingfan Wang, Shenyang Hou, Jingming Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113246","url":null,"abstract":"One-part geopolymer (OPG), as an eco-friendly cementitious material with comparable mechanical performance compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is now gathering increasing attention globally. In recent years, composite materials with excellent impact resistance have been developed based on OPG. The current study was intended to investigate the effect of extremely low temperatures on the behaviors of one-part high performance composite (OP-HPGC) under repeated impacts. The static compressive and tensile behaviors of OP-HPGC with different steel fiber contents were firstly evaluated. Then, the dynamic impact behaviors of OP-HPGCs with different steel fiber contents at ambient temperature were tested and analyzed. Furthermore, the dynamic impact behaviors of OP-HPGC-2% exposed to various temperatures (i.e., -196°C, -78.5°C, and ambient temperature) were examined. The dynamic impact behaviors of OP-HPGC-2% which firstly exposed to -196°C and then recovered to ambient temperature were also tested to investigate the influence of a single cryogenic freeze-thaw cycle. To quantify the damage evolutions of OP-HPGCs under repeated impacts, a fractural dimension approach was employed. Experimental results demonstrated that OP-HPGCs exhibited similar repeated impact performance under both ambient and extremely low temperatures, indicating low sensitivity to cryogenic conditions. Moreover, a single cryogenic freeze-thaw cycle did not significantly affect their impact resistance. This study provides a reference for understanding the repeated impact resistance of OP-HPGC at different environmental temperatures.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the use of readily accessible climatic data for predicting vertical solar irradiance under sunlit and shaded scenarios","authors":"Emmanuel I. AGHIMIEN, Danny H.W. LI, Ernest K.W. TSANG, Eric W.M. LEE, Shuyang LI","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113241","url":null,"abstract":"For evaluating active and passive energy systems, vertical global irradiance (<ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf>) data are required. However, unlike horizontal irradiance, <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> measurement is sparingly available, making <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> models an alternative. Also, previous <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> models have been developed using diffuse irradiance (<ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf>). Nevertheless, estimation methods for determining the <ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> are a huge source of computational error in <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> modelling. This study proposed <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> models for two <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> cases (i.e., sunlit and shaded vertical surfaces) based on the vertical direct and reflected irradiance. By separating these cases into two, the error-prone <ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> estimation method was omitted. The input variables used were combinations of the ratio of direct normal irradiance to horizontal global irradiance (<ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>NI</ce:italic></ce:inf><ce:italic>/G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>HI</ce:italic></ce:inf>), clearness index (<ce:italic>K</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>t</ce:italic></ce:inf>) and scattering angle (χ). The method was improved by proposing simple regression and machine learning (ML) models for <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> prediction. ML was also used for feature importance identification. All models were developed using ten minutes of measured data from Hong Kong. Findings show that <ce:italic>D</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>NI</ce:italic></ce:inf><ce:italic>/G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>HI</ce:italic></ce:inf> and <ce:italic>K</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>t</ce:italic></ce:inf> are important variables for modelling <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf> for the sunlit and shaded surface, respectively. Also, aside from the linear regression models, the ML models had %<ce:italic>RMSE</ce:italic> ranging from 8.9 to 13.1% and 12.8 to 20.3% when tested against the 2005 and 2019 to 2020 data, respectively. With most predictions having %<ce:italic>RMSE</ce:italic> less than 20%, all models (especially the optimised support vector) gave good predictions of <ce:italic>G</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>VT</ce:italic></ce:inf>. Overall, the proposed models will be useful to bui","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive resistance of aluminium alloy circular hollow section stub column after fire exposure","authors":"Ziheng Ding, Wenjin Zhang, Xuanyi Xue, Ruixiang Sun, Jianmin Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113253","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminium alloys have gained increasing popularity in construction engineering due to their unique advantages. However, the limited understanding of the post-fire load-bearing behavior of aluminium alloy stub columns hinders their comprehensive life-cycle assessment and recycling potential. This study conducted experimental and numerical investigations on the residual capacity of 6063-T5 aluminium alloy circular hollow section stub columns after exposure to elevated temperatures. Tensile coupon tests revealed that elevated temperature exposure had negligible effects on the residual elastic modulus of 6063-T5 aluminium alloy. However, the yield strength decreased by approximately 80% at exposure temperatures ranging from 200°C to 400°C, followed by a 15% increase at 450-500°C. Correspondingly, the ultimate resistance of stub columns decreased by 50% after 400°C exposure. The failure mechanisms of the stub columns exhibited three characteristic modes: (i) mid-span inward buckling, (ii) end-adjacent circumferential buckling, or (iii) their interactive occurrence. A validated finite element modelling approach was developed to analyze 160 stub columns, with the results used to evaluate the accuracy of current design specifications (EC9, ADM-2020, AS/NZS 1664, and GB 50429-2007). The enhanced strain hardening characteristics of 6063-T5 aluminium alloy after elevated temperature were found to reduce the predictive accuracy of these design approaches. Consequently, two modified approaches were proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of the EC9 design approach in predicting the ultimate resistance of post-fire circular hollow section stub columns. These findings establish both experimental and theoretical foundations for assessing post-fire performance and facilitating the recycling of aluminium alloy structures.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexural behavior of bolted precast concrete floors at the serviceability limit state","authors":"Chaoyang Zheng, Ye Liu, Yi Liao, Wenhai Yu, Feng Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113215","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional wet connection strategy in precast concrete floor systems impedes the further improvement of construction speed and the replacement of components when damaged or their recycling after service life. A novel bolted precast concrete floor has recently been proposed to cater the increasing demand for both rapid assembly and demountable features in precast structures. Excessive deformations that exceed expectations resulting in aesthetic defects and economic losses underscore the importance of accurately predicting the serviceability limit state for floors. Flexural tests were conducted to investigate the flexural behavior of the bolted precast floors up to the serviceability limit state. The tested bolted floors exhibited two-way flexural behavior, which was specifically reflected in similar cracking patterns and displacement distributions compared to those of monolithic two-way slabs. The combination of bolted double-steel-plate (BD) joint connectors and bolted angle (BA) anchorage connectors realized a 17.1 %–26.4 % improvement in the floors’ serviceability limit load. A simplified general simulation strategy for bolted connectors was employed in the finite element (FE) study, utilizing built-in connector elements to accommodate different types of bolted connectors, which enhanced the general applicability of the FE models. Two machine learning (ML) models were established to assess their feasibility of predicting the serviceability limit load of the bolted floors. Both ML models demonstrated favorable predictive performance, with their R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> exceeding 0.95 and MAPE under 0.025. Furthermore, an explainable model was created by combining SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis with the ML models. Through the interpretation of the model, the effect of input features on the serviceability limit load was studied at both global and local levels.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the nucleation process of reaction products in geopolymer by in situ test using Raman microscopy","authors":"Ryo Sakamoto, Federico P. Pederson, Hee-Jeong Kim, Nobuhiro Chijiwa","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113232","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the growth process of reaction products in geopolymer by <ce:italic>in situ</ce:italic> test using Raman microscopy and the new analysis procedure. Geopolymer is a new cementitious material which solidifies by the dehydration-polycondensation reaction of alumina-silica precursors. It has been proposed as a replacement for ordinary Portland cement as the primary construction material, and as one of the construction materials used in space. In addition, the application of geopolymer has also shown the potential to reduce radio interference caused by concrete structures. However, the reaction mechanism is not yet clear and a method for controlling its performance has not been established. This study focuses on the visualization of growth process of reaction products in order to clarify the nucleation mechanism, which is the main factor influencing the microstructure and mechanical properties of geopolymer. The system was constructed for <ce:italic>in situ</ce:italic> Raman microscopy while samples were cured at a high temperature to accelerate the reaction, and the same area scans were repeated for fly ash-based geopolymer up to 24 hours after mixing. The Raman spectrum of reaction products was defined as the difference between the average spectrum of the first and last scans, because the Raman spectrum of reaction products of geopolymer has not been clarified due to their amorphous structure. Finally, the obtained Raman mapping images at each time step are the first visualization of the growth of reaction products in geopolymer.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chloride diffusion in green mortars blended with recycled brick powder","authors":"Gaofeng Chen ,&nbsp;Jianming Gao ,&nbsp;Cheng Liu ,&nbsp;Huixia Wu ,&nbsp;Zhaoheng Guo ,&nbsp;Yasong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on green mortars blended with recycled brick powder (RBP). The effects of RBP dosage and water-to-binder (w/b) ratio on the chloride diffusion in green mortars have been investigated by testing free and total chloride content, chloride migration characteristics, water absorption performance, pore structure, hydration products, and phase distributions. Key findings demonstrate that incorporating 30 % RBP increases the maximum free chloride content by 10.7 % and chloride diffusion coefficient by 14.8 % at 360-d exposure, while w/b ratio optimization proves effective in counteracting RBP's adverse impacts on chloride diffusion. Furthermore, water absorption analysis confirms the significant role of capillary pores in chloride diffusion process. The addition of RBP elevates total porosity by 25.2–52.2 % relative to the control mortar B0. Notably, the chloride diffusion coefficient demonstrates a stronger linear relationship with transitional pore porosity (R² = 0.964) than with capillary pore porosity (R² = 0.853). Microstructural analysis reveals that RBP incorporation weakens interfacial transition zone (ITZ) integrity and results in more defects and pores. However, w/b ratio reduction enables microstructural densification, thereby effectively slowing down chloride diffusion in RBP-blended mortars. These findings provide critical insights for RBP utilization in sustainable building materials for chloride-rich environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 113245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of high-rise buildings with outrigger systems subject to seismic loads","authors":"Lili Xing, Paolo Gardoni, Juanya Yu, Ying Zhou, Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113197","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving highly accurate global optimization of high-rise buildings to balance safety and economy while addressing uncertainties is critical in structural design. This paper introduces a comprehensive multi-objective optimization method for high-rise buildings with single outrigger systems subjected to seismic loads, utilizing the NSGA-II algorithm. The optimization addresses two computing objectives: minimizing structural weight and maximizing either structural seismic performance or reliability. Initially, updated probabilistic demand models incorporating additional structural features are developed using a database derived from 3D nonlinear time-history analyses for three distinct single-outrigger system configurations. These models consider input feature uncertainties, enabling predictive fragility assessments. Subsequently, multi-objective global optimization is executed using these enhanced probabilistic demand models in combination with the NSGA-II algorithm. The optimized designs, balancing structural weight and reliability, exhibit improved robustness due to comprehensive incorporation of parameter uncertainties into the fragility assessments.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IoT sensor system for monitoring thermal inertia and climate efficiency in a residential house with double leaf opaque facade","authors":"Alejandro S. Martínez-Sala, Juan C. Aarnoutse-Sánchez, M. Conesa, J.F. Sánchez Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113220","url":null,"abstract":"A prototype residential house has been constructed in Southeast Spain, featuring an innovative double leaf opaque facade with a climate-controlled air chamber within the thermal envelope to ensure sustainable thermal comfort. Key innovations include the development of a new type of prefabricated concrete panel. This project primarily aims to demonstrate that air conditioning via air chambers in the thermal envelope is highly energy efficient and guarantees thermal comfort. As a secondary objective, to study and demonstrate the thermal behaviour and energy efficiency of the house over an extended period closed to a year, a scalable and low-cost IoT sensor system was designed with several data redundancy mechanisms to avoid data loss. The IoT system is built upon a wireless sensor network of 44 devices deployed in strategic points, using commercial off-the-shelf components. Each IoT device is battery-powered, employs a high-accuracy SHT31 temperature and relative humidity sensor, and uses a ESP32 module to send data periodically via Bluetooth Low Energy with optimized power consumption. The IoT devices provide reliable data every 5 min, with more than 90 % of them functioning properly throughout the long-term measurement campaign without battery replacement. The IoT system is complemented by an outdoor weather station. A multidisciplinary team, including experts in heat transfer analysis and energy efficiency, and IoT specialist engineers, collaborated to design and develop an affordable, high-quality data collection system. The overall IoT system and IT infrastructure are designed to be robust and simple, easing raw data gathering 24x7 for almost a year, thus facilitating data collection with minimal maintenance and workload.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D RBSM-based mesoscale simulation on the fracture behavior of high-strength concrete under compression: considering aggregate strength grade and shape","authors":"Yi Wang, Xunjie Zhang, Faxing Ding, Kohei Nagai, Shingo Asamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113235","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike the compressive failure mode of normal-strength concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC) exhibits highly brittle behavior accompanied by the trans-granular fracture of aggregate. To better understand the mechanical and fracture behavior of HSC, the evolution mechanism of internal cracks is of crucial importance but difficult to obtain by experimentation. To this end, a three-dimensional (3D) mesoscale model is developed in this study to simulate the failure process of HSC under quasi-static compression using a discrete numerical simulation method named Rigid Body Spring Model (RBSM). On this basis, the internal cracks of each constituent phase (mortar, aggregate, and interfacial transition zone-ITZ) can be quantitatively characterized by the area of cracked element faces. Following the validation of the numerical model by comparing simulation and existing test results, the effects of aggregate strength grade and shape on the performance of HSC under compression are investigated. Qualitatively, the simulation results align with the experimental data in terms of the impact of the aforementioned variables on the performance of HSC. More importantly, through the quantitative analysis of the internal cracking development during loading, the differences in macroscopic mechanical behavior between concrete models can be well explained. The mesoscale concrete modeling method developed in this study is significant to the research on cracking behavior of concrete.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of typical weather datasets for daylight simulations using the enhanced simplified Sandia method","authors":"Mohammed Ayoub","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113223","url":null,"abstract":"Existing generation methods of Typical Weather Datasets (TWDs) have mainly been established for energy-related applications, overlooking the accurate representation of luminous conditions. This limitation is accompanied by the reliance on statistically aggregated weather elements, coarse temporal resolutions and subjective weighting schemes. Building upon related studies in the context of daylight simulations, this work aims at addressing these discrepancies by systematically investigating the influence of four critical factors on the representativeness of TWDs: weather elements, typical periods, aggregation methods and weighting schemes. The objective is to determine the optimal combination of factors that yields a TWD, whose sky luminance distribution closely aligns with the corresponding long-term data for a given location. The enhanced simplified Sandia method is introduced as an alternative procedure to generate TWDs, prioritizing the establishment of reference luminous conditions through improved element selection, refined temporal resolutions, robust statistical references and objective weighting schemes. Three climatically diverse locations, Cairo (Egypt), London (UK) and Key West, Florida (US), were selected, from which 36 TWDs were generated using different combinations of key factors. Besides, three readily accessible TMYx files, corresponding to the selected locations, were included for further comparative analysis. The systematic evaluation revealed that the optimal combination of factors includes the use of hourly weather data, daily temporal resolution, average aggregation method and metaheuristically optimized weighting scheme. These findings underscore the potential of advanced generation methods to enhance the accuracy of TWDs in climate-sensitive applications, thereby contributing to more reliable daylighting analyses and better-informed building performance simulations.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}