Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Building geometries and carbon emissions: A study on large space public buildings based on parametric modelling and machine learning","authors":"Wang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large public buildings often generate significant embodied carbon emissions (ECE) due to their long-span structures and operational carbon emissions (OCE) from the cooling/heating loads required to maintain their expansive interior spaces. This study evaluates the interrelationships of building geometries with structural mass (related to ECE) and annual cooling/heating energy demands (related to OCE), offering critical insights for low carbon design of large space public buildings. The analysis draws on diverse design samples from buildings in Guangzhou and Harbin, China, utilizing data derived from trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models, parametric modeling, and building performance simulations for both structure and energy use. The findings indicate that variations in roof sectional curve shapes significantly influence structural mass and the associated ECE. Moreover, these geometric configurations act as mediators in accurately quantifying linear relationships between building volume and annual heating and cooling energy demands (related to OCE). This research enhances understanding of how building geometries impact both roof structural mass (and ECE) and cooling/heating energy consumption (and OCE) in large public buildings, offering critical insights for building science and supporting design practice of low-carbon, high-performance large space public buildings. The established linear correlations between building volume and energy consumption for different geometric types provide an efficient tool for researchers and designers to assess energy use and associated OCE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111912"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical research on dynamic pure shear mechanics of thin-walled mortar based on the large-scale torsional split Hopkinson tube","authors":"Jing He ,&nbsp;Dianah Mazlan ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building structures are prone to shear failure under dynamic loads like impacts and explosions. However, experimental data on the dynamic shear behavior of building materials is lacking. Herein, thin-walled mortar specimens were subjected to dynamic torsional tests at varying rotational speeds using a large-scale torsional split Hopkinson tube. The dynamic shear stress–strain curves of mortar specimens were obtained at different strain rates, and the dynamic shear failure characteristics were examined. The dynamic shear strain rate effect in the specimens was found to be intermediate between the tensile and compressive strain rate effects. High-speed camera observations revealed three distinct stages of the dynamic torsional failure: initial oblique crack formation, sequential formation of multiple oblique cracks, and growth of these cracks along the specimen–tube interface, resulting in a ccumferential cross-sectional crack and specimen separation from the tube. The oblique cracks formed at an inclination of 30°–45° to the longitudinal axis, located between the directions of the maximum tensile and shear stresses. Under various strain rates, numerical simulations and experiments revealed comparable rising portions of shear stress-strain curves and specimen shear strengths. However, the curve descending sections and many oblique cracks (45° to the longitudinal axis) that were uniformly formed in the middle of the specimens differed from the experimental results due to varying friction levels and specimen inhomogeneity. This work provides important information for understanding the shear mechanisms of building materials and structures under dynamic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111969"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143359563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidation of cement hydration mechanisms by time-lapse X-ray computed micro-tomography and direct validation of a continuous hydration model","authors":"Fuqiang Guo ,&nbsp;Philip J. Withers ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Yang ,&nbsp;Fengchen An","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydration process and the associated microstructural evolution of cement paste are complicated and need accurate numerical models to elucidate their complex mechanisms. Most existing models rely on idealised initial microstructures and thus have not been directly and faithfully validated by experiments. Here, time-lapse X-ray computed micro-tomography (μXCT) was first used to follow the hydration process from 1 to 28 days in two Portland cement paste specimens with water-to-cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. The evolution of microstructure, porosity and hydration degree was tracked at 2.7 μm voxel resolution and statistically analysed for each specimen by processing 7 successive 3D μXCT scans. For each specimen, the day 1 μXCT image was then segmented and used as the initial image-based microstructure for our recently developed continuous hydration model to simulate the hydration process. The simulated evolution of microstructure, porosity and hydration degree was found in good agreement with the time-lapse μXCT data. This study represents the first-time direct experimental validation of a hydration model for cement paste, and demonstrates the powerful synergy between μXCT tests and image-based modelling in elucidating the full hydration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111951"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the potential of titanium-bearing pickling sludge as a new supplementary cementitious material: Modification, performance and leaching safety","authors":"Yongqi Da ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Ma ,&nbsp;Tingshu He ,&nbsp;Renhe Yang ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Qianqian Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The titanium-bearing pickling (TP) sludge from titanium processing industry is the hazardous solid waste that remains to be utilized harmlessly and resourcefully. It consists of 34 % calcium, 18 % fluorine, 15 % titanium and high leaching toxic of heavy metals, but the most of TP sludge was still landfilled with huge environmental hazards, and the utilization studies are rare. Hence, the study proposed to upcycle this sludge by the light calcination modification, the effects of calcined lightly TP sludge (LTP sludge) on cement properties and leaching safety were investigated by XRD, SEM, MIP, BCR, etc. The results revealed that light calcination (600 °C/700 °C/800 °C for 2h) assisted the formation of anatase and fluorite, and induced transformation from anatase to rutile, the calcined LTP sludge presented larger particle size, smaller specific surface area and the different microstructure. The addition of TP sludge into cement even induced the water requirement reach 33.2 % couple with the prolonged setting time and weak strength, the calcined LTP sludge reversed the above inhibition effects, its addition could accelerate hydration process, dense the hydrated matrix with improved pore distribution and lower porosity, also reduce water requirement, shorten setting time and promoted the strength. The 3d and 28d compressive strength of cement prepared with 15 % calcined LTP sludge under 600 °C reached 27.7 Mpa and 52.9Mpa. Gradual formation of fluorite, rutile and anhydrite in calcined LTP sludge under 800 °C might lead to the deceleration in cement hydration couple with the reduced strength. The amounts of mobile and hazardous metal speciation in the TP sludge are higher than 40 %, but after light calcination modification, F1, F2 and F3 fractions have transformed into F4 (higher than 92 %) in hydrated cement prepared with calcined LTP sludge under 600 °C, the harmful ions hardly escaped from the hydrated matrix and even in the various pH leaching environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111973"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143334792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on typical occupant air-conditioning behavior of Changsha university dormitory buildings based on questionnaire surveys","authors":"Zhihang Zheng ,&nbsp;Yipeng Jin ,&nbsp;Jin Zhou ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Feng Xu ,&nbsp;Hongcheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>College dormitories, characterized by high occupancy and energy density, have huge potential for energy savings. However, most existing energy efficiency studies of college dormitories dealt with air conditioning (AC) use behavior on fixed schedules, ignoring the stochastic nature of occupants, resulting in gaps between the designed and actual energy consumption, and making the application of energy-saving technologies much less effective. The key to solving this problem is to understand and quantify energy use behavior in college dormitories. Therefore, this study conducted a large-scale questionnaire survey to obtain AC use modes in college dormitories and reveal the intrinsic connection between them and energy consumption, and based on this, categorize typical behaviors. Firstly, typical building models of college dormitories in Changsha were built through field surveys. Subsequently, AC use modes in college dormitories were obtained through a large-scale questionnaire survey. Furthermore, the energy consumption of each AC use mode was simulated by EnergyPlus, and several representative AC use patterns were clustered using the K-means algorithm. Finally, based on the actual AC use behavior, the energy consumption and thermal comfort characteristics of typical dormitory models were analyzed. The results categorized five representative patterns in college dormitories, namely little AC use in summer” pattern (2.56 %), “no AC in winter “pattern (25.71 %), “no AC” pattern (2.7 %), “thermal sensation-activated “pattern (29.91 %), and “time-based” pattern 39.12 %). These findings are beneficial to building energy efficiency, specifically, researchers and designers can use these typical AC use patterns and their proportions to predict building energy consumption, thus eliminating the inaccuracies brought about by personnel behaviors, and then to achieve more accurate building energy simulations and to ensure the effectiveness of energy-saving technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111911"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of SAP particle size on the thermal properties of cement-based materials at cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Haitao Yang ,&nbsp;Wenfei Ma ,&nbsp;Xuejian Li ,&nbsp;Shichao Yang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Tan ,&nbsp;Guowen Sun ,&nbsp;Lijuan Kong ,&nbsp;Yichao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal properties can significantly affect the engineering properties of cement-based materials (CBMs) containing superabsorbent polymers (SAP) at cryogenic temperatures. This paper studied the pore structure of SAP-modified CBMs with a mercury intrusion porosimeter. The distribution and freezing behavior of free water were analyzed with a nuclear magnetic spectrometer and a differential scanning calorimeter. Moreover, the effect of SAP on the thermal diffusivity (<em>α</em>), specific heat capacity (<em>C</em>_p), and thermal conductivity (<em>λ</em>) of CBMs at cryogenic temperatures (−20 °C to −80 °C) was investigated using a laser thermal conduction instrument. The results show that the addition of SAP and the rise of SAP size can increase the cumulative pore volume. Raising SAP size will enlarge the pore size of gel pores and capillary pores. Moreover, adding SAP and the rise of the water-binder (w/b) ratio can raise the height of heat flow peaks and the accumulated ice content. The rise of SAP size promotes the growth of heat flow peak and its corresponding temperature. At 25 °C, the addition of SAP and the rise of the w/b ratio can reduce the <em>α</em> value, <em>C</em>_p value, and <em>λ</em> value of the matrix. When the temperature decreases from 25 °C to −80 °C, the <em>α</em> value gradually increases, while the <em>C</em>_p value and <em>λ</em> value both reduce. Adding SAP and raising SAP size and w/b ratio will enlarge the change amplitude of <em>α</em> value and <em>C</em>_p value, and reduce the change amplitude of <em>λ</em> value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on strength properties, mechanism, and durability of dredged sludge solidified with ground granulated blast furnace slag, calcium carbide slag, and phosphogypsum","authors":"Liujiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yaohui Zang ,&nbsp;Zongliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Haitao Zhao ,&nbsp;Biao Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Lu ,&nbsp;Yidong Xu ,&nbsp;Ruiyang Guo ,&nbsp;Hougen Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), calcium carbide slag (CS), and phosphogypsum (PG) were combined in a mass ratio of 60:30:10 (abbreviated as GCP) to solidify dredged sludge (DS) with high water content. The long-term strength characteristics of solidified DS under varying curing agent dosage and initial water contents, as well as its durability under complex environmental conditions, were investigated via a series of mechanical and microstructural tests. The superior performance of GCP-solidified DS (SDS-G) in terms of strength and durability was demonstrated in comparison to solidified DS using ordinary Portland cement (SDS-O). The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of SDS-G was approximately 3.0–4.5 times greater than that of SDS-O at the same dosage and curing ages, exhibiting a consistent increase in strength even beyond 28 days of curing. Additionally, the strength and deformation modulus (E₅₀) of SDS-G increased initially and then decreased during wet-dry cycles, with reductions in mass, volume, and strength significantly were smaller than those observed in SDS-O. Furthermore, the reductions in UCS and E₅₀ induced by freeze-thaw cycles were considerably smaller for SDS-G than for SDS-O, with strength losses of 50.7 % and 88.3 %, respectively, after 13 freeze-thaw cycles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the enhancements observed in SDS-G were attributed to the formation of ettringite (AFt), which effectively fills larger pores between agglomerated soil particles, thereby creating a denser and more stable microstructure in conjunction with hydrated calcium aluminosilicate (C-(A)-S-H) gels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111986"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of climate-adaptive thermal effects of a double-sided hydronic loop embedded in an opaque building envelope","authors":"Youngjin Hwang ,&nbsp;Amogh Wasti ,&nbsp;Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc ,&nbsp;Alexandros Tsamis","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic opaque building envelopes have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the impact of conventional static envelopes on building heating and cooling demands. However, the development faces several challenges, including a predominant focus on thermal barriers optimized for either heating or cooling, limited dynamic operational modes, and a lack of studies evaluating their performance under diverse climate conditions with practical applications. This research investigates the dynamic operational modes of a hydronic-based opaque building envelope system featuring a double-sided hydronic heating and cooling layer across various climate conditions. The system incorporates two hydronic layers, positioned on the exterior and interior surfaces of the envelope. Eight operational configurations were examined: two coupled modes, where the layers function as a closed loop to facilitate direct heat transfer between distinct environments, and six decoupled modes, where the layers operate independently, responding separately to their respective environments. Computational simulations conducted using Modelica demonstrated that the coupled modes for direct heat exchange significantly enhanced heat transfer rates, ranging from −155.05 W/m² to 172.81 W/m², compared to a conventional static wall, which exhibited rates between −11.48 W/m² and 13.65 W/m². Decoupled modes displayed effective thermal barrier properties, achieving nearly zero heat transfer under certain conditions. They also provided effective heating and cooling transfer rates ranging from −73.28 W/m² to 79.21 W/m², in contrast to static walls, which increased heating and cooling loads between −9.34 W/m² and 11.5 W/m². The study highlights the potential of dynamic operational modes, offering insights for advancing hydronic-based dynamic opaque building envelopes to enhance building energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of airflow under stratum ventilation induced by fabric air dispersion system with orifices","authors":"Fujiang Chen ,&nbsp;Yunlong Hou ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Fang ,&nbsp;Wei Cheng ,&nbsp;Jinliang Wang ,&nbsp;Tianpeng Xie ,&nbsp;Zhishun Yin ,&nbsp;Ze Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a new ventilation terminal, Fabric air dispersion system (FADS) has characteristics with easy to clean and low ceiling weight load. However, it has still been unknown about the flow mechanism of air induced by FADS with orifices. In present work, the direct description method proposed in our previous work is employed to establish the numerical model of FADS with orifices under the stratum ventilation (SV), and the research is focused on the distribution of air velocity and pressure through the FADS' cavity, indoor air velocity and temperature, thermal comfort. Meanwhile, the simulation results are validated by experimental results and visualization using a smoke generator. Results demonstrate that the simulation method based on the direct description method, firstly, is feasible to precast the air characteristics under SV mode induced by FADS with orifices. Secondly, the discharge of airflow supplied by FADS with orifices is mainly dominated by the ratio of static pressure to dynamic pressure, which also determines the deflection of ejection airflow and is affected by orifice diameter. Thirdly, strategy of SV induced by FADS with orifices can supply the fresh air into occupant's breath zone with a vertical indoor air temperature difference of less than 3 K. In future work, we will experimentally investigate the characteristics of SV on FADS with orifices such as indoor air distribution, ventilation efficiency and energy saving. Research results would help optimize strategy of SV based on FADS with orifices and expand its implementation in real project.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111936"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143158203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and tests of X-shaped buckling-restrained braces with rotatable middle connections","authors":"Yukun Ding ,&nbsp;Panpan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To avoid negative in-plane interaction and to further improve hysteretic behavior of X-shaped buckling-restrained braces (XBRBs), a new assembled configuration with rotatable middle connections was proposed and quasi-static tests were conducted to mainly explore the impacts of in-plane gaps between restraining members and encased braces, overall and local restraint capacity of restraining members, etc. on seismic behavior of XBRBs. The diagonal BRBs (DBRBs), as well as two modified assembled XBRBs with fixed middle connections by welding, were also tested to make a direct comparison. Tests reveal that, with the same flat plates as restraining members, the out-of-plane overall flexural buckling of the DBRB with a smaller restraining ratio of 0.72 occurred earlier but the XBRB exhibited stable hysteretic curves without buckling due to middle bracing action. In-plane gaps from 1 mm to 3 mm and 5 mm have little impacts on both the interaction between the two braces and shapes of hysteretic curves for all XBRBs while inducing earlier fracture of plate braces and reducing cumulative inelastic deformation and energy dissipation capacities about 8.5 %–15.1 % and 7.4 %–9.2 %, respectively. Besides, the effects of negative interaction between two braces on the XBRBs with either rotatable or fixed middle connections, in which appropriate axial gaps were reserved between restraining members and two encased braces at lower ends, can be avoided, facilitating predictions on the hysteretic responses of XBRBs with steady tangent stiffness in applications. Both DBRBs and XBRBs with enough restraint capacity exhibited good ductility ratios from 8.9 to 12.4 and energy dissipation prior to eventual tensile failure of encased braces. In addition, out-of-plane local flexural capacity of the middle rotatable connections should be ensured, for example by adding necessary stiffeners, to further improve the hysteretic behavior and to avoid local bending failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 111947"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}