Journal of building engineering最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic modification of recycled aggregate using carbonation and hydrophobic Nano-Silica: Effect on interfacial performance of recycled aggregate concrete","authors":"Jiaxin Yi,&nbsp;Shaojun Fu,&nbsp;Jiayu Huang,&nbsp;Yuxuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycled aggregate (RA), due to the adhered old mortar on its surface, generally exhibits high water absorption and porosity, which consequently weakens the mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). To enhance the performance of RA and optimize the microstructure of RAC, this study proposes a carbonation–hydrophobic nano-silica synergic modification method. Initially, RA undergoes carbonation treatment to densify its microstructure. Subsequently, hydrophobic nano-silica is applied to modify the carbonated RA, forming a hydrophobic film on its surface, which significantly reduces water absorption and enhances the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between RA and new concrete matrix. This study systematically analyzes the effects of synergic modification and singular modifications (nano-silica modification, hydrophobic nano-silica modification, and carbonation modification) on the water absorption, porosity, phase composition and surface morphology of RA. Furthermore, the influence of synergic modification on the mechanical properties, pore structure, microstructure, and phase evolution of RAC is explored. The results demonstrate that carbonation treatment and hydrophobic nano-silica modification exhibit a synergistic effect, which effectively reduces the water absorption and porosity of RA while further improving the pore structure and interfacial properties of RAC. Compared to plain RA, RAC incorporating 50 % synergic modified RA achieves a 34.9 % and 28.4 % increase in compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. This study provides a promising approach for the efficient modification of RA and offers a theoretical basis for its practical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive cooling of residential buildings in tropical climates using user-preferred plant species in green walls","authors":"Udayasoorian Kaaviya Priya ,&nbsp;Ramalingam Senthil","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines the effect of green walls (GW) on indoor air temperature, utilizing user-preferred plant species as a passive cooling strategy in tropical residential buildings. <em>Epipremnum aureum</em> is a widely preferred plant species due to its adaptability and ease of maintenance in urban settings<strong>.</strong> Two test cells were installed on the rooftop of a three-story apartment building in Chennai, India—one with a GW and one without. Temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed data were recorded. The GW significantly reduced indoor surface temperatures, especially on the east-facing wall (3.2 °C). Moderate temperature reductions were observed on the west (2.0 °C) and north (2.8 °C) walls, while the south-facing GW showed a decrease of 1.5 °C. Indoor air temperature reductions followed a similar trend, with the east-facing GW providing a cooling effect (2.9 °C). Regression analysis revealed that ambient temperature and humidity were key factors influencing cooling performance. A simulation was conducted to assess the annual performance using DesignBuilder. In the summer, the GW provided significant cooling, with the west-facing wall achieving the highest reduction in surface (6.8 °C) and air temperature (2.8 °C). In winter, the south-facing walls exhibited significant cooling, with a 7.6 °C decrease in surface temperature and a 2.9 °C decrease in air temperature, whereas the north-facing walls maintained a higher temperature. The chosen plant species enhances indoor thermal comfort and could decrease the energy demand of residential buildings in tropical climates. The study's novelty lies in incorporating user-preferred plant species into real-world experimental analysis and computational simulations to assess annual GW performance thoroughly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112732"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the bond performance between all-light shale ceramsite concrete and rebar","authors":"Guohui Cao ,&nbsp;Baishun Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiyang Shen ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Zaihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the growing demand for lightweight materials in sustainable construction, the interfacial bonding mechanism between all-lightweight shale ceramsite concrete and rebar requires further investigation. Therefore, 57 central pullout tests were conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of concrete strength, rebar diameter, surface shapes, and yield strength on the bond behavior. The results revealed two failure modes, pullout and splitting failures, controlled by the ratio of concrete cover thickness to strength. Increased concrete strength significantly enhanced bond capacity, with ribbed rebars exhibiting 2.4 to 4.6 times higher bond strength than plain rebars, while yield strength exerted negligible influence. Rebar diameter exhibited contrasting effects, with larger diameters improving bond performance under pullout failure while smaller diameters performed better under splitting failure. The ascending branches of bond-slip curves exhibited decelerated growth rates with increased rebar diameter or concrete strength. Post-peak behavior diverged sharply with splitting failures causing abrupt stress reductions, while pullout failures exhibited gradual degradation due to concrete crushing and reduced mechanical interlock. Based on diffuse crack theory and thick-walled cylinder theory, the theoretical models for bond strength, peak slip and bond-slip relationships were developed, achieving a maximum prediction error of 16.22 % and mean squared error of 1.48 for peak slip. The proposed models demonstrated superior accuracy with 80 % experimental data alignment, outperforming existing prediction frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112716"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-driven modeling and interpretative analysis of drying shrinkage behavior in magnesium silicate hydrate cement","authors":"Xiao Luo ,&nbsp;Yue Li ,&nbsp;Hui Lin ,&nbsp;Mingyue Hao ,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium silicate hydrate cement (MSHC), as a novel eco-friendly construction material, exhibits remarkable low-carbon advantages. However, its engineering applications are significantly constrained by poor volumetric stability, particularly manifested in pronounced drying shrinkage behavior. The drying shrinkage of MSHC are influenced by multiple complex factors, presenting challenges for traditional methods in rapid and accurate assessment and prediction. Machine learning (ML) demonstrates superior capabilities in processing high-dimensional nonlinear data, offering an efficient solution for material performance prediction. This study aimed to develop ML-based predictive models for drying shrinkage of MSHC and investigate the influence mechanisms of key parameters. Results revealed that the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) achieved optimal generalization capability, with an R² value of 0.963 on the test set. Relative humidity (RH) and Age were identified as critical factors affecting drying shrinkage. Notably, the maximum drying shrinkage occurred at 50 % RH. Further analysis demonstrated that optimizing material composition and curing conditions could significantly enhance shrinkage resistance: increasing sand-to-binder ratio (S/C) and magnesium-to-silicate ratio (M/S), reducing water-to-cement ratio (W/C) and MgO reactivity (A_MgO), incorporating dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (DKP) as superplasticizer, and maintaining pre-curing duration (PCT) around 3 days.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112721"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of cellulose microfibers as an internal curing agent in GGBFS-based cementless composites","authors":"Yanchen Oinam ,&nbsp;Geetanjali Chandam ,&nbsp;Sukhoon Pyo,&nbsp;Myoungsu Shin","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the impact of cellulose microfibers (CMFs) as an internal curing agent in ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)-based cementless composites with a focus on their role in improving hydration kinetics and microstructural characteristics. The test variable was the content of kenaf CMFs varying up to 1.5 wt% of the binder. The addition of saturated CMFs was found to decelerate initial heat release, but promote a higher cumulative heat release over time, indicating enhanced hydration efficacy. This was attributed to the efficient water retention and distribution capabilities of the CMFs. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that higher CMF concentrations led to greater weight loss around 100–400 °C and more distinct presence of Si-O bonds in the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, signifying more effective hydration. The inclusion of saturated CMFs also increased gel pores and decreased capillary pores, refining the microstructure. However, an excessive content of CMFs introduced larger lumen cavity pores, increasing overall porosity. Furthermore, the study highlights a significant environmental benefit of using cementless composites with CMFs, demonstrating a reduction in CO₂ emissions by up to 77.8 %. These findings underscore the potential of CMFs to not only enhance the structural performance of building materials but also improve their ecological footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tensile behavior and damage mechanisms of ultra-high-performance concrete with blended steel fibers under elevated temperatures","authors":"Yuh-Shiou Tai ,&nbsp;Ming-Hui Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the residual tensile mechanical properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) that is reinforced with a blend of straight steel fibers, including both macro (S-type) and micro (M-type) fibers, after exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 800 °C. The S-type fibers, having a diameter of 0.3 mm and a length of 25 mm (aspect ratio 83), and the M-type fibers, with a diameter of 0.2 mm and a length of 13 mm (aspect ratio 65), were used in varying volume fractions while maintaining a total fiber content of 2 % by volume. The experimental program evaluated the effects of these fiber blends and temperature on critical tensile performance indicators, such as initial and post-cracking strength, strain capacity, energy absorption, and fracture energy. A significant aspect of this study was the inclusion of a 24-month drying period before testing, which effectively removed residual moisture and physically bound water, thereby reducing the risk of explosive spalling commonly observed in prior research. The findings suggest that both tensile strength and energy dissipation capacity undergo a notable decline beyond 400 °C, with a marked degradation in fracture energy occurring above 600 °C. Among the various blends tested, the combination of 0.5 % S-type and 1.5 % M-type fibers exhibited the highest post-cracking strength, while the blend of 1.5 % S-type and 0.5 % M-type fibers excelled in strain capacity. Regression models were developed to correlate mechanical properties with temperature, providing valuable insights into the behavior of UHPC under extreme thermal conditions and aiding its application in fire-exposed structural contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112742"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the energy efficiency analysis of PCM enhanced PHC energy pile under building cooling","authors":"Xiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Yunhua Li ,&nbsp;Xinjun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy pile is a novel technology to extract geothermal energy for building air conditioning. However, as the system operates, energy piles are facing the problem of rapid decline in energy efficiency and rapid increase in ground temperature. Phase change material backfill (PCMB), characterized by their substantial latent heat of fusion, elevated energy storage capacity, and minimal temperature fluctuation, are emerging as a novel and promising candidate for the thermal backfill medium in energy pile. Existing studies on PCMB in energy piles have predominantly focused on thermal performance, with limited exploration of their energy efficiency implications and an oversight of the coupled thermal interactions between heat pumps and energy pile systems. In this work, the coupled heat transfer models of energy pile and heat pump were developed and validated using data from in-situ tests to evaluate energy efficiency of prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) energy pile under different PCM thermal conductivities, PCM transformation temperatures and PCM latent heats. This model established the relationship between the energy pile inlet temperature and the buildings load based on the correlation between energy efficiency and the heat pump inlet temperature (i.e., the energy pile outlet temperature) and iterated over each time step of the model to calculate the variation of energy efficiency. The results demonstrated that (i) PCMB significantly enhanced the thermal performance of PHC energy piles. Compared to traditional backfill (TB), the PCMB exhibited a 12.8 % increase in the energy efficiency ratio (EER), along with reductions of 11.41 % in heat pump power, 10.31 % in power consumption, and 9.10 % in maximum backfill temperature; (ii) EER increased with PCM thermal conductivity and latent heat. As the thermal conductivity rose from 0.64 W/m K to 2.44 W/m K, the EER increased by 78.09 %. As the latent heat rose from 79 kJ/kg to 229 kJ/kg, the EER increased by 6.46 %; (iii) the EER decreased with PCM transformation temperature. As the transformation temperature rose from 24 °C to 30 °C, the EER decreased by 5.80 %; (iv) meanwhile, PHC energy piles are more suited to PCMB than traditional grouted energy piles because the backfill in the center of the pile did not bear additional pressure. Hence, PCM had great potential in reducing power consumption of PHC energy piles. This work will guide the optimal design of energy pile PCMBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112709"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of porous geopolymer carriers derived from coal fly ash and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash for shape-stable phase change paraffin and its formation mechanism","authors":"Jianxun Wu ,&nbsp;Long Du ,&nbsp;Chao Ni ,&nbsp;Rui Deng ,&nbsp;Lichen Cao ,&nbsp;Zhengbo Yue ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accumulation of coal fly ash (CFA) and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI-BA) not only poses environmental hazards but also leads to resource wastage. Meanwhile, porous geopolymers have emerged as an ideal matrix for phase change materials (PCMs) owing to their exceptional structural stability, high mechanical strength, and superior PCM loading and encapsulation performance. In this study, CFA and MSWI-BA were utilized to prepare porous geopolymers through the geopolymerization process. The orthogonal experiment of porous geopolymer preparation was conducted and analyzed by multi-index matrix. The optimal formula of porous geopolymer was water glass modulus 1.5, oleic acid content 6 %, hydrogen peroxide content 4 % and CFA to MSWI-BA ratio 5:5. The prepared porous geopolymer carrier exhibits an open porosity of 78.1 ± 0.35 %, a thermal conductivity of 0.156 ± 0.005 W/(m·K), and a compressive strength of 1.34 ± 0.05 MPa. The amphiphilic nature of oleic acid molecules and the soap molecules generated from their saponification reaction with OH⁻ reduce interfacial tension and stabilize pore templates, which are critical factors in promoting the formation of open-pore structures in porous geopolymer. Through heavy metal leaching experiments, it was learned that the prepared porous geopolymer has excellent heavy metal fixation properties and meets the optimal grade standards required by GB8978-1996.The mass loss and enthalpy loss of CFA-MSWI-BA geopolymer shape-stable paraffin (CGSP) after 100 thermal cycles were 2.8 % and 5 % respectively. The thermal conductivity and enthalpy value of CFA-MSWI-BA geopolymer shape-stable paraffin were 0.2537 ± 0.012 W/(m·K) and 57.94 J/g. This study combines multiple advantages such as resource recovery, cost-effectiveness, physical and chemical stability, and excellent thermal properties, making it a functional material with great potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112743"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of nano- and micron-materials on the thermal properties behavior in wet environments and heat transfer mechanism of foam concrete","authors":"Kaihe Dong ,&nbsp;Sili Chen ,&nbsp;Jianping Liu ,&nbsp;Xinxin Shi ,&nbsp;Jingyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foamed concrete is a lightweight material with low thermal conductivity, widely used in civil engineering. However, its insulation performance slightly underperforms compared to organic insulation materials, while its porous structure results in poor impermeability and high moisture content, further affecting its thermal conductivity in wet environments. To improve the properties of foamed concrete, we incorporated aerogels (AG), hollow glass microspheres (HGM), and nano-silica (NS) in foamed concrete and adopted an orthogonal test to find the optimal behavior. The results show that adding 4 % AG reduced the moisture content of foamed concrete in a wet saturated state by 17.4 %, while the thermal conductivity in a dry state was reduced by 44.29 % and that in a wet saturated state was reduced by 18.1 %. On the other side, the addition of 4 % HGM also reduced the moisture content in a wet saturated state by 18.4 %, while the thermal conductivity in a dry state and a wet saturated state decreased by 17.13 % and 18.07 %, respectively. In contrast, although the addition of 4 % NS decreased the moisture content in a wet saturated state by 5.2 %, the thermal conductivity in a dry state and a wet saturated state increased by 17.83 % and 5.3 %, respectively. The effect of these nano- and micro-materials on the density of foamed concrete was analyzed, and an equation fitting the relationship between the moisture content and thermal conductivity was determined. We applied X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to better understand the relations between the microstructure and properties of the synthesized materials. Finally, the effect of these additives on the heat transfer mechanism in foamed concrete was discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112725"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective intelligent detailed design for prefabricated composite slabs using two-level multi-population co-evolution algorithm","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiepeng Liu ,&nbsp;Chengran Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Zheng ,&nbsp;Hongtuo Qi ,&nbsp;Y. Frank Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prefabricated composite slab (PCS) is an essential horizontal component of precast buildings. The detailed design process for PCS is extremely complex and challenging due to the need for considering multi-disciplinary and cross-stage collaborations. Traditionally, rule-based methods for PCS design are time-consuming and labor-intensive to provide high-quality and error-free solutions. Therefore, an intelligent detailed design framework is developed to provide necessary manufacturing information for each PCS and its rebar mesh. Specifically, a two-level multi-population co-evolution algorithm (MPCEA) is proposed to solve the high-dimensional optimization problem associated with big-scale PCS design. In the rebar layout, a non-uniform sampling strategy is utilized to generate the high-quality initial population, and a greedy selection method is utilized to obtain the optimal co-evolutionary solutions. The first-level adjusts the positions and dimensions of all PCSs to reduce the number of slab specifications and quantities of slabs, and the second-level ensures collision-free rebar meshes with fewer specifications. Two different examples are illustrated to validate the feasibility of the proposed framework. The experimental results demonstrate that the multi-population differential evolution (MPDE) and multi-population grey wolf optimization (MPGWO) methods perform better compared to other methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 112708"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}