Journal of building engineering最新文献_第3页

Web-shear failure of prestressed hollow-core slabs: Experimental evidence and code evaluation 预应力空心板腹板剪切破坏：试验证据和规范评估

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116169

Ahmad Tarawneh , Roaa Alawadi , Abd Al-Aziz Abo-Najem , Yazan Alkhateeb , Amjad Diab , Moath Al-Zaben , Timaa Alramahi

{"title":"Web-shear failure of prestressed hollow-core slabs: Experimental evidence and code evaluation","authors":"Ahmad Tarawneh , Roaa Alawadi , Abd Al-Aziz Abo-Najem , Yazan Alkhateeb , Amjad Diab , Moath Al-Zaben , Timaa Alramahi","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the ACI 318-25 web-shear model for prestressed hollow-core slabs (HCS) based on a combined experimental program and an extensive database of 237 untopped HCS specimens exhibiting web-shear failure. Six HCS specimens were tested to failure to supplement the database and provide additional insight into web-shear strength. The database covers a wide range of geometric, material, prestressing, and loading parameters, enabling a robust assessment. Results show that the ACI 318-25 web-shear model provides conservative estimates on average, with a mean shear strength ratio (<em>V</em><sub>exp</sub><em>/V</em><sub><em>ACI</em></sub>) of 1.24, and a coefficient of variation of 0.21. However, a reduction in conservatism with increasing member depth is observed. The ACI 318-25 requires a 50% capacity reduction for members with height <em>h ></em> 315 mm. This eliminates unconservative predictions but introduces excessive conservatism. The 62% capacity reduction proposed in the literature remains overly conservative. In contrast, incorporating a size-effect factor yields the most balanced performance, resulting in a stable strength ratio across depth ranges with reduced scatter. Statistical evaluation indicated that both void shape and bearing length affect the shear strength, but with a modest influence. Specimens with circular voids showed slightly higher strength ratios than those with non-circular voids, while increasing bearing length is associated with a weak-to-moderate positive trend. Nevertheless, conservative predictions are maintained across the void shapes and bearing lengths within the investigated database. Finally, reliability analysis demonstrates that utilizing the size-effect factor instead of the 50% capacity reduction yields an acceptable safety level with <em>β</em> > 3.5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116169"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147851429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic mechanical behavior and energy dissipation characteristics of alkali-activated ultra-high strength concrete after high temperature 高温后碱活化超高强混凝土动态力学性能及耗能特性

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116176

Duozhi Wang , Jingyu Yan , Haiyu He , Rong Zhang

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical behavior and energy dissipation characteristics of alkali-activated ultra-high strength concrete after high temperature","authors":"Duozhi Wang , Jingyu Yan , Haiyu He , Rong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkali-activated ultra-high strength concrete (AA-UHSC) exhibits advantages in strength and sustainability; however, its mechanical behavior after exposure to high temperature remains unclear. Therefore, quasi-static compressive tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted on AA-UHSC specimens at room temperature and after exposure to high temperature. The quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of AA-UHSC at room temperature and after exposure to high temperature were investigated. The results indicated that both the quasi-static and dynamic compressive strengths decreased with increasing temperature, but 35.5 MPa of quasi-static compressive strength was retained at 600 °C. Moreover, higher loading velocities mitigated the strength loss. In addition, within the temperature range of 200–600 °C, AA-UHSC exhibited a more pronounced strain rate effect compared with room temperature, and the influence of the strain rate effect was similar across this temperature range. Three impact failure modes were defined, with their distribution and corresponding response characteristics clarified. The correlation between failure modes, loading rate, and reflected waveforms was revealed. The energy partitioning characteristics under impact load was clarified, and the effective energy range was determined based on the reflection waveform characteristics. The relationship between energy dissipation and failure modes, as well as its variation with increasing temperature and impact velocity, was established. The ultimate fragmentation energy dissipation was identified as an important indicator for assessing the impact resistance of structural elements in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116176"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147851472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic performance of an air source heat pump integrated with an air-based solar collector for radiant floor-based space heating in cold climates 结合空气太阳能集热器的空气源热泵在寒冷气候下地板辐射供暖的热力学性能

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116167

Sheel Bhadra, Aggrey Mwesigye

{"title":"Thermodynamic performance of an air source heat pump integrated with an air-based solar collector for radiant floor-based space heating in cold climates","authors":"Sheel Bhadra, Aggrey Mwesigye","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat pumps have gained recognition as an effective technology for domestic hot water production and space heating, owing to their high efficiencies and potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the performance of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) is highly sensitive to ambient temperature, with their efficiencies declining sharply at extremely low temperatures. This study examines the enhancement of the thermodynamic performance of an ASHP integrated with a solar air collector (SAC) for residential space heating in extremely cold climates, with Calgary, Canada, as a case study. A heating model of an ASHP coupled with the SAC and a thermal energy storage (TES) tank was developed and implemented in a transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS). The system is further connected to a building energy model via a radiant floor-heating system for space heating. The performance of the integrated heating system is evaluated based on key parameters, including the coefficient of performance (COP), energy consumption, and heat pump fraction (HPF). This research investigates the impact of varying collector sizes and different lower evaporator temperature limits on ASHP performance. Additionally, the study uses actual building energy loads from an energy model of a small, single-storey house designed for three occupants. The findings reveal that integrating a 40 m<sup>2</sup> SAC enhances the ASHP's COP by approximately 7%. Further, the system demonstrates the capability to maintain indoor temperatures within the desired range for over 97% of the year. The study highlights the potential of integrating solar energy with ASHPs to decarbonize residential space heating systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116167"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147850875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Axial compressive behavior of all fly ash aggregate lightweight high-strength concrete-filled steel tube columns 全粉煤灰骨料轻质高强钢管混凝土柱轴压特性研究

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116159

Zhaoyue Shi, Yan-Gang Zhao, Siqi Lin

{"title":"Axial compressive behavior of all fly ash aggregate lightweight high-strength concrete-filled steel tube columns","authors":"Zhaoyue Shi, Yan-Gang Zhao, Siqi Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigated the axial compressive behavior of all fly ash aggregate lightweight high-strength concrete filled steel tube columns (AFAA-LHSCFST) to explore their potential for structural applications. The tests focused on the effects of slenderness ratio (<em>L</em>/<em>D</em>) and concrete strength (LC60 and LC70). All specimens exhibited failure dominated by local buckling of the steel tube. Increasing the concrete strength significantly improved the confinement interaction between the steel tube and the concrete core, resulting in a maximum increase of 33.42% in axial load capacity. As <em>L</em>/<em>D</em> increased, the confinement effect gradually weakened, and the ductility exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by reduction. Based on the experimental results, a load-bearing capacity prediction model was developed, showing prediction errors within 10%, demonstrating reasonable accuracy within the investigated parameter ranges. These results provide experimental evidence and design-oriented insights for the efficient application of all fly ash aggregate lightweight high-strength concrete in low-carbon construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116159"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147851427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The anisotropic permeability evolution of rock under true triaxial compression and a theoretical model considering the damage 真三轴压缩下岩石渗透率各向异性演化及考虑损伤的理论模型

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116162

Xueying Liu , Jin Yu , Yuying Tu , Di Wu , Kai Li , Wendi Tu , Xin Ding , Wei Yao

{"title":"The anisotropic permeability evolution of rock under true triaxial compression and a theoretical model considering the damage","authors":"Xueying Liu , Jin Yu , Yuying Tu , Di Wu , Kai Li , Wendi Tu , Xin Ding , Wei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permeability anisotropy plays a crucial role in fluid transport and disaster evolution in underground engineering. In the present work, the permeability of sandstones was tested under true triaxial compression to study stress-induced anisotropy. The results show that the permeability is influenced by the pore compression and crack development, leading to pronounced directional differences during loading. To describe this behavior, the rock permeability is decomposed into matrix and fracture components, and an anisotropic permeability model is developed within a damage-theoretical framework. For the matrix permeability, the influence of lateral stress is explicitly incorporated through a defined coefficient, and both linear and exponential formulations are examined, with the exponential form providing improved predictive accuracy. For the fracture permeability, a modified coefficient is introduced to account for the effectiveness of fracture connectivity in forming fluid flow channels. The proposed model is validated under different stress states and rock structural conditions, demonstrating its capability to capture both the initial and secondary permeability anisotropy and to predict their evolution throughout the loading process. Furthermore, the influence of key model parameters on permeability evolution is discussed, highlighting the applicability of the model for anisotropic seepage analysis in underground engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116162"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147850886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Empirical study on spatial characteristics of pedestrian groups in a curved passage 弯曲通道行人群体空间特征的实证研究

IF 7.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116117

Jiayue Wang , Yixing Zhu , Liangchang Shen , Liping Kou , Yunhe Tong , Wenguo Weng

{"title":"Empirical study on spatial characteristics of pedestrian groups in a curved passage","authors":"Jiayue Wang , Yixing Zhu , Liangchang Shen , Liping Kou , Yunhe Tong , Wenguo Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In crowds, most pedestrians move not individually but as part of a group. Groups exhibit different movement characteristics compared to individual pedestrians. Understanding these behaviors is essential for effective design of pedestrian facilities and organization of large-scale mass events. This paper quantitatively studied the spatial characteristics of groups in a curved passage under varying density conditions, using empirical data collected from the Asia and Pacific Trade Center in Japan. A method was proposed to calculate the required distance and area occupied by groups. The required space and its variation with different spatial characteristics and densities were analyzed. The quantitative relationships between inner-distance (namely the maximum value of the distances from the center of gravity of the group to each member in the group) and inter-distance (the distances between in-group members and out-group pedestrians) with group size were investigated. Four types of spatial characteristics for dyads and eight for triads were identified. At densities below 0.8 m<sup>-2</sup>, dyads typically walked side-by-side and avoided others by decreasing the intra-group distance. At densities above 0.8 m<sup>-2</sup>, dyads tended to change their spatial type from side-by-side to vertical-like patterns (with a median intra-group distance of approximately 0.70 m) to avoid collisions rather than further reducing the intra-group distance. Conversely, triads primarily avoided others by moving closer to the center of the group, rather than switching to vertical-like patterns. Triads occupied minimal area in side-by-side or stair-like patterns. Both inner-distance and inter-distance increased linearly with increasing group size. The higher the density was, the lower the corresponding growth rate was. These findings are useful for estimating the safety capacity of public spaces and evaluating the service level of pedestrian facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 116117"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147851404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Delay in torsional failure of under-reinforced concrete beams subjected to combined shear, non-uniform bending, and torsion 受剪切、非均匀弯曲和扭转联合作用的下钢筋混凝土梁的扭转破坏延迟

IF 6.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116168

Hyeong-Gook Kim, Min-Su Jo, Dong-Hwan Kim, Jung-Han Park, Kil-Hee Kim

引用次数: 0

Control Strategy for Variable Refrigerant Volume Air Conditioning System in an Office Building integrated with Phase Change Material Ceiling 某办公楼相变材料吊顶变冷量空调系统控制策略

IF 6.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116154

Yilin Li, Hongpeng Cao, Shiji Zong, Yaolin Lin, Haizong Zhang, Ye Li, Jo Darkwa

{"title":"Control Strategy for Variable Refrigerant Volume Air Conditioning System in an Office Building integrated with Phase Change Material Ceiling","authors":"Yilin Li, Hongpeng Cao, Shiji Zong, Yaolin Lin, Haizong Zhang, Ye Li, Jo Darkwa","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116154","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce global building energy consumption and carbon emission, this study integrates phase change material (PCM) ceiling with a variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system in an office building in Guangzhou, China, and investigates its control strategy for achieving peak shaving and valley filling effect. Theoretical models of the integrated system and the building were developed. Field measurements were conducted to obtain the system’s operational data. Data collected from the EsdCore platform indicate that the baseline peak-to-valley ratio of air conditioning energy consumption during the cooling season reaches as high as 2:1 during the representative hot summer weekdays, with dual peak periods, demonstrating substantial potential for peak shaving. A simulation study on the energy performance of the system with different control strategies was conducted by using EnergyPlus 9.5.0 software. Key evaluation metrics included energy saving rate, flexible energy usage index (FEUI), Peak-hour load transfer rate, electricity consumption and carbon emissions factor. When compared to other PCM melting temperature ranges, 6.19% reduction of energy consumption can be achieved by medium-temperature PCM (25–35°C), which can efficiently improve thermal stability of indoor environment. An Optimized control strategy (Optimized Condition I) with one hour of pre-cooling at 23°C is suggested in conjunction with time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing. By ensuring thermal comfort and lowering overall cooling season energy consumption by 16%, this strategy lowers carbon emissions by 16%, electricity costs by 27.4%, and enables a peak load transfer rate of 59.1%.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effects of Rebar Corrosion on the Flexural Behavior of High-Performance Concrete Beams with a Relatively High Reinforcement Ratio 钢筋腐蚀对高配筋率高性能混凝土梁抗弯性能影响的试验与数值研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116138

Niloufar Ghazanfari, Georg Reichard, Mohammad Reza Vakili, Mohammad Shekarchi

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effects of Rebar Corrosion on the Flexural Behavior of High-Performance Concrete Beams with a Relatively High Reinforcement Ratio","authors":"Niloufar Ghazanfari, Georg Reichard, Mohammad Reza Vakili, Mohammad Shekarchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116138","url":null,"abstract":"The premature deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to reinforcement corrosion is a major worldwide concern, affecting structural integrity and long-term durability. Corrosion-induced expansion of rust products leads to cracking and spalling of concrete, degradation of the steel–concrete bond, and disruption of force transfer mechanisms. This study presents an integrated experimental–numerical investigation of corrosion effects in high-performance RC (HPC-RC) beams with relatively high reinforcement ratios (above 2.0%). Seven laboratory-scale beams (150 × 210 × 1300 mm) were fabricated in accordance with ACI specifications, six of which were subjected to accelerated corrosion up to approximately 15% reinforcement mass loss. Experimental results reveal a non-monotonic stiffness response, where early-stage corrosion induces a slight increase in flexural stiffness (about 2% at 6.88% mass loss), attributed to crack-arresting effects and localized confinement. With increasing corrosion levels, stiffness progressively declines by 9–11%, accompanied by reductions in flexural capacity (10–16%) and substantial losses in energy absorption (51–62%). Moreover, corrosion promotes premature rebar rupture and brittle failure behavior, even at moderate corrosion levels of about 11%, in contrast to the ductile response of conventional RC systems. To capture the governing bond degradation mechanisms, a complementary pull-out test program was conducted, and the resulting bond stress–slip responses were used to develop a corrosion-dependent modification of the CEB–FIB bond–slip model. A finite element framework incorporating Concrete Damaged Plasticity and the enhanced bond model demonstrates strong agreement with experimental observations, enabling reliable prediction of corrosion-induced deterioration and failure mechanisms in HPC-RC beams.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of mechanically activated LC3 materials on the structural integrity and hydration phases stability of MPC mortar in water environments 机械活化LC3材料对水环境下MPC砂浆结构完整性及水化相稳定性的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术

Journal of building engineering Pub Date : 2026-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116106

M. Aminul Haque, Bing Chen, Anwar Hosan, Md. Arifuzzaman

{"title":"Influence of mechanically activated LC3 materials on the structural integrity and hydration phases stability of MPC mortar in water environments","authors":"M. Aminul Haque, Bing Chen, Anwar Hosan, Md. Arifuzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.116106","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the stability of physico-mechanical properties and hydration reaction products of MPC composites blending the mechanically activated raw materials of LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> with a focus on enhancing durability in static and flowing wet environments. The LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> materials were added as the partial replacement of MPC to refine microstructural properties, improve water resistance, and strengthen long-term mass stability in water. It was shown that blend of LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> effectively reduced the peak hydration temperature from 87.6 °C to 62.7 °C and prolonged the final hardening periods from 9.52 min to 18.48 min, yielding improved workability. The optimized formulation of magnesium phosphate cement mortar having 25% LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> achieved superior CS (> 80 MPa at 90d) and a SAI of 109%, confirming the occurrence of synergistic hydrations between the LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> and MPC ingredients. The WRC ranged from 0.9-0.95 and minimal ML < 5% at 90d under both static and flowing water curing demonstrated the composite material’s high chemical stability. Additionally, microstructural analyses using XRD, SEM, BSE–EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and MIP revealed the formation of stable secondary phases C-S-H, C-A-S-H, AFt, and Mg-Si-O gels with increased crystallinity around 73% and reduced micro porosity nearby 5.1%. The united pozzolanic and filler effects of LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> components evidently improved matrix densification and water resistance. This research establishes that LC<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> as an effective and sustainable modifier for producing high-strength, water-resistant MPC composites suitable for both dry weather and humid-region applications.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0