Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi最新文献

{"title":"THE DEVELOPMENT OF AZERBAIJAN TRADE FAIR IN NINETH AND TENTH CENTURIES","authors":"Yegane Çağlayan","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1067596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1067596","url":null,"abstract":"Одним из важнейших элементов торговли являются ярмарки. Ярмарочная торговля была распространена еще с античных времен. Отметим, что еще в до возникновения Ислама, в странах Азии ярмарки имели уже систематическую структуру, что связано было в первую очередь их выгодным географическим положением и высоким экономическим потенциалом. Собиравшиеся на перекрестках транзитных дорог в определенное время года ярмарки функционировали как места, где определялись мировые цены на важные товары, производилась оптовая торговля, валютно-обменные и кредитные операции. В VII-VIII вв., когда огромная география от Средиземноморья и Персидского залива до Каспийского моря и Волги перешла под власть Халифата, мусульманские города стали играть доминирующую роль в мировой торговле, и ярмарочная торговля снова начала развиваться. \u0000Ярмарочная торговля всячески поощрялась мусульманским государством, поскольку в шариате торговля рассматривалась как один из благоверных способов заработка. Большое значение Халифат придавал строительству дорог, мостов и караван-сараев в целях развития торговли и обеспечения безопасности ярмарок. В то же время была создана правовая система для защиты прав торговцев и регулирования цен на товары на ярмарках. Распределение доходов от торговли также производилось в соответствии с исламским правом. \u0000Азербайджан, являясь одним из важных регионов мусульманской географии, стал важным центром средневековой торговли со своими знаменитыми городами и важными дорогами, проходящими через его земли. Рынки и ярмарки в таких азербайджанских городах, как Ардебиль, Марага, Тебриз, Барда, Дербент, были важнейшими звеньями торговых связей страны. В мусульманских источниках IX-X вв. ярмарки Курки (Барда) и Кульсара (на перекрестке дороги Ардебиль-Марага) показаны как одни из самых известных торговых центров Халифата. Ярмарка Курки была настолько знаменита, что местные жители даже воскресному дню дали название «курки»; а город Барда, который благодаря доходам, полученным от торговли, переживал экономический подъем, в арабских источниках именуется «матерью Азербайджана». \u0000Начиная с Х века, завоевательные походы русских в Барду привели к ослаблению торговой жизни города и, естественно, к потере ярмаркой Курки своего былого значения. К концу Х века Барда уступила свое место в торговых отношениях Азербайджана городам Гяндже и Шамахе. В последующие века Гянджа и Шамаха стали превращаться в важнейшие торговые центры Южного Кавказа. \u0000Что касается ярмарки Кульсара, которая собиралась в начале каждого месяца, объем ее оптовой торговли привлекало внимание мусульманских географов, таких как Истахри, Ибн Хаукаль и Мукаддаси. Ы источниках сообщаются имена крупных купцов Азербайджана, таких как Абу Ахмед ал-Мараги, Абу Исхак ал-Маджардани, Шуайб бин Мехран. Ярмарка Кульсара была активна в основном в IX-Х вв., а города Ардебиль и Марага, на перекрестках которых функционировала эта ярмарка, продолжали играть важную роль в международной торговле. К концу Х века более важное экономиче","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131796363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BUKHARA KHANATE DURING THE ASTRAKHANIDS AND MANGITS (1599-1920) ITS SOURCES AND POLITICAL HISTORY IN GENERAL LINES","authors":"İnci Yelda Dumlupinar","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1109741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1109741","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000The Khanate of Bukhara was founded in 1500 in Transoxiana by Mohammed Shaybani, a descendant of Shiban, one of the sons of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Cuci, and continued to exist until 1920 with dynastic changes. The dominance, which started with the Shaybanids (Abu'l-Hayrlılar) in 1500, was continued from 1599 to 1785 by the Astrakhanids (Canoğulları, Tokay Timurids) who were descendants of Tokay Timur, who was also one of the sons of Cuci. The question of who was the first ruler of the Astrakhanid period, as well as the date of the beginning of the dynasty, is in question. As a result of the struggle for the throne in the Astrakhanid period, the help requested from the Mughal ruler, the wars with the Khwarezm Khanate and internal conflicts prepared the environment for the unstoppable rise of the Mangit dynasty. The fact that Nadir Shah took advantage of the authority vacuum and made Iranian dominance felt in Turkestan also coincides with this dynasty. This Iranian occupation has completely changed the internal political balance not only in Bukhara but also in the Turkestan khanates. After the death of Nadir Shah, the Astrakhanid dynasty came to an end in Bukhara and was replaced by the Mangit dynasty. The Mangit dynasty ruled over the Bukhara Khanate from 1785 to 1920. The period of Mangıts generally passed with efforts to establish authority over other Turkestan khanates, to ensure political stability and to establish a policy of balance with Russia. However, this danger gained seriousness for the Bukhara Khanate as the Russian Tsardom began to occupy the Turkestan khanates. In these years, when Turkestan was under the influence of the British and Russian rivalries, the Bukhara Khanate took an attitude in favor of Russia. In this period, the jadid movement led by Kazan and Crimean Tatars began to make itself felt in Turkestan, and the khanate was divided into two socially and culturally. The conflicts between the supporters of innovation belonging to the Jadid movement and the opponents who supported the continuation of the traditional structure also played an important role in the political life of the khanate. As the Russian railways began to extend into Turkestan, inevitable invasions followed each other, and the Bukhara Khanate was occupied by the Russians during the Mangits period. Although the Bukhara Khanate gained its independence in 1918-1920 with the collapse of the Russian Tsardom, this situation did not last long. The effects of the civil war between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks during the First World War had an important share on the existence of the khanate. The ideas presented by the Bolshevik movement also influenced the intelligentsia in Bukhara, but these ideas, which the Bukhara jadids found reliable, caused the khanate to be occupied by the Bolsheviks, and their political results were not exactly as they had predicted. After Alim Khan, who was defeated by the Soviet army and had to leave the khanate in 1920, the khan","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121673663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ROLE OF CAMELS AND CAMEL TRANSPORT IN THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF TURKESTAN","authors":"Ömer Karatas","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1094659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1094659","url":null,"abstract":"Rusya’nın Türkistan coğrafyası ile öteden beri ticarî ilişkileri vardı. Ancak XVIII. yüzyıla kadar bu ilişkiler bir silahlı mücadeleye dönüşmemişti. Bu ilişkinin silahlı mücadeleye dönüşmesinde ilk girişim Çar I. Petro (1682-1725) tarafından bölgeyi tanıma amaçlı gönderilen keşif birliğinin faaliyetleri oldu. Söz konusu keşif hareketleri Çarlık idaresi tarafından beklenen neticeleri vermese de bölge hakkında yeni bilgiler elde edilmesi ve bölgede garnizonlar kurulması Rusların kazanımları olmuştu. Rusların bölgeye ilgisinin artmasıyla beraber yeni ve ayrıntılı bilgiler elde edilmeye başlandı. Türkistan’a gelen Rus tüccarların, seyyahların ve Rus ajanlarının gezi notları bu bilgilerin en çok elde edildiği yöntemdi. Çarlık yönetimi, merkezde toplanan tüm bu bilgiler ışığında bölgeyi çeşitli bahaneler öne sürerek işgal etmeye karar verdi. Bu karar doğrultusunda Ruslar bölgede sınırlarına yeni topraklar katmaya başladılar. Çarlık, Türkistan’da işgal ettiği yerleri Rusya’ya entegre etmek için Bozkır ve Türkistan Genel Valilikleri’ni kurdu. Fakat Türkistan coğrafyasında Rus ordularının birkaç defa işgal girişiminde bulunduğu ancak henüz işgal edemediği bazı yerler da vardı. Bu yerlerden biri, bugün Türkmenistan Cumhuriyeti’nin sınırlarında yer alan, Türkmen oymaklarının yaşadığı topraklardı. “Türkmen Vahası” olarak da adlandırılan bu topraklar Türkmenlerin vatanlarını dirayetli bir şekilde savunmaları yanında zorlu doğa şartları yüzünden henüz Ruslar tarafından ele geçirilememişti. Çarlık yönetimi, Türkistan’ın işgaline yönelik yaptığı bütün askerî seferlerde ulaştırmada atları ve develeri kullanmaktaydı. Bu hayvanlar Rusların işgal faaliyetlerine katkıda bulunmuştu. Ancak Rusların haiz oldukları sefer tecrübe ve pratiği bir türlü Türkmen bölgesini işgal etmeye yetmiyordu. Nitekim Ruslar burada bazı mağlubiyetler almış ve Rusya’nın Türkistan’daki otoritesi sarsılmıştı. Çarlık yönetimi, bu durumu telafi etmek ve adı geçen topraklara sahip olmak için yaptığı çalışmalar ve değerlendirme toplantıları sonrasında bazı kararlar almıştı. Bunlardan biri Cezayir’i işgal eden Fransa’nın askerî lojistik yönteminin incelenmesiydi. Rus Genelkurmayı, bu karar doğrultusunda Fransız ordusunun işgal metotlarını incelemesi için Albay A. N. Kuropatkin’i Fransa’ya gönderdi. Kuropatkin’in özel görevi, Fransızların Türkistan coğrafyasıyla aynı coğrafi karaktere sahip Cezayir’i ne şekilde ve nasıl işgal ettiklerini öğrenmesiydi. Albay, Rus ajan ve diplomatların da yardımıyla, Fransızların Cezayir’i deve gücünden en üst düzeyden istifade ederek işgal ettiğini öğrenmişti. Kuropatkin elde ettiği verileri bir rapor halinde Rus Genelkurmayı’na sundu. Albay’ın raporu ve Rusların daha önceki tecrübeleri merkezde birleştirilerek Türkmen Vahası’nın işgal edilmesi için yeni ve ayrıntılı bir askerî sefer organizasyonu hazırlandı. Bunun ardından yapılan işgal faaliyetleri Rusların lehine oldu ve Türkistan coğrafyasının uçsuz bucaksız arazileri Rusların eline geçti. Rusların bölgeyi işgal","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128702610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OVERVIEW OF UZBEK HISTORY AND CULTURE","authors":"S. Gömeç, A. Fi̇dan","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1115025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1115025","url":null,"abstract":"Among the Turkestan Turkish tribes, one of the ethnic groups whose languages and literatures are studied the most is the Uzbeks. There is Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the east of today’s Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan in the west and north, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in the south. A part of the Amu Darya River forms its border with Turkmenistan. While the Ust Yurt Plateau is located in the east of the country, the Turan Depression and the Kızıl Kum Desert occupy an important place. One end of the Tanrı Mountains reaches up to Uzbekistan. However, it is written in historical documents that Chingiz Khan gave his grandson Şiban the east of the Urals, Aktübe and Turgay as a homeland before he died. Therefore, it is worth noting that the people of Şiban and the masses under Öz Bek Han’s command were later called Uzbeks because they helped Öz Bek Han. Today, the width of cotton-producing lands in the Republic of Uzbekistan exceeds 30 million hectares. Although the amount of cotton planted land has been slightly reduced in favor of increasing food production, the government of Uzbekistan sees cotton as the main commodity that the country can offer to the world economy. In addition, livestock is an important source of income. Uzbekistan has made many innovations in this short period of time. Most importantly, it put its own money into circulation, foreign capitals and investors were encouraged, trade, banks and insurance laws were amended and rearranged. Furthermore, the geography of Uzbekistan has harbored the development of Turkish culture and folklore for centuries due to the Turkish language and its center. The Uzbekistan region has the most rooted structure of Turkestan in terms of education. Especially after independence, cultural and educational activities in Uzbekistan began to develop very rapidly. Uzbek Turks have brought thousands of works to Turkish culture so far. Today, due to the old Russian cultural policies, although the Uzbek Turks have aspirations to become a separate nation, historical truths can never be changed. Although Soviet Russia created a national identity in Uzbekistan, as in all Turkestan, they assimilated the Turkish national culture. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Uzbeks, with the enthusiasm and excitement of being freed from the oppression of the Russian and Bolshevik administration, turned to return to their roots at full speed to strengthen their selves that they had never lost. Despite their economic difficulties, they are repairing historical buildings, mosques, tombs, madrasas, which are a part of their essence and bright past, and constructing new mosques. As a result of years of atheist propaganda campaigns, they are trying to teach the rules of the Islamic religion and the principles of the Qur’an to the old and new generations whose religious knowledge is lacking. Especially after independence, cultural and educational activities in Uzbekistan began to develop very rapidly. One of the indicators of this","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117153784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FAMİLY AND WOMEN İN THE COMMON CULTURAL HİSTORY OF THE TURKİSH WORLD","authors":"B. Karaaslan","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1113570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1113570","url":null,"abstract":"In this work prepared by Abdulkadir Yuvalı and Hikmet Demirci, the family structure and woman are conveyed in detail in Turkish culture. This book is written in a fluent, academic way from the point of view of language and style. In the book, along with archaeological examples, important sources were also used. Such as The Saga of Manas and Divan-ı Lugati't-Turk, which played an important role in Turkish culture. In addition, the chronological transfer of the Turkish family structure from the Asian Hun family structure in the book has provided an understanding of the subject and the observation of how the cultural transfer took place. Also, a detailed inclusion of the traditions in the marriage process provides an important benefit to researchers who want to read about this subject.","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129847082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOKAND HANLIĞI DEVLET YÖNETİMİNE İLİŞKİN BİR KAYNAK: “FERGANA HANLARI TARİHİ”","authors":"Leyla Dervi̇ş","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1135450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1135450","url":null,"abstract":"Working as a clerk in Hokand Khanate and general secretary of khans and being one of the most esteemed and honourable individuals of that era, Ziyabiddin Magzumi was a statesman who lived in nineteenth century. Magzumi, whose exact birth and death dates are unknown, completed a manuscript work called – “History of the Fergana Khans”- which consisted of 833 leaves or 1666 pages. Written in the Old Chagatai language, this work was written from 1865-1888 upon the order of Kudayar Khan. The only known copy of this manuscript as the most comprehensive work about the Hokand Khanates is available in İstanbul. This manuscript was translated into the Kyrgyz language in 2007 and was issued in Bishkek. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The work written by Magzumi, who was referred to as Magzuni in the manuscript, is based on political events during the Kudayar Khan period as well as information about Kudayar Khan’s life and personality. In addition, it includes actions of Sherali Khan to gain the throne in 1842, other plots against the throne in the Khanate, public opinion, and events such as enthronement of İshak Khan (Polat Khan). In the work written up in the style of –“Şahname”- there is information about personal qualities required to be a governor. Almost no information is given about failures of Kudayar Khan in the work. However, the manuscript glosses over Kudayar Khan’s failures, which points to the main objective of the work: not to give an unbiased chronological account of the era, but to praise the works of Hokand Khans and Sultan’s sons. Nevertheless, the work contains such valuable information as interrelations of the Khans and Sultan’s sons, wars in which they took part and how the wars were guided, clear descriptions of some names used in Hokand State, diplomacy of the Khanate, relations of the Khanate with other states, rituals for giving presents to each other, order in Hokand Palace, change of thrones, hospitality customs, victory celebrations, and daily life and trips of Khans.","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXAMPLES OF WAQFS FOUNDED BY JANISSARRIES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY","authors":"Naime Karasu","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1128147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1128147","url":null,"abstract":"Lots of benefactors from almost every status, member of military or non-military class and wealthy or middle class member in the Ottoman society, served and contributed to the city in which they lived by waqfs they founded and properties which they donated to the waqfs to their cities. Waqfs which founded with large participation and performed with an active administration and under close supervision both grew in number and served bigger crowds throuhout the Ottoman history. Janissaries who performed military duties in Ottoman İstanbul became the founders of assorted waqfs with getting stronger financally especially in the eighteenth century. In the eighteenth century, from high ranking officers such as janissary ağas to low ranking soldiers lots of janissaries founded waqfs. Accordingly, in this paper waqfs founded by members of the janissary corps which had an important place in Ottoman military power, will be analyzed and their new identity as waqf founders will be examined in the case of Istanbul. In this context, relationships of janissaries with civil life, econemic power of the corps, colloboration and credit relations will be analyzed and their affect on city life will be described. It will go over the documents which belong to the aforementioned period both in the Archives of Directorate General of Foundations and Directorate of State Archives.","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GERTRUD BÄUMER’S TRAVEL TO ISTANBUL AND THE OTTOMAN WOMEN’S MOVEMENT (1918)","authors":"Bilge Karbi̇","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1129154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1129154","url":null,"abstract":"The demands for freedom and reform that marked the last period of the Ottoman Empire, which started with the Second Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, also contributed positively to the Ottoman women's movement and accelerated the developments in this field. Another prominent development of this period is the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars, First World War of 1914-1918 and War of Independence (1919-1922) that followed. As women's role in social life increased under war conditions, the women's movement gained strength. \u0000Germany, especially since the last quarter of the 19th century, made the Ottoman Empire's policies of influence more systematic. Initiatives, that initiated towards the end of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's term began in 1888. It became state policy with Wilhelm's ascension to the German throne. Germany, had the expertise and capital to meet the modernization demands of Abdulhamid the Second. This situation increased the cooperation between the two empires. Cooperation caused Germany to appear as a rival to the imperialist states of the period, especially England and France. \u0000Relations with Germany, which is one of the focal points of studies related to the last period of the Ottoman Empire, have been studied mostly from military and economic perspectives. However, the alliance established with Germany during the First World War has led to important developments in areas such as culture and education. Germany used cultural activities as a tool that would help its relations with the Ottoman Empire to be long-term and permanent. Germany carried out some activities for the modernization of education in the Ottoman Empire as an extension of its cultural policy. Therefore, in the field of education, where the women's movement was strongest, Germany and the Ottoman women's movement had a common ground. The Committee of Union and Progress took over the power after the Balkan Wars. In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, women became more visible in social life and education. \u0000The struggle for women's rights in Europe goes back much further. The women's movement in Germany dates back to the first quarter of the 19th century. The struggle for the right to education is one of these areas. Almanya’da öğretmenler kadın hareketinde öne çıkan meslek koludur. Therefore, Germany was closely interested in the future of Turkish women in terms of Ottoman cultural policies. \u0000In the last year of the war, Dr. Gertrud Bäumer's speech (Türkische Frauenbewegung) is an example of German cultural policy. Since Bäumer's relationship with liberals in Germany who support German imperialist policy such as Ernst Jäckh and Friedrich Naumann also shows a political aspect of his Istanbul trip. Especially, Ernst Jäckh is the first person to carry out cultural cooperation between the Ottoman State and Germany. He came to Istanbul many times during the war and wrote various books about the future of the Ottoman Empire. This trip also sheds light on the ideological dimension of ","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115239714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE FORGOTTEN PIONEER OF SIBERIAN STUDIES: GERHARD FRIEDRICH MÜLLER ABSTRACT","authors":"Yusuf Akbaba","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1120541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1120541","url":null,"abstract":"Müller, a scientist of German origin, was born into a bourgeois, educator family. The joint studies of German-Russian scientists during the reign of Peter the Great, especially the fact that German scientists went to Russia, also influenced Müller. After Müller went to Russia as a graduate historian, he carried out almost all of his scientific studies there. He took important positions at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which he entered shortly after and served for many years. Also, the expeditions that started during the reign of Peter the Great enabled Müller to discover his main field of work. The Siberian studies of Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685-1735) influenced Müller. Again in 1725, the First Kamchatka Expedition organized by Vitus Bering, who was commissioned by Peter I, to find the land and sea connections between Asia and America, also increased Müller's interest in Siberia. Thus, Müller applied for the Second Kamchatka Expedition in 1733 and was accepted. In this trip, he collected many materials and described the people of Siberia. After this trip, which lasted about ten years, he created the most important works in the field of Siberian history. The most important of these is Istorii Sibiri, which consists of four volumes. In this work, the war with Yermak, the construction of Siberian cities, including the construction of Siberia from ancient times to XVIII. Century has been told. He applied the research methods of the West in Russia and became one of the founders of modern Russian historiography. \u0000After Müller's work, the first ethnographic museum and ethnography chair in Russia were established. Norman theory again caused great controversy in Russia after his conference. He also served in other duties besides historiography, He rose to the position of rector during the Yekaterina II reign. The life and scientific personality of Müller, the pioneer of Siberian studies, has been studied especially by German and Russian historians. Few monographs exist in the rest of Europe. In Turkey, however, a monograph has not been conducted yet. Müller influenced the methods of studies on Siberian Turks in Russia. Because Müller collected information about the material and spiritual lives of the Turkish and Finno-Ugric peoples and tried to explain their historical, geographical, cultural and religious characteristics. In addition, he investigated the factors affecting the socio-cultural, political and economic articulation of the Turkic peoples in Siberia with the Russian Empire. In this respect, it is important to know Müller's scientific personality and works in Turkey. \u0000In this study, Müller's autobiography was used as the most crucial source of his scientific career. Apart from this, biographies written in the 20th century during the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics hold an essential place. However, in these biographies, Müller's bourgeois origins are emphasized and there is prejudice. Severe criticism of the Norman theory also i","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123406037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABOUT USAGE AREAS OF SILK FABRIC IN THE MONGOLIAN EMPIRE","authors":"Derya Coşkun, Anıl Yasin Oğuz","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1095701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1095701","url":null,"abstract":"Silk fabric draws a wide spectrum in terms of usage area. Sometimes a military uniform, sometimes a pennant or a banner, sometimes embodied in religious clothes, it appears in different patterns. One of the states that put silk at the center of its political and cultural life is undoubtedly the Mongols. They saw this commodity as a symbol of wealth and nobility in social life, as well as actively using it in military, religious and economic life in Mongol Empire Era. In addition to giving detailed information about the main sources of the period (13rd century) and travelers, the use of silk fabric by the Mongols, the discussions of the sources on this subject constitute the main subject of the article. In particular, Yuanshi and Mongolian sources record that, apart from the clothes of the Mongolian elite, silk fabrics were used in the Mongolian army, tents and cars, and “paper Money”. There is no information in any source about James Chambers' thesis that the reason for the Mongolian army to wear silk underwear is to reduce arrow wounds. This duty of silk underwear cannot go beyond speculation, but it is possible that uniforms made of silk were worn in the Mongolian army, apart from wool and coarse cloth clothes, which we can call soft armor. In addition, there were silk threads on the Mongolian banners and, interestingly, in the shields used by the Mongols. Although the Mongols used metal shields, they were basically round shields formed by knitting wooden sticks with each other. The inside of this wooden stick structure was probably wrapped with silk threads to increase the strength of the shield and make the braid structure more stable. Especially in Yuanshi, it is understood that the silk fabrics in the clothes worn by the Mongolian guard class Keshig hold a large amount. Silk fabrics could be used in the structures that we can call the big tents (pavilions) used by the Mongols, and also in the carriages of the Mongolian elite class. The issue of \"paper money\", which is one of the important contributions of the Mongol Empire to world history, is another issue that stands out when examining the usage areas of silk in the Mongol Empire. Because in China, where the Mongols ruled, this type of money could also be made of silk until a certain period. \u0000From a general perspective, the use of silk fabrics and silk threads ranged widely in the Mongol Empire. Apart from the areas mentioned in our article, for example, the use of gold or white silk fabrics as clothes had symbolic meanings. As a means of achieving political goals, the distribution of silk cloth could play a central role. One of the ways to distinguish the Mongol nobility from the common people was the luxurious use of silk fabrics, colors and patterns within the Mongolian elite. The distribution of silk cloth in the jisun festivals, where different colored clothes were worn every day and which aimed to bring the Mongol elite class and the commons closer together, had both material and sp","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124813504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}