{"title":"GERTRUD BÄUMER’S TRAVEL TO ISTANBUL AND THE OTTOMAN WOMEN’S MOVEMENT (1918)","authors":"Bilge Karbi̇","doi":"10.53718/gttad.1129154","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The demands for freedom and reform that marked the last period of the Ottoman Empire, which started with the Second Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, also contributed positively to the Ottoman women's movement and accelerated the developments in this field. Another prominent development of this period is the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars, First World War of 1914-1918 and War of Independence (1919-1922) that followed. As women's role in social life increased under war conditions, the women's movement gained strength. \nGermany, especially since the last quarter of the 19th century, made the Ottoman Empire's policies of influence more systematic. Initiatives, that initiated towards the end of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's term began in 1888. It became state policy with Wilhelm's ascension to the German throne. Germany, had the expertise and capital to meet the modernization demands of Abdulhamid the Second. This situation increased the cooperation between the two empires. Cooperation caused Germany to appear as a rival to the imperialist states of the period, especially England and France. \nRelations with Germany, which is one of the focal points of studies related to the last period of the Ottoman Empire, have been studied mostly from military and economic perspectives. However, the alliance established with Germany during the First World War has led to important developments in areas such as culture and education. Germany used cultural activities as a tool that would help its relations with the Ottoman Empire to be long-term and permanent. Germany carried out some activities for the modernization of education in the Ottoman Empire as an extension of its cultural policy. Therefore, in the field of education, where the women's movement was strongest, Germany and the Ottoman women's movement had a common ground. The Committee of Union and Progress took over the power after the Balkan Wars. In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, women became more visible in social life and education. \nThe struggle for women's rights in Europe goes back much further. The women's movement in Germany dates back to the first quarter of the 19th century. The struggle for the right to education is one of these areas. Almanya’da öğretmenler kadın hareketinde öne çıkan meslek koludur. Therefore, Germany was closely interested in the future of Turkish women in terms of Ottoman cultural policies. \nIn the last year of the war, Dr. Gertrud Bäumer's speech (Türkische Frauenbewegung) is an example of German cultural policy. Since Bäumer's relationship with liberals in Germany who support German imperialist policy such as Ernst Jäckh and Friedrich Naumann also shows a political aspect of his Istanbul trip. Especially, Ernst Jäckh is the first person to carry out cultural cooperation between the Ottoman State and Germany. He came to Istanbul many times during the war and wrote various books about the future of the Ottoman Empire. This trip also sheds light on the ideological dimension of German imperialism.","PeriodicalId":150594,"journal":{"name":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.1129154","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The demands for freedom and reform that marked the last period of the Ottoman Empire, which started with the Second Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, also contributed positively to the Ottoman women's movement and accelerated the developments in this field. Another prominent development of this period is the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars, First World War of 1914-1918 and War of Independence (1919-1922) that followed. As women's role in social life increased under war conditions, the women's movement gained strength.
Germany, especially since the last quarter of the 19th century, made the Ottoman Empire's policies of influence more systematic. Initiatives, that initiated towards the end of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's term began in 1888. It became state policy with Wilhelm's ascension to the German throne. Germany, had the expertise and capital to meet the modernization demands of Abdulhamid the Second. This situation increased the cooperation between the two empires. Cooperation caused Germany to appear as a rival to the imperialist states of the period, especially England and France.
Relations with Germany, which is one of the focal points of studies related to the last period of the Ottoman Empire, have been studied mostly from military and economic perspectives. However, the alliance established with Germany during the First World War has led to important developments in areas such as culture and education. Germany used cultural activities as a tool that would help its relations with the Ottoman Empire to be long-term and permanent. Germany carried out some activities for the modernization of education in the Ottoman Empire as an extension of its cultural policy. Therefore, in the field of education, where the women's movement was strongest, Germany and the Ottoman women's movement had a common ground. The Committee of Union and Progress took over the power after the Balkan Wars. In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, women became more visible in social life and education.
The struggle for women's rights in Europe goes back much further. The women's movement in Germany dates back to the first quarter of the 19th century. The struggle for the right to education is one of these areas. Almanya’da öğretmenler kadın hareketinde öne çıkan meslek koludur. Therefore, Germany was closely interested in the future of Turkish women in terms of Ottoman cultural policies.
In the last year of the war, Dr. Gertrud Bäumer's speech (Türkische Frauenbewegung) is an example of German cultural policy. Since Bäumer's relationship with liberals in Germany who support German imperialist policy such as Ernst Jäckh and Friedrich Naumann also shows a political aspect of his Istanbul trip. Especially, Ernst Jäckh is the first person to carry out cultural cooperation between the Ottoman State and Germany. He came to Istanbul many times during the war and wrote various books about the future of the Ottoman Empire. This trip also sheds light on the ideological dimension of German imperialism.
从1908年第二君主立宪制开始,标志着奥斯曼帝国最后时期的对自由和改革的要求也对奥斯曼妇女运动做出了积极贡献,并加速了这一领域的发展。这一时期的另一个突出发展是1912-1913年的巴尔干战争,1914-1918年的第一次世界大战和随后的独立战争(1919-1922)。在战争条件下,随着妇女在社会生活中的作用增加,妇女运动得到了加强。德国,特别是自19世纪最后25年以来,使奥斯曼帝国的影响政策更加系统化。1888年,奥托·冯·俾斯麦总理任期即将结束时发起的倡议。随着威廉登上德国王位,它成为了国家政策。德国有专业知识和资本来满足阿卜杜勒哈米德二世的现代化要求。这种情况加强了两个帝国之间的合作。合作使德国成为当时帝国主义国家,特别是英国和法国的对手。与德国的关系是奥斯曼帝国最后时期研究的焦点之一,主要从军事和经济角度进行研究。然而,第一次世界大战期间与德国建立的联盟导致了文化和教育等领域的重要发展。德国将文化活动作为一种工具,帮助它与奥斯曼帝国建立长期和永久的关系。德国在奥斯曼帝国进行了一些教育现代化的活动,作为其文化政策的延伸。因此,在妇女运动最强大的教育领域,德国和奥斯曼妇女运动有着共同的基础。巴尔干战争后,统一与进步委员会接管了权力。在奥斯曼帝国的最后时期,妇女在社会生活和教育中越来越明显。欧洲争取妇女权利的斗争可以追溯到更早的时候。德国的妇女运动可以追溯到19世纪的前25年。争取受教育权的斗争就是其中之一。Almanya 'da öğretmenler kadın hareketinde öne çıkan meslek koludur。因此,从奥斯曼文化政策的角度来看,德国对土耳其妇女的未来非常感兴趣。在战争的最后一年,格特鲁德博士Bäumer的演讲(t rkische Frauenbewegung)是德国文化政策的一个例子。因为Bäumer与支持德国帝国主义政策的德国自由主义者的关系,如恩斯特Jäckh和弗里德里希·诺曼,也显示了他的伊斯坦布尔之行的政治方面。尤其是恩斯特Jäckh,他是奥斯曼帝国与德国开展文化合作的第一人。战争期间,他曾多次来到伊斯坦布尔,并撰写了各种关于奥斯曼帝国未来的书籍。这次旅行也揭示了德国帝国主义的意识形态维度。