Journal of Applied Entomology最新文献

{"title":"Toxic Effects of Five Insecticides on the Development and Enzymatic Activities of Trichogramma ostriniae","authors":"Wenya Zhu,&nbsp;Rui Fan,&nbsp;Minglei Liu,&nbsp;Juan Wang,&nbsp;Ye Zhang,&nbsp;Ruiyan Ma","doi":"10.1111/jen.13357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13357","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As an egg parasitoid, <i>Trichogramma ostriniae</i> (<i>T. ostriniae</i>) exhibits a broad host range and plays a crucial role in controlling various lepidopteran agricultural pests. However, the application of chemical pesticides negatively impacts its development and survival. Therefore, it is essential to assess the toxicity of commonly used insecticides against <i>T. ostriniae</i> and evaluate their compatibility. This study aims to determine the toxic effects of five common insecticides (dinotefuran, abamectin, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin, and chlorantraniliprole) on the development, reproduction, and enzymatic activity of <i>T. ostriniae.</i> The contact, lethal, and developmental toxicities were evaluated. Activities of detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and protective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of <i>T</i>. <i>ostriniae</i> were examined after being treated with the five insecticides. The results showed that the order of lethal toxicity in adult <i>T</i>. <i>ostriniae</i> was beta-cypermethrin &gt; dinotefuran &gt; imidacloprid &gt; abamectin &gt; chlorantraniliprole. The emergence rates of adult <i>T. ostriniae</i> exposed to insecticides during the egg and larval stages were higher than those exposed to insecticides during the prepupal and pupal stages. The activities of CYP450, GST, and SOD were increased, but CarE activity and ROS content were decreased in <i>T. ostriniae</i> treated with the five insecticides compared with the control. Beta-cypermethrin increased the POD and CAT activities. Chlorantraniliprole decreased CAT activity and increased MDA content. The MRCCI of <i>T. ostriniae</i> was not significantly affected by any of the five insecticides tested. The ATP content of <i>T. ostriniae</i> was not significantly affected by chlorantraniliprole but was significantly decreased by the other four insecticides. In conclusion, the toxicities of the five insecticides to <i>T</i>. <i>ostriniae</i> were different, among which imidacloprid, dinotefuran, abamectin, and beta-cypermethrin had a high risk of toxicity to <i>T</i>. <i>ostriniae</i>, and chlorantraniliprole had a low risk to <i>T</i>. <i>ostriniae</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"56-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Ethanol Lure and Concentration on Captures of Ambrosia Beetles in Tree Fruits and Ornamentals","authors":"Ramkumar Govindaraju,&nbsp;Jensen Hayter,&nbsp;Juang Horng Chong,&nbsp;Alejandro I. Del Pozo-Valdivia,&nbsp;Ted E. Cottrell,&nbsp;James F. Walgenbach,&nbsp;Thomas W. Scheyer,&nbsp;Brett R. Blaauw,&nbsp;Michael E. Reding,&nbsp;Christopher M. Ranger,&nbsp;Shimat V. Joseph","doi":"10.1111/jen.13361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Xylosandrus crassiusculus</i> (Motschulsky) and <i>Xylosandrus germanus</i> (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are major ambrosia beetle pests in tree nut and fruit orchards and ornamental nurseries in the eastern United States (USA). Ethanol-baited bottle traps and ethanol-infused tree stem sections (i.e., bolts) have been used to monitor ambrosia beetles, but limited studies exist on the influence of ethanol-lure release rate on ambrosia beetle trap captures and bolt attacks. We designed this study to compare low-release (LR) and high-release (HR) ethanol lures in bottle traps for capturing invasive ambrosia beetles. We also compared beetle attacks among bolts pre-soaked in ethanol solutions of low (10%) and high (90%) concentrations and bolts cored and filled with the same low and high ethanol concentrations. In 2022, experiments were conducted in ornamental nurseries and apple, peach, or pecan orchards in five USA states. Higher numbers of <i>X. crassiusculus</i> and <i>X. germanus</i> were captured in bottle traps baited with the HR ethanol lure compared to the LR lure at most of the study sites. More attacks per bolt by <i>X. crassiusculus</i> and <i>X. germanus</i> were observed at most sites on pre-soaked and filled bolts with 90% compared to 10% solutions of ethanol. Bolts soaked in low (10%) ethanol solutions sustained more attacks from both <i>X. crassiusculus</i> and <i>X. germanus</i> than cored bolts filled with low ethanol. These results will assist with monitoring the flight activity of invasive ambrosia beetles within nut, fruit, and ornamental tree crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"74-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jen.13361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural Response of Aromia bungii Adults to Volatile Compounds Emitted by Prunus persica at Different Physiological Statuses","authors":"Xin-yi Peng,&nbsp;Shuang Li,&nbsp;Xue-jin Yang,&nbsp;Yuan-yuan Zhou,&nbsp;Yujun Kong,&nbsp;Jian-rong Wei,&nbsp;Dan-dan Cao","doi":"10.1111/jen.13356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13356","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Aromia bungii</i> is a serious wood borer damaging <i>Prunus persica</i> and other numerous economic tree species. Host plant volatiles play a key role in pest population monitoring and trapping. To ascertain the influence of volatile organic compounds emitted by <i>P</i>. <i>persica</i> at varying physiological statuses on the host-searching behaviour of <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> adults, we initially collected and identified the volatiles emitted by <i>P</i>. <i>persica</i> leaves infested with <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we evaluated the behavioural response of <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> adults to the crude extracts, single compounds and blends of these compounds by Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. Results showed that volatiles emitted from <i>P</i>. <i>persica</i> infested with <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> larvae at Grade I were more attractive to females, but males were more attracted to volatiles from <i>P</i>. <i>persica</i> infested with <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> larvae at Grade IV. Five compounds were identified and showed relatively high levels from both infested plants at Grade I and Grade IV. Among them, 3-carene, <i>cis</i>-3-hexen-1-ol and <i>cis</i>-3-hexenyl acetate were attractive to females, and a blend of the three volatiles in a ratio of 3:91:6 for Grade I infestation was more attractive to females than a ratio of 3:83:14 from Grade IV infestation. The compounds, 3-carene, <i>cis</i>-3-hexenyl acetate, <i>cis</i>-3-hexene-1-ol and benzaldehyde, were attractive to males and a blend in a ratio of 3:81:13:3 from Grade IV infestation was more attractive to males than a ratio of 3:89:6:2 from Grade I infestation. The results show that the kinds and ratios of volatiles emitted from <i>P</i>. <i>persica</i> infested with <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> larvae play important roles in host-searching behaviour of <i>A</i>. <i>bungii</i> adults.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"47-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Monitoring Data of Forensically Important Blow Flies Be Transferred Between Cities?","authors":"Lena Lutz,&nbsp;Jens Amendt,&nbsp;Frank Reckel,&nbsp;Oliver Krebs,&nbsp;Sven Klimpel,&nbsp;Sarah Cunze","doi":"10.1111/jen.13354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13354","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of monitoring data to build prediction models for the abundance and activity of necrophagous blow flies is common practice in forensic entomology, but its advantages and disadvantages are still debated. A frequently asked question is the transferability of such species prediction models. So far no study has examined whether the assumption of low transferability of these data between cities and seasons holds true. In the present study, we evaluate whether models calibrated with a specific training data set from a specific place and time can be transferred to other data sets for different time periods and locations. We developed models using five different algorithms to predict the activity and abundance of four forensically relevant blow fly species (<i>Calliphora vicina</i> Robineau-Desvoidy, <i>Lucilia ampullacea</i> Villeneuve, <i>Lucilia caesar</i> (Linnaeus), <i>Lucilia sericata</i> (Meigen)). The training data set was obtained from a single city, and the transferability of the models was evaluated using monitoring data from this and three other cities. The geographic transferability of the models was confirmed for all algorithms, but only for two species, <i>C. vicina</i> and <i>L. sericata</i>, and for two of the four cities. <i>Lucilia caesar and L. ampullacea</i> were rare in the test data set, and their species-specific adaptation to environmental parameters was not captured by the models. Cities that did not work differed from the training data set in terms of climate and habitat features. To build generalised predictive models of blow fly abundance and activity, we need training data sets based on monitoring data from different regions, seasons and years to cover a wide range of environmental conditions. This is essential for describing and predicting natural variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"36-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jen.13354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Protease Inhibitor Protein on Buchnera aphidicola and Gene Expression in Pea Aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)","authors":"Tingting Zhang,&nbsp;Qiannan Li,&nbsp;Li Zheng,&nbsp;Jianjun Mao,&nbsp;Fanrong Zeng","doi":"10.1111/jen.13351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13351","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aphids are serious insect pests for agricultural and horticultural crops and may cause the major economic losses. Insecticides used to control aphids have caused environmental pollution and the insecticide residues in agricultural products. A new protease inhibitor gene from bacterium <i>Xenorhabdus bovienii</i> (Xbpi-1) and the protease inhibitor protein expressed by the gene against the pea aphid (<i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> Harris; Hemiptera: Aphididae) have been reported, however, effects of the PIP on the symbiotic bacteria, <i>Buchnera aphidicola</i>, and gene expression in pea aphids are unknown. By assessing the quantity of <i>B. aphidicola</i>, the primary symbiotic bacterium, in the aphid fed on an artificial diet containing 100 and 500 μg/mL Xbpi-1, we observed a substantial reduction in its population by 27% and 46%, respectively, as analysed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the growth of other aphid-associated bacteria was also significantly inhibited by Xbpi-1. To elucidate the mechanisms at the gene level, we conducted transcriptome analysis and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the 213 DEGs shed light on the impact of Xbpi-1 on aphid metabolism processes and gene expression. Notably, the results highlighted several aphid nutrient metabolism pathways affected by Xbpi-1, which are relevant to vector-borne diseases. These pathways encompass crucial factors such as heat shock proteins, cuticle proteins and proteases. The results from this study revealed that the PIP had a novel mechanism against pea aphids by having adverse effects on the primary symbiotic bacteria in pea aphids and affecting aphid gene expression, showing that the PIP may be a promise bioinsecticide for aphid control in the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"15-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bee Diversity and Abundance During Peach Bloom in South Carolina, United States","authors":"Mandeep Tayal,&nbsp;Christopher Wilson,&nbsp;Zoe Marquez de la Plata,&nbsp;Elizabeth Cieniewicz","doi":"10.1111/jen.13353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13353","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peach (<i>Prunus persica</i> [L.] Batsch) is an important speciality fruit crop in the United States. Peach is self-compatible, but bee pollination enhances fruit sets and diverse populations improve pollination efficiency. However, the bee diversity and abundance in peach orchards in South Carolina are unknown. To understand this, we sampled bees during peach tree bloom at two locations in South Carolina—the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Center (MFRC) and a peach farm in Ridge Spring, South Carolina. Overall, a total of 651 bees were collected from peach orchards, of which <i>Bombus</i> (37%) and <i>Apis</i> (32%) were the most dominant genera, followed by <i>Eucera</i> (14%), <i>Andrena</i> (8%) and <i>Habropoda</i> (5%). Diversity indices indicate higher species richness and diversity at the Ridge Spring farm than at MFRC. Dominant species at the MFRC were <i>Apis mellifera</i> (36.77%), <i>Bombus bimaculatus (</i>29.1%), <i>B. griseocolis</i> (12%) and <i>Eucera hamata</i> (8%). In contrast, the Ridge Spring farm was dominated by <i>A. mellifera</i> (24.17%), <i>Habropoda laboriosa</i> (12%), <i>Andrena barbara</i> (12%), <i>E. atriventris</i> (11.72%) and <i>B. bimaculatus</i> (11.35%). In comparing the effectiveness of sampling methods, blue vane traps (BVTs) captured more bees than aerial sweep netting. Furthermore, BVTs predominantly captured larger-sized bees, while smaller-sized bees were more frequently collected using sweep netting. Throughout peach bloom, differences in bee abundance were observed over time as well. Our study sheds light on the bee diversity and abundance in South Carolina peach orchards, revealing variations between locations. This knowledge of bee diversity and abundance will provide baseline information on bee communities in peach orchards and will help develop suitable pollinator conservation programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jen.13353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Using Different Legume Species in a Push–Pull Approach to Manage Spodoptera frugiperda in Maize in China","authors":"Sijia Bi,&nbsp;Yinhao Wang,&nbsp;Tingting Xu,&nbsp;Benjin Hu,&nbsp;Zhenying Wang,&nbsp;Wajid Ali Jatoi,&nbsp;Fei Hu,&nbsp;Lina Xu","doi":"10.1111/jen.13350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13350","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Smith), a notorious pest native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, has recently invaded China, causing substantial damage to crops, particularly maize. The push–pull strategy has been reported to be an effective prevention measure for FAW in Africa, with maize–soybean intercropping significantly reducing FAW infestation. To assess the potential of legume hosts as ‘push’ or ‘pull’ plants to control FAW in maize, we employed life table analysis and indoor cage tests to investigate the offspring performance, feeding and oviposition preference of FAW on five selected legume species, namely mung bean (<i>Vigna radiata</i> L.), soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.), kidney bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.), red bean (<i>Vigna angularis</i> Willd.) and cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L. Walp), with maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) as a control. Mung bean and cowpea were subsequently selected as repellent and attractant plant, respectively, to study FAW infestation levels in maize in the field. The results showed that maize was the most suitable host plant for FAW, as indicated by its shortest developmental duration and highest pupal weight. However, among all the tested legume species, cowpea was the best host for FAW, with shorter larval, pre-adult and adult durations than on the leaves of the other legumes. Moreover, the feeding and oviposition preference tests revealed that FAW had a strong preference for maize and cowpea, but strongly rejected mung bean. Compared with that in the maize monoculture group, the total number of eggs laid in the maize–mung group decreased by 67.25%, whereas that in the maize–cowpea group significantly increased by 2.04-fold in greenhouse tests. In the randomised block field experiment, the infestation of maize by FAW in the mung bean–cowpea system was significantly lower than that in the maize monoculture or in the system with maize surrounded only by cowpea. This study indicated that mung bean and cowpea are promising candidates as repellent plants (push) and attractant plants (pull), respectively, for intercropping with maize to reduce the damage caused by FAW.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"149 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual and seasonal migratory patterns of wheat aphids across the Bohai Strait in eastern Asia","authors":"Xingya Wang,&nbsp;Haotian Ma,&nbsp;Ying Gao,&nbsp;Mingli Yu,&nbsp;Yuechao Zhao,&nbsp;Kongming Wu","doi":"10.1111/jen.13349","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jen.13349","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bird cherry-oat aphid (<i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>) and the grain aphid (<i>Sitobion miscanthi</i>) are two destructive wheat pests that have caused severe economic losses in China's main wheat-producing regions. Although previous studies have focused mainly on the population dynamics of wheat pests in wheat fields, little is known about the trans-sea migration of both wheat aphid species in eastern China. Here, we conducted 10 years of monitoring from 2012 to 2021 to determine aerial migration patterns utilizing a suction trap on Beihuang Island (BH), a small island in the centre of the Bohai Strait that serves as a seasonal insect migratory pathway in eastern Asia. We also simulated the migration trajectories of these pests using the HYSPLIT model. Overall, a total of 6362 alatae <i>S. miscanthi</i> and 335 alatae <i>R. padi</i> were captured, and both wheat aphid species exhibited regular patterns of comigration across the sea from late April to late October each year. There were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the migratory numbers of both wheat aphids. Notably, the average daily humidity was the most important meteorological factor affecting migration biomass. The seasonal migration trajectories simulated using the HYSPLIT model revealed different source areas for both wheat aphid species, which mostly originated in Northeast, North and East China. Accordingly, our study provides valuable insights into the occurrence and migration route of wheat aphids in eastern Asia, helps fine-tune forecasting and early warning systems, and thereby guides integrated pest management of wheat aphids in eastern Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"148 10","pages":"1318-1330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Butterflies, bumblebees and hoverflies are equally effective pollinators of Knautia arvensis (Caprifoliaceae), a generalist plant species with compound inflorescences","authors":"Jeff Ollerton, Emma Coulthard, Sam Tarrant, James Woolford, Leonardo Ré Jorge, André Rodrigo Rech","doi":"10.1111/jen.13345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13345","url":null,"abstract":"Plant‐pollinator interactions exist along a continuum from complete specialisation to highly generalised, that may vary in time and space. A long‐held assumption is that large bees are usually the most effective pollinators of generalist plants. We tested this by studying the relative importance of different groups of pollinators of <jats:italic>Knautia arvensis</jats:italic> (L.) Coult. (Caprifoliaceae: Dipsacoideae). This plant is suitable for such a study because it attracts a diversity of flower visitors, belonging to different functional groups. We asked whether all functional groups of pollinators are equally effective, or if one group is most effective, which has been documented in other species with apparently generalised pollination systems. We studied two subpopulations of <jats:italic>K. arvensis</jats:italic>, one at low and one at high density in Northampton, UK. To assess pollinator importance we exposed unvisited inflorescences to single visits by different groups of pollinators (butterflies, bumblebees, hoverflies and others) and assessed the proportion of pollinated stigmas. We then multiplied the effectiveness of each pollinator group with their proportional visitation frequency in five different years. For each group we also compared time spent on flowers and flight distance between visits. The relative importance of each pollinator group varied between years, as did their flight distances between flower visits. Butterflies were the best pollinators on a per visit basis (in terms of the proportion of stigmas pollinated) and flew further after visiting an inflorescence. Different measures and proxies of pollinator effectiveness varied between taxa, subpopulations, and years, and no one group of pollinators was consistently more effective than the others. Our results demonstrate the adaptive value of generalised pollination strategies when variation in relative abundance of different types of pollinators is considered. Such strategies may have buffered the ability of plants to reproduce during past periods of environmental change and may do so in the future.","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of planting and harvest dates on yam infestation by white grubs","authors":"Romain Exilien,&nbsp;Robers Pierre Tescar,&nbsp;Holken Augustin,&nbsp;Dorensky Cadestin,&nbsp;Nicolas Carvil,&nbsp;Predner Duvivier,&nbsp;Gelin Doreus,&nbsp;Jessi Griesheimer","doi":"10.1111/jen.13348","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jen.13348","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The white grub, <i>Diaprepes abbreviatus</i> L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a significant pest of yam tubers and the second cause of tuber rot in Haiti. Larval feeding inflicts severe damage to tubers, leading to notable losses due to decreased tuber quality, reduced marketability and increased susceptibility to secondary parasites and pathogens. This study examined the influence of planting and harvesting dates on the vulnerability of yam tubers to white grub infestation and the resulting tuber quality across 24 farmers' fields. At harvest, we assessed the level of tuber infestation, white grub density and the tuber quality index. The results indicated that 85% of grub populations were found in fields planted on the traditional date. In addition, 69.5% of tuber damage occurred in early-planted fields with fewer tubers damaged (30%) when harvested early. In contrast, in fields planted 30 days after the traditional date, the harvest date did not affect tuber infestation and damage by the pest. Overall, both planting and harvest dates impacted the quality grade of yam tubers. Delayed planting by 30 days and early harvesting (34th–38th week after planting) improved the marketability of yams. These findings highlight the importance of optimising planting and harvest schedules to better manage white grub infestation and enhance the marketability of yam tubers.</p>","PeriodicalId":14987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Entomology","volume":"148 10","pages":"1311-1317"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}