Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials最新文献

{"title":"Incorporation of MXene into brushite cement: Effects on mechanical, physical, and biological properties.","authors":"Bilal Zaman Babar, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Saad Liaqat, Faiza Sharif, Saeed Ur Rahman, Sandleen Feroz, Nawshad Muhammad","doi":"10.1177/22808000261426769","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261426769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Brushite cement (BrC) has been extensively utilized in hard tissue engineering implementations due to their osteoconductive and bioresorbable nature. The key limitations associated with the clinical application of brushite cement are complex handling procedures, short working time, and inadequate mechanical strength. This study investigates the development of MXene-incorporated brushite cement with improved properties for various clinical applications. The objective was to evaluate the influence of MXene concentration on the mechanical, physical and biological properties of BrC.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The incorporated MXene at 1% and 2% concentrations were evaluated for characterization by SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, mechanical strength by UTM, physical properties by degradation and setting time, and biologically by DDT, DCT, cytotoxicity and gene expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MXene inclusion increased the crystallinity of BrC, mechanical strength (SBS, CS and BFS), significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) particularly at 2 wt.%. The prolonged setting times, enhanced antibacterial property (ZOI 20.5 mm in DDT; 1.20 OD prior and 0.05 OD after the test in DCT), and acceptable cytocompatibility around 75% cell viability. Significant upregulation of RUNX2, ALP and OCN in the 2% group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inclusion of MXene into brushite cement generated a composite biomaterial with improved mechanical strength, controlled degradation, strengthened antibacterial activity, while maintained biocompatibility. Exhibits potential for clinical applications requiring enhanced regenerative ability and antibacterial performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261426769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of PCL@β-TCP composite antibacterial scaffolds by additive manufacturing.","authors":"Chen Zhang, Yi Qi, Binying Dai, Runyi Lin, Jinchao You, Yaomei Wang, Shunxue Xing, Yuansong Ye, De-Jing Li","doi":"10.1177/22808000261421820","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261421820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) are promising materials for bone tissue engineering due to their complementary biodegradability and osteoconductivity. However, their individual limitations hinder clinical application. In this study, PCL@β-TCP composite scaffolds containing 5%, 10%, and 20% β-TCP were fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The effects of β-TCP content on the physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of the scaffolds were systematically investigated. Results showed that increasing β-TCP content enhanced hydrophilicity (contact angle reduced from 89.1° to 66.9°), accelerated biodegradation (higher weight loss after 103 days in PBS), and improved antibacterial activity, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>. These findings demonstrate that β-TCP incorporation effectively enhances the bioactivity and antibacterial performance of PCL scaffolds, highlighting their potential for bone tissue engineering applications, particularly in non-load-bearing contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261421820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147306236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic eluting collagen-based hydrogel improves wound healing in a biofilm challenged murine stented wound model.","authors":"Reid W Smith, Evan H Jarman, Shannon Francis, Jordan B Burgess, Kate Hayashiganati, Ayushi Sharma, Uriel Sanchez Rangle, Amar Singh, Allen Green, Paige M Fox","doi":"10.1177/22808000261447657","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000261447657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilm-colonized chronic wounds are difficult to treat due to a constantly evolving microbiome. In this study, a cHG augmented with antibiotics was examined for the topical treatment of biofilm-challenged wounds in vivo. Two studies were performed in series using a murine stented wound model. Mice were divided into four groups: control (wound only), infection only (IO), infection + cHG (IcHG), and infection + cHG + antibiotics (IcHG + Abx). We first examined <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilms treated with gentamicin, and then MRSA biofilms treated with clindamycin. Wound healing was assessed using photography, immunohistochemistry, and histology. Systemic symptoms were monitored with hematological laboratory tests. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infected wounds treated with cHG + Abx healed faster and were protected from bacteremia. In the MRSA infected mice, wound treatment significantly affected the outcome, explaining 5.56% of total variance (ANOVA: <i>F</i>(3, 366) = 17.38, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Additionally, infected wounds treated with cHG + Abx demonstrated less inflammatory tissue and accelerated closure rate on day 8 (76.53% ± 7.43% vs 48.40% ± 4.95%, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and day 14 (96.00% ± 3.07% vs 82.38% ± 8.24%, <i>p</i> = 0.003), as compared to the infection only wounds. cHG offers a biocompatible, topical option with dual functionality: antibiotic augmentation to target biofilm pathogens, and a collagen-rich dressing to accelerate wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"24 ","pages":"22808000261447657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human mesenchymal stem cell expansion on laminin-521 in serum-free and xeno-free culture conditions.","authors":"Halima Albalushi, Mohadese Boorojerdi, Elias Said, Halima Al Shehhi, Nihal Al Riyami, Mohammed Al Rawahi, Murtadha Al Khabori","doi":"10.1177/22808000251332110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251332110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laminin-521 (LN521) is a crucial adhesion protein found in natural stem cell niches and plays an important role in maintaining human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LN521 on human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) characteristics in Serum-free and Xeno-free culture conditions as a step toward clinical application. In our experiment isolated UC-MSC via explant method were expanded as a homogeneous monolayer and morphologically, presented typical MSC-like morphology (spindle-shaped) from passage three to six when cultured on either LN521 or CELLstart™. Almost, 90% confluency was reached after 4 days of culture with an EI of approximately 11.2 with no statistically significant differences on LN521 and CELLstart™ in all six passages. Phenotypic characterization of UC-MSC cultured on LN521 or CELLstart™ using flow cytometry, along with the expression of the same biomarkers in gene level analyzed by quantitative reversed transcription revealed identical CD73, CD90, CD105, CD34, CD45, CD19, CD14, and HLA-DR expression pattern at passages three and six in both LN521 and CELLstart™. Moreover, UC-MSC cultured in the presence of LN521 and CELLstart™ showed the same adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis differentiation potential, and normal chromosome structure highlighting genetic stability. Ultimately, LN521 is comparable to CELLstart™ in supporting UC-MSC expansion and maintaining their characteristics in serum-free and xeno-free culture conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251332110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive oligopeptides and the application in skin regeneration and rejuvenation.","authors":"Qiulin He, Youguo Liao, Yaru Wu, Huahui Zhang, Xiaohui Long, Yuxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1177/22808000251330974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251330974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oligopeptides, composed of 2-10 amino acid residues, are protein fragments with unique structural characteristics, including small molecular size, high biocompatibility, and modifiable functional groups. These features endow oligopeptides with excellent permeability, safety, and versatile biological activities, making them widely applicable in disease treatment, drug delivery, and skincare. In particular, oligopeptides have emerged as advanced ingredients in skincare, offering anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects by regulating key biological processes such as collagen synthesis, antioxidant defense, and melanin production. This review comprehensively discusses the structural properties, functional mechanisms, and diverse applications of oligopeptides and their derivatives, highlighting their potential in skin regeneration, rejuvenation, and anti-aging medicine. By providing insights into the latest advancements, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference for future research and development in oligopeptide-based therapeutics and skincare innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251330974"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Ion Leachable Resin Composites: Time-Dependent Water Sorption, Solubility and Hygroscopic Expansion.","authors":"Abdullah Alshehri, Ahmed A Almokhatieb, Mohammed Mustafa, Khaled Abid Althaqafi, Waseem Waleed Radwan, Mohammad Khursheed Alam","doi":"10.1177/22808000251348969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251348969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess the time-dependent water sorption, solubility and hygroscopic expansion of experimental resin composites modified with three different types of ion-leachable glasses (ILGs): 45S5 Bioglass (BG), Fluoride-containing glass (F9) and Experimental fluoride-phosphate glass (F9X), incorporated in varying weight percentages (5%, 10% and 15%).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A 50:50 Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based resin matrix was loaded with each ILG type in 5, 10 and 15 wt% and compared against a control without filler. Disc-shaped specimens (<i>n</i> = 3 per group; total = 39) were fabricated using a stainless-steel mould and cured using an LED light-curing unit (1200 mW/cm², 20 s per side). The water sorption and solubility were evaluated using a modified ISO 4049 protocol over a 12-week immersion period in distilled water at 37°C, followed by an 8-week desorption phase. Hygroscopic expansion was evaluated through volume change using a digital micrometre. Data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All ILG-containing composites showed significantly increased water sorption compared to the control, with the BG-15 group demonstrating the highest sorption (3.37% ± 0.09) and expansion. Solubility increased with ILG concentration, especially in the BG and F9X groups. Hygroscopic expansion correlated positively with water uptake. No significant changes were observed in specimen mass after desorption in low filler groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incorporation of ILGs into resin composites significantly altered their water uptake and dimensional stability. While these effects could compromise long-term mechanical properties, the resulting hygroscopic expansion may aid in reducing microgaps and secondary caries at restoration margins. Veneering ILG-containing composites with conventional materials is recommended to limit degradation. These findings contribute novel insights into time-dependent dimensional behaviour of bioactive composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251348969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> and <i>Aloe vera</i>.","authors":"Aigul Zh Kerimkulova, Anastassiya D Kukhareva, Sana K Kabdrakhmanova, Dana Bolatkhan, Esbol Shaimardan, Zhanar E Ibraeva, Madiar M Beisebekov, Daria Toktorbek Kyzy, Asylkan Z Dzhumanazarova","doi":"10.1177/22808000251406458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251406458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of plant extracts for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles represents a promising direction in nanotechnology due to the high environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness of the method. In this study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out using <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa and Aloe vera</i> extracts. The synthesis was conducted by reaction between the extracts with a silver nitrate solution, leading to the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size determination, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The UV spectra exhibited characteristic absorption in the range of 350-450 nm, confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles, while XRD analysis determined an average particle size of 6.11 nm. The size analysis demonstrated the stability of the nanoparticles over time and their retention within the nanometer range. Comparative antibacterial tests demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized using <i>H. sabdariffa</i> extract showed higher inhibitory activity against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. saprophyticus</i> compared to those produced with <i>A. vera</i> extract. The obtained results confirm that biogenic synthesis using plant extracts is an environmentally safe and highly efficient alternative to conventional chemical methods, offering promising applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and other high-tech fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251406458"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient dynamic analysis of delaminated fractional piezoelectric composites.","authors":"Ehab M Almetwally, Ibrahim Elbatal, Ola Ragb, Mokhtar Mohamed, Mohamed Salah","doi":"10.1177/22808000251392437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251392437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a variety of applications, such as sensing, vibration control, wind turbine blades, automobile panels, submersible vehicles, and structural health monitoring, smart structures which are made up of laminated composite plates sandwiched between two piezoelectric layers are used. The issue of fractional derivatives for delaminated and multilayered piezoelectric composite plate supported on a viscoelastic foundation's free vibration response has been tackled in this work. A system of differential quadrature and a perturbation method are used to derive and solve the governing equations. Four form functions, the Lagrange interpolation polynomial, the Cardinal Sine function, the Delta Lagrange, and the Regularized Shannon kernel are used in this study to provide new DQM approaches. A numerical system is suggested and tested under a range of support circumstances to determine its accuracy and efficiency, which relies on prior enabling more accurate predictions critical for the design and deployment of intelligent structural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251392437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145767511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of synthesis technique for porous nano and micro fibrous wound dressings with natural oil supplements.","authors":"Meltem Kum, Levent Sendogdular, Selda Topcu Sendogdular","doi":"10.1177/22808000251314106","DOIUrl":"10.1177/22808000251314106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For millennia, aloe vera (AV) and eucalyptus oil (EO) have been recognized as natural sources of healing and have been utilized for medicinal purposes in the realm of health. As an attempt to treat pressure sores, AV and eucalyptus oil were added as supplements to biocompatible and biodegradable poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer to synthesize nano and micro fibrous wound dressings by the electrospinning process. Additive solubility in polymeric matrix is the key parameter to achieve the synthesis of homogeneous fibers with controlled release of therapeutic oils, cure and humidity; therefore, lecithin as herbal (soybean) based emulsifier was used to control additive/polymer solubility. In this study, fibrous dressing in mat form with antioxidant activity was successfully obtained with the addition of natural AV and EO in PEO polymer solutions through electrospinning technique. Subsequently, the synthesized fibers were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), moisture absorption and UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM imaging demonstrated the formation of randomly-oriented and beadless fibers with size of 0.48 ± 0.23 µm out of PEO/AV/EO/Lecithin blend and also with the addition of lecithin, fiber thicknesses were observed to be increasing. Moisture absorption analysis revealed that the weight of fibrous mat was affected by the humidity of the ambient environment. Relative humidity for 7 days ranged between 32% and 37% and it was observed that lecithin content increased the moisture retention rate by 50%. Uv-Vis results suggested that a more regular performance has been achieved with lecithin being involved in terms of timely manner changes; therefore, the contrast of samples between hours and days became more distinctive. PEO/AV/EO/Lecithin nanofiber also indicated antibacterial ability against <i>Escherichia coli</i> with approximately 18.5 mm diameter of inhibition. This research proves that the potential for developing biocompatible wound dressings with long-lasting moisture to the wound is possible through the use of these natural healing agents made homogeneously distributed through structure by the use of emulsifier.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251314106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-peroxide eggshell-based experimental material: Effects on the color and composition of human dental enamel.","authors":"Carolina Torres-Rodríguez, Jennifer González García, Pedro Álvarez-Lloret, Edgar Delgado-Mejía","doi":"10.1177/22808000251356939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000251356939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative calcium phosphates are strong candidates as tooth-whitening to mitigate the adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide (HP). This study examines changes in the color and chemical structure of human enamel induced by a biomimetic calcium phosphate-based bleaching ceramic derived from chicken eggshell, known as the experimental remineralizing Substance (ERS). Forty human molars were assigned to four groups: G1: storage group; G2: treated with 35% HP; G3: treated with ERSs; and G4: treated with HP followed by ers. CIE color coordinates (<i>L</i>*, <i>a</i>*, <i>b</i>*) were recorded before and after treatment using a dental spectrophotometer to calculate color differences (Δ<i>E*_ab</i>, Δ<i>E₀₀</i>) and the whiteness index<math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>W</mi><msub><mi>I</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> which were later compared with previously established perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds. After each treatment, enamel surface powders from each specimen were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and simple linear regression for color measurements, as well as one-way ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and Holm-Bonferroni tests for chemical composition. The results indicated a significant decrease in <i>L</i>* (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and <i>b</i>* (<i>p</i> = 0.03) values in G3. The highest mean values of <i>∆E*_ab</i> and Δ<i>E₀₀</i> (<i>p</i> ⩽ 0.05) exceeded PT and AT indicating good effectiveness. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that certain phosphate bands in G3 remained unchanged compared to G1 and G2. Additionally, carbonate substitution at the A and B-positions was reduced, and the degree of mineralization increased compared to G2. XRD patterns showed diffraction peaks linked to hydroxyapatite crystals in all experimental groups. All treatments reduced crystallite size, and this effect was not reversed in G3. Thus, this study demonstrates that ERS achieved a superior whitening effect compared to HP, without altering the chemical composition or crystalline structure of human enamel. These findings suggest the potential of using ERS as a safer alternative to conventional peroxide-based whitening agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":14985,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials","volume":"23 ","pages":"22808000251356939"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}