Journal of Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Anatomical Society Summer Meeting, Oxford: 14th-16th July 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.70103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"670-699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145943960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The developing alligator tongue undergoes a soft form of cornification associated with intermediate filament keratins","authors":"Lorenzo Alibardi","doi":"10.1111/joa.70117","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Little is known on the keratinisation and cornification in the alligator tongue. This process has been studied during late and pre-hatching embryonic stages, using histochemical, immunolabelling and electron microscopy. The study revealed that PAS-positive, Alcian blue and Blue Nile Sulphate reactive glycoprotein/glycolipids are produced and accumulated in the corneous layer of the lingual epithelium before hatching. Also, Intermediate Filament Keratins (IFKs) but not Corneous Beta Proteins (CBPs) are synthesised in the tongue epithelium. Alligator IFKs have variable composition and cysteine content, 0.1%–1.1%, and few contain 2.5%–4.9% cysteine, and participate in the formation of a hard-corneous layer. These keratins also contain numerous hydrophobic amino acids, in particular leucine and valine, suggesting that they are partially hydrophobic. The predicted cross-reactivity with the IFK-antibodies here employed suggests that these antibodies can recognise some alligator IFKs. Light and transmission electron microscopy show that the stratified corneous layer is formed by narrow alpha-corneocytes storing peripheral corneous material and a central electron-pale and likely glycolipid core. Numerous membrane coating granules 0.1–0.2 μm in diameter and reactive to silver-methenamine reaction for glycoproteins are accumulated and merge with keratin bundles along the plasma membrane or are extruded among pre-corneous keratinocytes. Corneocytes of 0.1–0.2 μm in thickness pile up on embryonic tongue before hatching, forming the stratum corneum, but they do not accumulate detectable CBPs, the prevalent proteins instead present in alligator scales and claws. Whether CBPs are later produced in juveniles and adult alligator tongue to mechanically strengthen the lingual epithelium is unknown but it is hypothesised that the presence of cysteine-rich IFKs may contribute to the hardness of the tongue corneous layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"659-669"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ‘Rosetta Stone’ of palaeoneurology: A detailed study of the link between the brain and the endocast on 75 volunteers","authors":"Antoine Balzeau,&nbsp;Éric Bardinet,&nbsp;Ameline Bardo,&nbsp;Anne-Laure Bernat,&nbsp;Tiphaine Derrey,&nbsp;Mélanie Didier,&nbsp;Andréa Filippo,&nbsp;Jiaming Hui,&nbsp;Anna Maria Kubicka,&nbsp;Nicole Labra,&nbsp;Yann Leprince,&nbsp;Jean-François Mangin,&nbsp;Aurélien Mounier,&nbsp;Sylvain Prima,&nbsp;Denis Rivière,&nbsp;Mathieu D. Santin,&nbsp;Victor Giolland","doi":"10.1111/joa.70101","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose for the first time a direct comparison between brain and endocast characteristics—the number, position, length and proportion of sulci as revealed by the evidence on the brain and their corresponding marks on the endocast that is the internal surface of the skull—in the same living individuals. Using a tailored MRI imaging methodology developed to overcome the limitations inherent to medical imaging on healthy subjects, we compare 3D models of the brain and of the endocast obtained from the same cohort of 75 volunteers. These data were quantified in terms of observation frequency, proportion of dimension for the same structures on the endocast compared to the brain and variation among the analysed sample. We show that identifiable marks on the endocast are often short, discontinuous, and primarily located in the lower regions (particularly in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes areas). This observation contradicts previous practices of drawing long, straight marks on fossil endocasts. An unexpected result of the study is the discovery of endocranial marks unrelated to cerebral sulci, called MNAS (for endocranial Marks Not Associated with Sulci). These marks represent approximately 12% of the depressions observed and pose a challenge for the interpretation of fossil endocasts. Finally, we propose with this work a new standardised approach to studying fossil endocasts, which combines precise guidelines for sulci variation description as well as for inter-individual comparisons, and cross-validation by several researchers. The development of a new approach based on a large quantity of anatomical information presented in the present study, offers new perspectives for reconstructing the anatomy of fossil hominin's brain in a more objective framework, and will have a lasting impact for the study of the evolution of the hominin brain, particularly functional lateralisation and cognitive abilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"476-503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft tissue abnormalities in the congenital limb malformation radial dysplasia (RD): Their clinical impact and treatment significance","authors":"Marco Correia Duarte,&nbsp;Sultan M. Al-Zyoud,&nbsp;Eleanor M. Feneck,&nbsp;Duane James,&nbsp;Gillian D. Smith,&nbsp;Branavan Sivakumar,&nbsp;Malcolm P. O. Logan","doi":"10.1111/joa.70118","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The defining features of the upper limb congenital anomaly, radial dysplasia (RD), involve both skeletal and soft tissue malformation, including muscle, vascular, and neural structures, with varying degrees of severity. Herein, we summarise the range of soft tissue anatomy malformations that have been described in RD, with the objective of better understanding their aetiology and clinical significance. Changes to muscle anatomy can include hypoplasia and fusion; vascular defects often involve persistent median arteries and absent radial arteries. There are also consistent differences in neural projections that have consequences on surgical approaches. Understanding these changes from normal anatomy, their origins and variations is important for improving diagnosis, management, and surgical outcomes in RD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"457-475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice, 43rd edition By Susan Standring (Ed.), Shane R. Tubbs (Ed.), London: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2025. ISBN 9780443124785","authors":"Asha Venkatesh","doi":"10.1111/joa.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"700-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural modulation of ocular immunity: Exploring a sympathetic-macrophage neuroimmune link in the human ciliary body","authors":"Tanya S. Karakyriakou,&nbsp;Claire Mackaaij,&nbsp;Mark van Zijverden,&nbsp;Hendrik A. Messal,&nbsp;Jeannette Ossewaarde-van Norel,&nbsp;Ronald L. A. W. Bleys,&nbsp;Cindy G. J. Cleypool","doi":"10.1111/joa.70104","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ciliary body (CB) represents an immunoregulatory compartment for the ocular system and we questioned whether local immune regulation in the CB in humans could be under neural control. In this study, we explored whether the human CB contains a sympathetic-macrophage neuroimmune link. Seven right eyes from donated cadavers (five male, two female) were enucleated. After removal of the cornea, lens, and vitreous body, each eye was divided into quadrants. One quadrant per eye was processed for light microscopy to assess overall morphology, general and sympathetic nerve presence, varicosities, macrophages, and the proximity of sympathetic nerves to macrophages. Additional quadrants (whole-mount samples) were examined with three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy to visualize the spatial relationship between sympathetic nerves and macrophages and to determine whether these macrophages expressed β₂-adrenergic receptors. Our study shows that the human CB contains sympathetic nerves of which a significant amount was spatially associated to β2-adrenergic receptor expressing macrophages. The current study provides morphological evidence for a possible sympathetic-macrophage ocular neuroimmune link in humans which may constitute a novel field for the study of degenerative and inflammatory eye disease. Further understanding of the CB sympathetic nerves and their immunomodulatory capacity is needed for the development of future therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"565-577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145863131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative functional morphological study of the tarsal joint mobility in artiodactyls and perissodactyls in light of astragalar morphological differences","authors":"Sei-ichiro Takeda,&nbsp;Yoichi Masuda,&nbsp;Truong Son Nguyen,&nbsp;Hideki Endo","doi":"10.1111/joa.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In most mammals, the astragalus features a single-pulley surface for articulation with the tibia; in contrast, artiodactyls possess pulley structures at both the proximal and distal ends of the astragalus, a condition known as the double-pulley astragalus. This structure has been hypothesized to increase the force exerted during plantarflexion by elongating the lever arm formed by the calcaneus. However, this hypothesis, based on skeletal simulations, has lacked empirical confirmation under ex vivo conditions. To address this, the present study used CT scanning to examine the hindlimbs obtained from necropsies of 15 mammalian species—including artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and a cheetah—and generated three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the tarsal joint to measure mobility using the obtained 3D models. Distances between the tuber calcanei and astragalar trochleae, interosseous angles, and ranges of motion (ROMs) were quantified in maximally dorsiflexed and plantarflexed postures. In artiodactyls, the distances between the tuber calcanei and the proximal and distal trochleae of the astragalus varied with joint posture and changed strictly in antiphase, reflecting a shift in the functional locus of rotation within the astragalus. Despite these postural changes, the effective lever length relative to the instantaneous axis of rotation remained nearly constant. In species with a single-trochlea astragalus, including perissodactyls and the cheetah, almost the entire ROM of the tarsal joint was attributable to motion at the crurotarsal joint, and the calcaneus and astragalus were virtually immobile relative to each other. By contrast, artiodactyls exhibited substantial calcaneo-astragalar mobility, with changes in relative orientation reaching up to 90°. Tarsal joint mobility in artiodactyls was distributed between the proximal and distal astragalar joints, with ruminants showing particularly large ROMs at the distal astragalar joint. Clear differences were observed between plesiomorphic and apomorphic taxa: equids and ruminants displayed greater overall tarsal joint mobility than Tapiridae and Suina, respectively. Although Suina did not differ from ruminants in ROM at the proximal astragalar joint, they were markedly restricted in mobility at the distal astragalar joint and in calcaneo-astragalar motion. Llamas, and likely camelids in general, exhibited tarsal joint characteristics closely resembling those of ruminants, a pattern most plausibly interpreted as convergent acquisition of similar joint configurations. These results demonstrate that the double-pulley astragalus is associated with a distinctive pattern of joint partitioning and interosseous mobility within the tarsus, rather than with simple elongation of the calcaneal lever arm, highlighting its anatomical significance in shaping artiodactyl tarsal joint morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"587-603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the abdominal musculature in the chicken embryo","authors":"Margarethe Draga,&nbsp;Luke Orth,&nbsp;Julia Khabyuk,&nbsp;Vanessa Holtwick,&nbsp;Johanna Heinen,&nbsp;Felicitas Pröls,&nbsp;Martin Scaal","doi":"10.1111/joa.70113","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The abdominal musculature is of prime importance for stabilization and flexion movements of the trunk, and of high clinical relevance in hernia surgery. Despite a number of severe congenital malformations involving defective abdominal muscle formation, little is known about abdominal muscle development during embryogenesis. Here, we used the chicken model system to investigate anatomy, morphogenesis, segmental origin, and fiber formation of the abdominal musculature. The specific anatomy of the chicken abdominal musculature was first determined by macroscopic dissections of adult specimens. We then describe the sculpting of the external oblique, internal oblique, transversus, and rectus muscles from a uniform hypaxial muscle blastema on the basis of whole-mount embryos and sections. We show that abdominal muscles arise from somites 24–28, that all abdominal muscles receive muscle cells from multiple somites, and that somites 25 and 26 provide the major source of abdominal muscle cells. We find that the contribution of individual somites to distinct muscle portions is heterogeneous, with a roughly segmental arrangement of muscle fibers in the transversus muscle, and a random mix of fibers of different segmental origin in the rectus muscle. We furthermore show that despite extensive fiber mixing, there is no fusion between fibers of different segments, so that the segmental identity of individual fibers in the abdominal muscle sheets is maintained. We present abdominal muscle formation as a paradigm for the development of large, segment-crossing trunk muscles from segmental myotomal anlagen.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"618-633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13399026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimorphic spines and complex postsynaptic structures in the rat and human brains: A common finding with intriguing morphology and open functional questions","authors":"Josué Renner,&nbsp;Alberto A. Rasia-Filho,&nbsp;David González-Tapia,&nbsp;Ignacio González-Burgos","doi":"10.1111/joa.70124","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dendritic spines are postsynaptic specializations that mainly contact excitatory inputs and modulate a wide range of processes involving synaptic transmission and plasticity. Based on morphological features, they were classified into stubby, wide, thin, mushroom, ramified, and double spines. However, spines display other than these “classical” shapes, which are morphologically more convoluted and were initially called “atypical” spines. They have been much less studied and, then, worthy of investigation. Here, atypical (or, rather, multimorphic) spines, as well as complex dendritic protrusions, were examined using the Golgi method and after 2D and 3D image reconstructions in dendrites, cell bodies, and axon hillocks of several neuron types from both rats and humans. A variety of morphological features of complex dendritic protrusions and multimorphic spines were characterized in basket cells, Purkinje cells, brush neurons and granule cells of the cerebellum, in multipolar neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus, in multipolar neurons of the posterodorsal medial amygdaloid nucleus, in short-shaft pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, in layers V–VI pyramidal and polymorphic neurons of the prefrontal cortex, and layers II–VI neurons of the anterior cingulate, precuneus, temporal, and occipital cortex. We provide evidence for the usual occurrence of these multimorphic spines, characterized by their heterogeneity in shape and size, and discuss the likely functional implications for synaptic processing, intraspine microdomains, compartmentalization features, and plasticity. Given their presence in rodents and humans, we also discuss the possible implications of multimorphic spines for more complex synaptic transmission across evolved neural circuits, laying the groundwork for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"504-527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146165492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of arboreality is correlated with longer hand skeletons in Gorilla: Analysis of a new skeletal sample of Bwindi mountain gorillas","authors":"Elliot G. Greiner,&nbsp;Christopher B. Ruff,&nbsp;Charlotte King,&nbsp;Aventino Nkwasibwe,&nbsp;Thadee Muhire,&nbsp;Emmanuel Tibenda,&nbsp;Jason S. Massey,&nbsp;Juho-Antti Junno,&nbsp;Rowan M. Sherwood,&nbsp;Jean Bosco Noheri,&nbsp;Fred Nizeyimana,&nbsp;Tierra Smiley Evans,&nbsp;Richard Muvunyi,&nbsp;Dennis Babaasa,&nbsp;Martha M. Robbins,&nbsp;Shannon C. McFarlin,&nbsp;Tracy L. Kivell","doi":"10.1111/joa.70121","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how ecological variation shapes skeletal morphology is important for linking observed locomotor behavior to anatomical correlates in extant hominoids, and for the subsequent interpretation of locomotor behavior in extinct taxa. In this study, we investigate ecomorphological variation in the metacarpals and phalanges across all five manual rays within <i>Gorilla</i>, focusing particularly on differences between western lowland gorilla (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>) and the Rwandan (Volcanoes National Park) and Ugandan (Bwindi Impenetrable National Park) populations of mountain gorilla (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>). This work incorporates the first substantial set of skeletal measurements from the Bwindi mountain gorilla population, derived from individuals recovered by the Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project between 2018 and 2025. By comparing these data with samples from low and high-elevation Grauer's gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei graueri</i>), we assess how variation in arboreality correlates with digit element lengths, demonstrating that the Bwindi mountain gorillas exhibit intermediate metacarpal and phalangeal lengths between the more arboreal western lowland gorillas and the more terrestrial Virunga mountain gorillas. These findings indicate a correlation between longer digital rays in more arboreal populations, even within the same species, which may enhance grasping and stability on arboreal substrates. We show a population-specific relationship between ecology and hand morphology in <i>Gorilla</i> and emphasize the value of documenting localized skeletal responses to environmental and behavioral variation to better interpret patterns in the hominoid fossil record.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"544-564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13398981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}