Journal of Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Taxonomic and sex differences in sagittal cresting among gracile and robust capuchin monkeys.","authors":"Katharine L Balolia","doi":"10.1111/joa.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sagittal crests are observed among some primate species, including early extinct hominins, however the majority of research investigating sagittal cresting among extant primates has been confined to catarrhines. Sagittal cresting has not been well-investigated among capuchin monkeys, and understanding whether there are taxonomic differences in the frequency and pattern of sagittal cresting among gracile and robust capuchin species, or whether sagittal crest expression is only confined to the males of some species, may yield important insights in a comparative context, to better understand the underlying basis for the frequency and pattern of sagittal cresting among australopithecine species. In the research presented here, I investigate whether there are interspecific differences in the frequency and pattern of sagittal cresting, and sexual dimorphism in cresting frequency among six capuchin species, representing three gracile capuchin species (Cebus albifrons, Cebus capucinus and Cebus olivaceus) and three robust capuchin species (Cebus apella, Cebus macrocephalus and Cebus libidinosus). I collected sagittal cresting data for 279 dentally mature cranial specimens using 3D models. There are interspecific differences in the frequency of sagittal cresting among capuchin species, with four out of the six species investigated (C. capucinus, C. apella, C. macrocephalus and C. libidinosus) showing sagittal crests. There are significant sex differences in the frequency of sagittal cresting in C. capucinus and robust capuchin species (C. apella, C. libidinosus, C. macrocephalus). I further show that there are interspecific differences in the pattern of sagittal cresting among the four species that exhibit sagittal crests. Sagittal cresting in C. capucinus occurs in the posterior region of the neurocranium, in contrast to the robust capuchin species, whose sagittal crests mainly extend from anterior to bregma, to the posterior cranial region at the midline. The underlying reasons for interspecific and sex differences in the frequency and pattern of sagittal cresting among species are yet to be elucidated, and may be associated with dietary, habitat or socioecological differences among capuchin groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144475350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoderm microstructure indicates ontogenetic shifts in the growth pattern of some Cretaceous notosuchians (Crocodylomorpha).","authors":"Alex Gabriel Cajado, Carlos Eduardo Maia de Oliveira, Marco Brandalise de Andrade, William Roberto Nava, Rodrigo Miloni Santucci","doi":"10.1111/joa.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A characteristic common to almost all crocodylomorphs, whether living or extinct, is the presence of a dermal skeleton. This covering is composed of bones known as osteoderms or dermal plates/scutes, which are interconnected by fibrous tissues. Osteoderms play essential roles in the biology of crocodylomorphs, and vary in size, shape, ornamentation pattern, and functions according to the species. This study analyzed the osteoderms of fossil species of four fossil crocodylomorphs taxa from the Upper Cretaceous of the Bauru Group and compared their morphological characteristics with other living and extinct lineages, including Candidodontidae and fossil Caimaninae. Sampling included osteoderms from different regions of the body and individuals of different ontogenetic stages. The osteoderms analyzed originate from distinct clades of crocodylomorphs (Peirosauridae, Baurusuchidae, Sphagesauridae, and the spaghesaurian Mariliasuchus), presenting distinct external morphologies at the macroscopic level. The histological analysis confirmed the similarities seen in distinct clades of crocodylomorphs (Peirosauridae, Baurusuchidae, Sphagesauridae, and Mariliasuchus), despite highly divergent macroscopic morphology. In all cases, the bony matrix is characterized by parallel and interwoven fibers, with secondary osteons much larger than the primary ones, indicating a process of bone resorption. Growth lines also provide information on the minimum age of the individuals at the time of death. Histological differences in the osteoderms of baurusuchid of different ontogenetic stages indicate a back-to-front progression in the reabsorption process, akin to the progressive ontogenetic fusion of neurocentral sutures seen in the vertebral spine of crocodylomorphs. A shift in the position of the parasagittal crest through ontogeny indicates that the growth process of the osteoderm is not symmetric at least in Baurusuchidae, and that individuals of different ages are expected to present meaningful macroscopic shifts in the morphology of their osteoderms. Peirosauridae ornamentation pattern also varies during ontogeny since pits present in early ontogenetic states are covered/obliterated by subsequent layers of bone that assume a more regular aspect.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How is the third jaw joint in whales different? Diverse modes of articulation between the jaws of whales.","authors":"Rebecca J Strauch, Nicholas D Pyenson, Carlos Mauricio Peredo","doi":"10.1111/joa.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cetaceans are a lineage of marine mammals that evolved diverse modes of aquatic feeding facilitated by modifications to the ancestral mammalian feeding apparatus, including the mandibular symphysis. In mammals, the mandibular symphysis is the third joint of the lower jaw. Articulation of the joint varies across mammalian clades, ranging from fibrocartilaginous connection to complete ossification. Whales span this range, with one lineage (baleen whales) evolving an unfused, highly mobile symphysis. This study conducts a comprehensive morphological investigation of the mandibular symphysis in whales. Here, we describe diverse joint morphologies based on observations of 152 cetacean mandibles representing 74 extant and fossil taxa. We also examine the internal architecture of the joint using computed tomography (CT) cross-sectional data. Based on gross anatomical observations of the osteology of the joint, we define four broad categories of symphyses: unfused, partially fused, fully fused, and decoupled. In odontocetes, articulation ranges from unfused mandibles to full fusion of the symphysis. The decoupled, highly mobile symphysis in crown mysticetes represents a novel condition unobserved in other mammalian clades. Partial fusion of the symphysis is the most common mode of articulation among the observed extant taxa, closely followed by unfused symphyses. In extant and extinct longirostrine taxa, full fusion coincides with an elongated symphysis. However, extant sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) notably exhibit an elongated, unfused symphysis that likely does not play a significant role in feeding. Observations of eminences on the posterior border of the symphysis in sperm whales and other suction feeders suggest that aspects of hyolingual musculature and function may be reflected in the morphology of symphysis. We suggest that further investigation of the symphyseal joint in marine mammals and other aquatic tetrapods will advance efforts to identify phylogenetic and ecological influences on the form and function of the feeding apparatus in an aquatic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of spinal ligaments in the embryonic chick.","authors":"Sarah Hennigan, Ebru Talak Basturkmen, Rebecca A Rolfe","doi":"10.1111/joa.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ligaments are important connective tissues within the musculoskeletal system that connect bone to bone and provide support and stability. The spine contains a number of ligaments that predominantly function in mechanical stabilisation and allow for certain ranges of spinal motion. Establishment of mechanical stability provided by spinal ligaments has not been described, and it is not known to what extent failure or inadequate spinal ligaments contribute to spinal conditions, such as scoliosis. While there are many similarities between ligaments and tendons, there is no experimental evidence investigating the development of these stability-bearing tissues. This study uses the embryonic chick model Gallus gallus and investigates the development of spinal ligaments in the thoracic spine, examining structure and molecular expression across development. Findings show organisational changes in spinal ligaments in association with vertebral shape changes from cranial to caudal, with the anatomical identification of six vertebral ligaments in the thoracic spine. As development proceeds, the size of the anterior longitudinal ligament, on the ventral surface of the vertebral body, and the supraspinous ligament, on the dorsal side of the spine, becomes greater, with the orientation of collagen fibres in the supraspinous ligament becoming more aligned. In addition, this study demonstrates that cell density decreases and nuclei become smaller and more circular across development. This study provides evidence that the embryonic chick is an appropriate model to study spinal ligament development and has added knowledge on the structural hallmarks of embryonic vertebral ligament tissues. These findings allow for subsequent investigation of the mechanical and molecular characteristics of spinal ligament development, for example useful for determining if in utero movement is important for the establishment of spinal ligament stability. Use of this model and integration of findings with additional models will provide knowledge of the contribution of spinal ligaments in spinal failure conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and development of the hemibacula of croaking geckos (Sphaerodactylidae: Aristelliger).","authors":"Aaron H Griffing, Daniel J Paluh, Jonathan C DeBoer, Juan D Daza, Tony Gamble, Anthony P Russell, Aaron M Bauer","doi":"10.1111/joa.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among squamates, hemipenes are known to evolve rapidly and exhibit diverse shapes, sizes, and ornamentation. Croaking geckos (Aristelliger) are unique among geckos in exhibiting mineralized structures (hemibacula) in their hemipenes. We here describe the gross morphology of the hemibacula of each currently recognized species of Aristelliger, document hemibacular histology, and report on hemibaculum development. We confirm the presence of hemibacula in all currently recognized species and demonstrate that three distinct morphologies correspond to three putative clades in the genus. Histology revealed that hemibacula are superficially similar to chondroid bone and composed of mineralized dense connective tissue covered in a thin layer of epidermis with alcian-positive cells embedded within a mineralized matrix. Additionally, we demonstrate that hemibacula do not develop until past the onset of sexual maturity and that hemibaculum length scales isometrically with body size. We hypothesize that hemibacula of Aristelliger develop via peramorphosis, a phenomenon also expressed in the cranial morphology of this genus. Additionally, we speculate on the functional significance of these enigmatic structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteology and arthrology of the ankle and tarsometatarsus of anoles (Iguania: Anolidae): not convergent with geckos but divergent from the ancestral iguanian condition.","authors":"Anthony P Russell, Lisa D McGregor, Timothy E Higham","doi":"10.1111/joa.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ankle joint of lizards has a complex structure, and its features help to define the Lacertilia. The configuration of this joint in its ancestral state entrains conjoint flexion-extension and long-axis rotation of the pes relative to the long axis of the crus. In Gekko gecko these actions can be decoupled because of derived features of the ankle joint. The increased degrees of freedom of the motions of the pes are associated with the operation of the adhesive toe pads carried on the digits. Among iguanian lizards, the genus Anolis has independently acquired a digital adhesive system that employs toe pads. Geckos and anoles are thus regarded as being convergent in the possession of a digital adhesive apparatus. This raises the question of whether anoles exhibit a similar ankle structure to that of geckos to allow them to deploy their toe pads in a mechanically similar fashion. Comparative analysis reveals that this is not the case, and that Anolis retains an ankle structure very similar to that of its iguanian relatives and non-gekkotan lizards in general. Some differences set its ankle and foot structure apart from those of its closest relatives, but these exaggerate the differences between geckos and anoles rather than lessen them: its ankle joint architecture is more sharply contoured than that of its close iguanian relatives; the ventral peg on the fourth distal tarsal is more extensive; its metatarsals are more gracile in form, relatively longer, and their distal joints are all unicondylar; its fifth metatarsal has a longer shaft and a less prominently sculpted ventral surface; and the meniscus that intervenes between the anterodistal extremity of the astragalocalcaneum and the more medial of the metatarsals is more extensive. These attributes combine to limit degrees of freedom at the ankle joint but provide the digits with greater mobility relative to the metatarsals. Such derived features may prove to be associated with enhanced capabilities for grasping narrow perches, sprinting and jumping, activities common to anoles but much less evident for geckos. The ways in which geckos and anoles negotiate their locomotor environments may be associated with the differences evident in their ankle and tarsometatarsus structure-anoles seemingly using the combination of their toe pads and claws to navigate along and between relatively narrow branches and geckos using broader, more expansive sectors of the substratum. Anoles and geckos have incorporated adhesive toe pads into their locomotor apparatus from structurally different starting points, with the former integrating the adhesive system into a pedal configuration that departs little from the ancestral lacertilian pattern. Beyond the possession of toe pads the pedal structure of anoles exhibits little in the way of convergence with that of geckos.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryologıcal development and comparatıve analysıs of Anguis colchica (Nordmann, 1840): Insights into ossification and morphologıcal traits in anguimorph lizards.","authors":"Elif Yıldırım Caynak, Eda Şen, Çetin Ilgaz, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Ahmet Gökay Korkmaz, Kamil Candan","doi":"10.1111/joa.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Embryological studies on squamates, dating back to the 19th century, remain limited, particularly concerning species within the anguimorph clade, a group of lizards with distinct morphological traits. In this study, we document the embryological development of Anguis colchica through three stages and provide a comparative analysis with other anguimorph species. Morphological features, including eye formation, pharyngeal arch development, fusion of facial primordia, limb morphogenesis, pigmentation, and scale differentiation characterized developmental stages. The development of A. colchica was analyzed across three embryonic stages, with adult skeletal structures also assessed and compared to those of other anguimorphs. Our findings indicate that ossification in A. colchica begins before stage 6, marked by the emergence of cranial skeletal elements such as the premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, prefrontal, parietal, squamosal, quadrate, mandible, postorbital, and postfrontal bones. At stage 7, the medial regions of the frontal and parietal bones remain unfused. Understanding whether skull and skeletal structure variations influence ossification patterns in anguimorphs is crucial. Comparative analysis of developmental sequences across different anguimorph species reveals significant similarities in their embryological progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cochlear apex demystified: Implications from synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging and microscopy for cochlear implantation.","authors":"Hao Li, Rudolf Glueckert, Anneliese Schrott-Fischer, Karin Staxäng, Hanif M Ladak, Helge Rask-Andersen, Sumit Agrawal","doi":"10.1111/joa.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the complex organization of the human cochlear apex, further analysis of the tonotopic relationship between the organ of Corti (OC) and spiral ganglion (SG) is required in relation to cochlear implantation. In this study, the human SG nerve fiber organization and ultrastructure were assessed using semi-thin light microscopy sectioning and three-dimensional (3D) synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI). A fresh human temporal bone underwent high-resolution SR-PCI with a dual-detector system. Orthogonal sectioning, cropping, and tissue segmentation were used to create high-resolution 3D reconstructions. Peripheral dendrites were traced from the basilar membrane to the SG, and a tonotopic map was constructed using Greenwood's function. Results were compared and validated against novel high-resolution microscopy data of a sectioned human cochlea. Only the basal and initial middle turn of the cochlea displayed a well-defined Rosenthal's canal (RC), and after 450 degrees, this converged into a central modiolar space. The OC and SG tonotopic maps remained closely aligned for angular depths up to approximately 650 degrees, after which the SG frequencies became significantly more spatially compact relative to the OC. In the central modiolus, the apical 1.37 mm of the SG contained over four octaves of tonotopic representation. In comparison, the compressed apical SG represented 9.6 mm of the OC (28% of the overall length) over the same tonotopic range. These results were validated with microscopy, which revealed that this apical SG contained around 8000 neurons and represented 960 inner hair cells along the OC. This is the first study to present the detailed cellular organization and 3D tonotopic arrangement of the human SG within the central modiolus. For low frequency stimulation, rate-based coding may be required to augment tonotopic mapping in the compressed SG regions. In addition, the OC tonotopic map has significantly less compression and could potentially be targeted directly for place-based coding.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144284455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Cover (July 2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover image: ‘A deep dive into the leg musculature of the Antarctic Emperor penguin <i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i> across different ontogenetic stages.’ See M.A. Sosa and C. Acosta Hospitaleche, ‘Hindlimb muscles of the Emperor Penguin <i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i> (Aves, Sphenisciformes) at different postnatal ontogenetic stages’, this issue.</p><p>\u0000 \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/joa.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining modulus of elasticity using finite element analysis and non-destructive testing: Are aquatic animal whiskers stiffer?","authors":"Robyn A Grant, Charlotte Brassey, Victor G Goss, Eugene L Starostin, Tom Allen","doi":"10.1111/joa.14289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximating the stiffness of biological materials can give important insights into how structures deform and when they may fail. Some samples may be too precious to test to destruction, or too fine to position accurately for conventional material testing, which makes it challenging to obtain approximations of material stiffness. Using two-dimensional scans, non-destructive bending tests, and finite element (FE) modeling, we show that we can approximate the modulus of elasticity of samples by fitting FE model data to that of experimental bend tests. We demonstrate our protocol on representative whiskers from three species of Carnivorans, including a terrestrial red fox, semi-aquatic Eurasian otter, and aquatic phocid grey seal. Grey seal whiskers had the highest approximated modulus of elasticity (0.5-19 GPa), followed by Eurasian otter (0.5-13 GPa) and red fox (0.1-1.5 GPa). We suggest that, as in many other biological structures, adaptations in both the shape and material stiffness of the whisker contribute to how it bends when loaded. Specifically, a larger base radius and higher material stiffness both act to increase whisker flexural rigidity in the aquatic grey seal. This protocol has broad applications in comparative biology and provides a way to determine shape and material stiffness information for various flexible specimen types.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}