Journal of Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Epidermal scale growth, allometry and function in non-avian dinosaurs and extant reptiles.","authors":"Nathan James Enriquez, Nicolás E Campione, Christophe Hendrickx, Phil R Bell","doi":"10.1111/joa.14247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidermal scales in sauropsids perform a wide array of biological functions, which can relate to their shape and size. Accordingly, growth-related changes in scale morphology may reflect distinct functions between juvenile and adult individuals, such as use in mating interactions. Such patterns are poorly explored in both extant reptiles and non-avian dinosaurs, limiting functional interpretations. Here, we investigate scale growth in the ornithischian ceratopsid Chasmosaurus belli and hadrosaurid Prosaurolophus maximus by comparing scale morphologies between juveniles and adults of each taxon. Scale shape is generally consistent across growth stages in both taxa, and changes in C. belli feature scale length cannot reject isometry. However, there is a greater increase in C. belli feature scale width. In practical terms, the magnitude of these size differences rejects the hypothesis that feature scale morphology played a role in mating interactions, suggesting instead that their size was largely non-adaptive. To contextualise the patterns in the sampled dinosaurs, we assessed scale growth and allometry using an ecologically diverse sample of eight extant reptile species belonging to Crocodylidae, Scincidae, Elapidae and Pythonidae. While isometry is the overall most frequent pattern of scale growth in our sample of extant reptiles, most species demonstrate positive scale allometry in at least one area of their bodies, which is likely a response to changing body proportions. Scale shapes in the studied extant species, as in both dinosaurs, are largely retained through growth. This study provides the first detailed assessment of skin growth in non-avian dinosaurs, supporting morphological stasis in the growth of most of their scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional muscle fiber conduction velocity of the fibularis longus in individuals with chronic ankle instability.","authors":"Carlos Cruz-Montecinos, Rodolfo Sanzana-Cuche, Guillermo Mendez-Rebolledo","doi":"10.1111/joa.14244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fibularis longus muscle, divided into anterior and posterior neuromuscular regions, plays a significant role in eversion strength deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, it is unknown whether the muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) of these neuromuscular regions is different between individuals with CAI and those without a history of ankle sprain. This study aimed to compare the MFCV of the anterior and posterior neuromuscular regions of the fibularis longus between individuals with CAI and healthy individuals. A case-control study was conducted. Thirty-five male volunteers were included in the analysis (CAI group: n = 18; No-CAI group: n = 17). High-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) was used to record the sEMG amplitude and to calculate the MFCV of the fibularis longus neuromuscular regions (anterior and posterior) during eversion at different contraction intensities. The findings revealed that individuals with CAI exhibited significantly lower MFCV in the posterior region at moderate (30% and 50% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVC]) and high (70% and 100% MVC) contraction intensities compared with healthy individuals. Within the CAI group, the posterior neuromuscular region also demonstrated a lower MFCV than the anterior neuromuscular region. These findings indicate that CAI is associated with specific regional electrophysiological changes in the fibularis longus muscle, particularly in the posterior region. Understanding these alterations can inform targeted rehabilitation strategies aimed at improving muscle function and stability in CAI patients. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying these changes to develop more effective therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropometric-related percentile curves for muscle size and strength of lower limb muscles of typically developing children.","authors":"Ines Vandekerckhove, Britta Hanssen, Nicky Peeters, Tijl Dewit, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Marleen Van den Hauwe, Liesbeth De Waele, Anja Van Campenhout, Friedl De Groote, Kaat Desloovere","doi":"10.1111/joa.14241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Muscle size and muscle strength gradually increase during childhood to meet the demands of a growing body. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to establish anthropometric-related percentile curves for muscle size and strength in a cohort of typically developing (TD) children. Lower limb muscle size and strength were assessed in a large cross-sectional cohort of TD children with 3D freehand ultrasound (four muscles, n = 153 children with in total 156 measurements, male/female = 85/71, age range: 0.6-17.8 years) and fixed dynamometry (seven muscle groups, n = 153 children, male/female = 108/45, age range: 4.5-16.1 years), respectively. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape were used to estimate anthropometric-related, that is, body mass and height, TD percentile curves, and to convert absolute outcomes into unit-less z-scores. The results showed that both muscle size and strength, as well as their inter-subject variation, increased with increasing anthropometric values. The mean z-score of the TD children was approximately 0 ± 1 standard deviation (with the largest range from minimum to maximum of approximately -3 to 3) for all investigated muscle outcomes, confirming the fit of the percentile curves to the TD data. The use of the percentile curves was demonstrated through applications in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The individual patients with CP and DMD exhibited negative z-scores, indicating muscle size and strength deficits in reference to TD peers. The established anthropometric-related percentile curves for muscle size and strength in a cohort of TD children allow for muscle outcomes to be expressed as unit-less z-scores, independent of body size, and relative to TD peers. This approach facilitates the interpretation of muscle size and strength outcomes, enabling the detection of abnormalities or deficits, monitoring of progression, and evaluation of treatment and intervention effectiveness in TD children, as well as in children with genetic, chronic neurological, or muscular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Cover (March 2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.14245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover image: see F. Szabó et al., ‘Chronic silencing of subsets of cortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons has a long-term influence on the laminar distribution of parvalbumin interneurons and the perineuronal nets.’ By knocking out <i>Snap25</i>, they abolished regulated synaptic vesicle release from different subsets of deep-layer cortical pyramidal neurons, i.e., Rbp4-Cre+ (layer 5) or Drd1a-Cre+ (layer 6b, <i>magenta</i>) neurons, respectively. They examined the local and global effects on the development, density, and laminar distribution of GABAergic interneurons (parvalbumin, <i>cyan</i>) and the perineuronal nets (detected with <i>Vicia villosa</i> agglutinin, <i>yellow</i>).</p><p>\u0000 \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"246 4","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/joa.14245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lungfish-like antero-labial tooth addition and amphibian-like enameloid-enamel transition in the coronoid of a Devonian stem actinopterygian.","authors":"Donglei Chen","doi":"10.1111/joa.14240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New teeth are predominantly initiated lingually or postero-lingually to the old teeth in vertebrates. Osteichthyan dentitions typically consist of linear rows of shedding teeth, but internal to the marginal jawbones osteichthyans primitively have an extra dental arcade, in which teeth are sometimes spread out into a field and not organized in rows. The tooth plates of lungfish are specialized from the jawbones of the inner dental arcade, but the teeth are arranged in radial tooth rows with new teeth added at the anterior and labial end of the rows and without shedding the old teeth, distinct from other osteichthyan dentitions. Actinopterygian teeth can be recognized by a cap of enameloid, while sarcopterygian teeth are only coated by enamel. An enameloid cap is also borne by the unicuspid larval teeth in some amphibians, but it is covered by enamel and eventually disappears in the bicuspid adult teeth. In early osteichthyans, old teeth are often not completely resorbed and shed, and the overlapping relationship of their remnants buried in the bone records the sequence of developmental events. Using synchrotron microtomography, this ontogenetic record of a coronoid tooth field of a Devonian stem actinopterygian is visualized in 3D. As a component of the inner dental arcade, the coronoid displays initial radial non-shedding tooth rows followed by radial shedding tooth rows that are later transformed into linear shedding tooth rows. The teeth are always added antero-labially and replaced labially to keep pace with the labial bone apposition and lingual bone remodeling, which causes the shift of the tooth competent zone. These provide a clue to the evolution of the radial non-shedding dentition with antero-labial tooth addition in lungfish. The tooth patterning process suggests that the superficial disorder of the tooth field is an epiphenomenon of the ever-changing local developing environment of each tooth bud: due to the retention of old tooth bases, a tooth position that has been replaced in place can at some point drift to a site between the adjacent tooth positions, splitting or merging, and then continue being replaced in situ. Primary teeth are capped by enameloid, but replacement teeth bear enamel crests without an enameloid cap. This demonstrates that the transition from enameloid capping to enamel coating through tooth replacement can happen in actinopterygians too, as one of the mechanisms for a dentition to change tooth shape. All these unexpected observations indicate that, during ontogeny, the states of dental characters, such as lingual/labial tooth initiation, linear/radial tooth rows, in situ/cross-position tooth replacement and enameloid/enamel, can be switched and the capacity to produce these characters can be suspended or reactivated; the tremendous dental diversity can thus be attributed to the manipulation in time and space of relatively few dental developmental processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143624586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"[Growth patterns of facial muscles at the angle of the mouth: A histological study using midterm and near-term human fetuses]\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.14248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced imaging of porcine thoracic aorta vasa vasorum with contrast micro-computed tomography.","authors":"Bichen Zhao, Hanane Belhoul-Fakir, Zhonghua Sun, Michael Lawrence-Brown, Juliana Hamzah, Shirley Jansen","doi":"10.1111/joa.14238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vasa vasorum (VV) have gathered considerable interest over the last decade due to its role in vascular wall biology and pathology; however, while the coronary VV are relatively well studied, the anatomy of peripheral VV, such as those of the aorta, remains poorly described, hampering knowledge of their role in peripheral vascular diseases. Through careful retrieval of the porcine thoracic aorta and successful microthrombi removal, the thoracic aorta was perfused with BriteVu™ followed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning to image the VV and obtain a 3D reconstruction. We used commercially available software and its thresholding algorithms. The arterial segments were further dehydrated and stained in an iodine solution to delineate the tunica adventitia and tunica media on imaging. A meticulous technique of harvest, clearing and perfusion of the porcine aorta was developed. BriteVu™ perfusion enabled clear visualization of the VV structure, branching pattern and distribution with a voxel size of 9 μm. Additional iodine staining differentiated VV residing in the tunica media versus the tunica adventitia of the vessel. The technique we have developed allows detailed knowledge of peripheral VV anatomy and distribution to be obtained where previous information was scarce. Detailed anatomical study of the VV and its relation to branches will further our understanding of its relationship to vascular disease processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locomotor signals in the trabecular structure of the hominoid clavicle.","authors":"Hannah N Farrell, Rena Schwartz, Zewdi J Tsegai, Zeresenay Alemseged","doi":"10.1111/joa.14243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the functional significance of morphological variation is crucial for investigating locomotor adaptations in fossil primates and early hominins. However, the nuanced form-function relationship in the upper limbs of extant apes is difficult to discern due to their varied locomotor behaviors, complicating the interpretation of similar features in fossil hominins. Trabecular bone, which responds to mechanical strain, reflects the intensity and direction of forces during movement, making it valuable for identifying locomotor adaptations in hominoids. This study examines trabecular bone in the clavicle-a crucial component of shoulder biomechanics-to explore its relationship to mechanical loading patterns and bone functional adaptations in primate locomotion. Using a whole-bone approach, we analyzed trabecular structure in the clavicle of apes: Gorilla spp. (G. beringei: N = 28; G. gorilla: N = 29), Homo sapiens (N = 19), Hylobates spp. (H. lar: N = 28; H. concolor: N = 3), Pongo spp. (P. abelii: N = 13; P. pygmaeus: N = 24), and Pan troglodytes (N = 35), quantifying relative bone volume fraction (rBV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and trabecular number (Tb.N) from high-resolution micro-CT scans. Aspects of the clavicular trabecular architecture among ape taxa appear to correspond to differences in locomotor behavior. In most taxa, rBV/TV is highest in regions underlying muscle attachment sites frequently used during upper limb activities, with differences among taxa predominantly reflecting variations in upper limb use and muscle attachment sites. Regions of high rBV/TV beneath entheses and articular surfaces result from different trabecular parameters-higher rBV/TV is achieved primarily via greater Tb.Th under entheses, while in subarticular regions, it is driven by higher Tb.N. However, no consistent differences in sternoclavicular subarticular trabecular bone emerge between Homo and the other apes, despite differences in shoulder positioning on the torso. Muscle activity appears to significantly influence trabecular bone structure in the clavicle of living apes, with implications for reconstructing early hominin locomotor behaviors and upper limb use.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in morphometric parameters of the sacrum (os sacrum) in farmed and feral American mink-An effect of domestication?","authors":"Anna Mucha, Magdalena Zatoń-Dobrowolska, Magdalena Moska, Dariusz Bukaciński, Monika Bukacińska, Arkadiusz Buczyński","doi":"10.1111/joa.14235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sacrum, which is the only element of the spine formed by the fusion of vertebrae, exhibits considerable variability among taxa in terms of the number of vertebrae, their shape, and size. Along with the lumbar vertebrae, it contributes to the variation in the number of vertebrae of the spine within a species. The literature suggests that the shape and size of the sacrum are influenced by both the animal's lifestyle and sex. The aim of this study was to compare the morphometric parameters of the sacrum in farmed and feral American mink in Poland. Analysis of dissected sacra revealed the presence of bones composed of two and three vertebrae in both populations, with statistically significant differences observed in most analyzed measurements. Examination of seven measurements for each bone showed statistically significant differences between farm and feral mink in all measurements, except for the width of the last vertebra measured at the transverse processes (BT). Significant differences were also found between the sexes and populations, with feral females exhibiting the lowest values and farmed males showing the highest values in the analyzed measurements. Additionally, females from both populations displayed lower variability in sacrum measurements compared to males. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant high positive correlations between all analyzed sacrum parameters, ranging from 0.53 to 0.88. The observed differences in sacrum structure between farmed and feral American mink are likely attributed to the domestication process. Varied living conditions such as space limitation, lack of access to water, nutrition, and controlled breeding can significantly impact the biology of animals. Further research is needed, including continued analysis in the field of geometric morphometry, to precisely identify differences and explore their relationship with factors such as movement and lifestyle.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thickness measurements and micro-CT imaging of human temporo-mandibular discs.","authors":"Mathilde Savignat, Xavier Demondion, Thomas Colard","doi":"10.1111/joa.14237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) links the mandibular condyle to the skull, with an interposed fibrocartilaginous articular disc. The TMJ disc has a nonuniform thickness that matches the topographic relation between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle. The disc is a stress-distributing and load-absorbing structure that is capable of deforming and adapting its shape to that of the articular bone surfaces. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphology of human discs through thickness measurements. Forty-four temporomandibular joint discs were dissected bilaterally from 22 formalin-fixed human postmortem subjects. The thickness of each disc was manually measured at nine points distributed in a grid formed by three zones in the anteroposterior direction (anterior band, intermediate band and posterior band) and the three zones in the mediolateral direction (medial zone, middle zone and lateral zone) of the disc. Microtomographic imaging analysis was performed on four samples. The thickness of the postero-middle and the postero-medial points was significantly higher than all the other measured points. A significant difference was found between the thickness of the intermediate and the posterior bands and between the anterior and the posterior bands. A significant difference was also found between the thickness of the middle and the lateral zones (p < 0.01) and between the lateral and the medial zones (p < 0.01). Disc perforations were observed in 8 of the discs and were mostly (87.5%) located in the lateral area. Micro-CT imaging offered a new possibility to map thickness variations of the disc and showed very similar results to those taken with the calipers. The presented data contribute to increasing the knowledge of this specific joint and of the complex 3D relations between all its parts. They also open the door to pioneering studies that could lead to clinically applicable techniques in the future and enhance the diagnosis of disc perforations associated with osteoarthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}