Journal of Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"The over-designed limb: Skeletal robustness and locomotor adaptation in terrestrial and freshwater turtles.","authors":"Juan Miguel Slongo Sobron, Gustavo Roberto Cointry, Ricardo Francisco Capozza, Adriana Silvina Manzano","doi":"10.1111/joa.70219","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The morphology and internal structure of tetrapod limb bones reflect complex interactions between functional demands, mechanical loading, and environmental conditions. In most tetrapods, limb bone microanatomy shows a clear ecological signal, with aquatic taxa typically displaying increased bone compactness and terrestrial taxa exhibiting more open medullary cavities. Testudines represent a notable exception to this pattern, as both terrestrial and aquatic turtles possess unusually compact long bones, suggesting that factors beyond habitat alone shape their skeletal design. Here, we present the first comprehensive whole-bone, longitudinal analysis of cortical bone mass, geometry, tissue quality, and mechanostat-related distribution/quality (d/q) relationships in turtle long bones, aiming to evaluate how locomotor ecology modulates bone design within the constraints of the turtle bauplan. We analyzed femora and humeri of four turtle species spanning a terrestrial-aquatic gradient (Chelonoidis carbonarius, Chelonoidis chilensis, Trachemys dorbignii, and Phrynops hilarii) using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Ten serial cross-sections along each bone were assessed to quantify cortical bone mineral content, cortical area, volumetric bone mineral density, cross-sectional moments of inertia, bone strength indices, and d/q relationships between tissue stiffness and cross-sectional design. Statistical comparisons focused on mid-diaphyseal regions, with interspecific differences evaluated using ANOVA, and mechanostat-related patterns examined through correlation analyses and ANCOVA. All species exhibited the characteristic turtle \"over-designed\" condition, with abundant cortical bone and peak mass and density at midshaft. However, marked interspecific differences emerged in bone geometry and in the organization of cortical tissue. The terrestrial species, particularly Chelonoidis carbonarius, showed higher cortical mass and larger moments of inertia, reflecting enhanced resistance to bending under weight-bearing locomotion. In contrast, the more aquatic Phrynops hilarii displayed lower moments of inertia and flatter or near-zero d/q slopes, indicating a biomechanical strategy favoring compressive stiffness via endosteal infilling rather than structural optimization for bending. Intermediate species occupied transitional positions along this gradient. These results demonstrate that, despite strong phylogenetic constraints associated with the turtle bauplan, the spatial distribution of cortical bone is finely tuned to locomotor ecology. The bone mechanostat in turtles operates within an \"over-designed\" framework to produce distinct structural solutions for terrestrial versus aquatic loading regimes. Our findings provide a quantitative link between habitat, locomotor mode, and long-bone design, revealing that turtle limbs are not simply overbuilt, but precisely engineered for their mechanical environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13478423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional specialization of upper-layer inhibitory interneuron organization in the human prefrontal cortex.","authors":"Ivan Banovac, Marija Baković, Davor Mayer, Dora Sedmak, Zdravko Petanjek","doi":"10.1111/joa.70223","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>GABAergic interneurons play a central role in shaping cortical microcircuit function, yet the anatomical organization of major interneuron populations across different subdivisions of the human prefrontal cortex remains poorly characterized. The present study examined the laminar distribution and regional organization of major GABAergic interneuron populations in the dorsal (Brodmann area 9) and ventral (Brodmann area 14r) portions of the human prefrontal cortex. Postmortem human prefrontal cortex tissue from five normotypical adult male brains was analysed using the following molecular markers: calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and somatostatin (SOM). Double-labelling immunofluorescence was used to assess overlaps between different GABAergic interneuron populations, and RNAscope in situ hybridization was used to confirm their neurotransmitter phenotype. All analysed populations demonstrated a GABAergic molecular phenotype. CR⁺ neurons constituted the largest interneuron population in both analysed cortical regions and showed marked supragranular enrichment. CB⁺ neurons were also concentrated in upper cortical layers and frequently co-expressed SOM. By contrast, PV⁺ neurons were concentrated in layers III-IV, whereas SOM⁺ neurons were distributed more uniformly across layers II-VI. The principal regional difference was a significantly higher proportion of CR⁺ neurons in BA14r compared with BA9 (10.24% vs. 8.21% of all neurons; p = 0.0248), while exploratory analyses additionally indicated a higher CR/PV ratio and a lower PV/SOM ratio. These differences were driven predominantly by variation in supragranular interneuron composition, while infragranular organization remained comparatively similar between the two cortical regions. These findings support region-specific specialization of inhibitory interneuron organization in the human prefrontal cortex and suggest that differences in supragranular inhibitory circuitry may contribute to the distinct functional architecture of dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortico-cortical networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148706632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innervation of the anal canal revisited through micro-CT imaging.","authors":"Daniël Docter, Sophie C Visser, Marc A Benninga, Jermo Hanemaaijer-van der Veer, Marco C DeRuiter, Joris J T H Roelofs, Joep P M Derikx, Justin R de Jong, Bernadette S de Bakker, Ramon R Gorter","doi":"10.1111/joa.70221","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies in anatomy are frequently performed through dissection and histology as investigative methods. These techniques are, however, destructive and struggle to capture the peripheral nerves over larger areas, such as the pelvis, and their trajectories thus remain elusive. This study aimed to explore the capabilities of non-destructive micro-CT in identifying small nerves in the periphery of the pelvic area and map them in human fetal development. Six human fetal pelvic samples were derived from the Dutch Fetal Biobank; samples were contrast enhanced with B-Lugol and scanned through micro-CT imaging. Scans were segmented using Avizo Amira software to quantify nerves entering the rectum by crossing the longitudinal muscle layer and visualize their trajectory in relationship to pelvic organs across development age range and sex. Results were verified with haematoxylin and eosin stained histological slices. The following conclusions were found: (1) Micro-CT is able to resolve nerves with a diameter larger than 60 μm in the periphery of the pelvic area in full fetal pelvises of 4 cm in size. (2) Both above and below the level of the levator ani, small lateral nerves enter the anal canal by penetrating the longitudinal muscle layer. (3) Males appear to have more crossing nerves than females. (4) A developmental shift was observed with more nerve crossings below the levator ani muscle in older fetuses. Micro-CT was successfully applied to scan human fetal pelvic samples to study nerves and provides a new way to analyse topographical nerve development. Microscale nerves cross to the anal canal at all levels, which should be taken into account when operating in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone histological evidence for posture-related load transmission in the talpid pectoral girdle.","authors":"Daichi Nakai","doi":"10.1111/joa.70222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70222","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The pectoral girdle of terrestrial tetrapods functions as a critical interface for transmitting loads between the trunk and forelimbs. While mammals with a parasagittal forelimb posture mainly rely on the scapula as the principal element for load bearing, talpids (Talpidae) exhibit a markedly specialised pectoral girdle related to a hyper-abducted forelimb posture. In talpids, the humero-clavicular articulation plays an important functional role, suggesting that load-transmission mechanisms within the pectoral girdle may differ from those of typical terrestrial mammals. However, because the pectoral girdle of talpids is highly developed as a fossorial adaptation, it is difficult to infer the mechanical environments experienced by each skeletal element from external morphology alone, and the mechanical roles of the pectoral girdle elements are poorly understood. To examine whether posture-related reorganisation of load-transmission pathways is reflected in bone microstructure, collagen fibre orientation weighted mean greyscale level (CFO-WMGL) and cortical bone robusticity (relative robusticity indicator: RRI) in the clavicle and scapula were evaluated in fossorial talpids (Mogera imaizumii, Mogera wogura and Urotrichus talpoides) and compared with those of the parasagittal outgroup Suncus murinus. Talpids exhibited high RRI values in both the clavicle and scapula, indicating overall mechanical reinforcement of the pectoral girdle. In contrast, CFO-WMGL showed element-specific differences among taxa. In Mogera, CFO-WMGL values were consistently higher in the clavicle than in the scapula, suggesting that the clavicle played a relatively greater load-bearing role within the pectoral girdle. Conversely, S. murinus exhibited histological characters consistent with the scapula functioning as the principal element for load bearing. These distinct histological patterns indicate that the pectoral girdle is not a mechanically uniform structure, but rather an integrated functional system in which each skeletal element performs distinct mechanical roles. These findings suggest that the evolution of the forelimb posture in talpids was accompanied by a reorganisation of load-transmission pathways within the pectoral girdle, involving a relative increase in the load-bearing role of the clavicle compared with the scapula. This study demonstrates that bone histological characters can provide insights into skeletal function that are not apparent from external morphology alone. This approach may offer a useful framework for reconstructing load-transmission mechanisms in both extant and extinct tetrapods and for investigating how the mechanical demands imposed on each skeletal element have changed during evolution. Future comparative studies across a broader range of taxa will be essential for evaluating the generality of these relationships and for advancing our understanding of the mechanical reorganisation of the vertebrate musculoskeletal system throughout","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148684598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical Society Winter Meeting Anglia Ruskin University: 17th-19th December 2025.","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.70216","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human dissection and comparative anatomy: Archaeological evidence for nineteenth-century anatomical practice at University College London.","authors":"Wendy Birch, Tania Kausmally","doi":"10.1111/joa.70220","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The history of anatomical dissection in nineteenth-century Britain has largely been reconstructed from archival sources, including legislation, institutional records and medical writings. Archaeological evidence for the material practices of anatomy schools, however, remains comparatively limited. In 2010, redevelopment within the main quadrangle of University College London (UCL) revealed a substantial assemblage of human and animal skeletal remains associated with the institution's early anatomy school. Excavation recovered more than 8700 human skeletal fragments and over 800 animal bones, together with artefacts dating to the late nineteenth century. Osteological analysis indicates a minimum of 38 individuals, predominantly adults aged 30-50 years, with an overall male:female ratio of approximately 2:1. Only a small proportion of bones exhibited cut marks consistent with dissection, suggesting that the assemblage partly represents the discard of a curated teaching collection rather than solely the residue of routine student dissection. The associated animal remains, dominated by domesticated taxa including cattle, sheep/goat and horse, indicate that comparative anatomy formed an integral component of the same pedagogical environment. Considered in the context of the Anatomy Act of 1832 and the expansion of metropolitan medical education, the assemblage provides rare material evidence for the procurement, pedagogical use, preparation, curation and eventual disposal of both human and animal anatomical material at one of Britain's earliest secular medical schools. The quadrangle assemblage therefore offers a rare opportunity to reflect on the everyday practice of anatomy and the complex relationship between medical education, comparative anatomy, society and the bodies of the nineteenth-century poor in London.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13438011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148673554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat and complex life cycles promote morphological diversity in salamander limb bones","authors":"Jonathan M. Huie,&nbsp;R. Alexander Pyron,&nbsp;Sandy M. Kawano","doi":"10.1111/joa.70115","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salamander evolution featured multiple transitions between water and land that promoted distinct adaptations in limb bones for buoyancy control versus increased load-bearing capacities, respectively. Many extant species spend their entire lives either in water or on land, while others undergo water–land transitions within their lifetime. However, exposure to both environments may impose competing demands that restrict adaptive evolution for a particular habitat. Using a 3D morphological dataset of 133 species spanning the phylogenetic and ecological breadth of salamanders, we find that the external and internal morphology of limb bones is evolutionarily decoupled, which increases the evolvability of limb bones in response to diverse mechanical demands. Terrestrial salamanders have stiffer bones with greater resistance to fracture, while aquatic species have denser bones that are hypothesized to aid in buoyancy regulation. We uncover a functional trade-off between stiffness and density that promotes stiff yet lightweight bones in terrestrial lineages. Released from terrestrial constraints, aquatic paedomorphs have disparate external morphologies, whereas terrestrial direct developers consistently share a rod-like bone shape. Aquatic and terrestrial multiphasic taxa show less morphological divergence than monophasic species living in comparable habitats but are not constrained by their complex life cycle. Multiphasic species have distinct external limb bone shapes that have evolved as fast or faster than monophasic species. Taken together, we propose that the trade-offs imposed by different habitats and complex life cycles increase limb bone diversity by promoting alternate evolutionary pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"604-617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146052163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional specialisations of innervation and musculature of the rat stomach","authors":"Madeleine R. Di Natale,&nbsp;Xiaokai Wang,&nbsp;Billie Hunne,&nbsp;Marcus Wraight,&nbsp;Zhongming Liu,&nbsp;Myat Noe Han,&nbsp;John B. Furness","doi":"10.1111/joa.70105","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The region of the gastric lesser curvature is reported to differ from other parts of the stomach in lacking rhythmic muscle movement in its proximal part, by fewer enteric nerve cells being present and by differences in distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Because detailed documentation of differences is lacking, we made a thorough investigation of the lesser curvature region. A substantial part of the lesser curvature region had a sparse ganglionated myenteric plexus (about 25% of the density of occurrence of ganglia in other regions). This overlapped with an area lacking longitudinal muscle, in which the enteric ganglia were serosal, at the circular muscle surface. The serosal ganglia lacked associated ICC, unlike other parts of the corpus and antrum, but ICC were numerous in the circular muscle. Close to the oesophagus, enteric ganglia were additionally between the circular and oblique muscle. Immunohistochemical investigation and muscle intracellular recording indicated that there was effective circular muscle innervation throughout the lesser curvature region, although a site of lower effectiveness of inhibitory innervation was found in the proximal part of the lesser curvature region. There was a gradient of reducing excitatory fibre innervation density towards the lesser curvature. Excitatory effects on the muscle were deduced to be indirect, as they are in the adjacent antrum. MRI of gastric movements in vivo revealed large amplitude propulsive waves of contraction at the lesser curvature towards the pylorus, and substantially, fourfold, lower amplitudes closer to the base of the oesophagus. We also describe that the major arterial supplies to the rat stomach radiate from the lesser curvature region and that mucosal specialisation does not correspond with functional or anatomical divisions of the stomach at the lesser curvature or elsewhere. Running parallel and lateral to the line of the lesser curvature were the previously reported esophago-pyloric ligaments that dynamic MRI suggested contract and relax during active antral movements. Thus, there are specialised features that distinguish the region of the lesser curvature from other gastric regions. At the proximal part of the lesser curvature, longitudinal muscle is absent, ganglia are sparse, ICC associated with ganglia are largely absent, and rhythmic circular muscle contractions have substantially lower amplitudes than more distally (in the 5 mm adjacent to the pylorus). The reduced amplitudes of contraction during peristalsis may be protective against mechanical force on the arteries and nerves that enter the stomach at the proximal lesser curvature region.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"634-651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145863097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The tympanic covering layer contributes to basilar membrane elasticity potentially influencing human frequency resolution and speech perception","authors":"Wei Liu,&nbsp;Claudia Steinacher,&nbsp;Alexander Glueckert,&nbsp;Rudolf Glueckert,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Karin Staxäng,&nbsp;Anneliese Schrott-Fischer,&nbsp;Hanif M. Ladak,&nbsp;Sumit Agrawal,&nbsp;Helge Rask-Andersen","doi":"10.1111/joa.70114","DOIUrl":"10.1111/joa.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>EMILIN family extracellular glycoproteins in the basilar membrane (BM) have so far only been identified in the mouse. It may influence the stiffness and extracellular filamentous architecture essential for cochlear frequency tuning (Russell et al., 2020, <i>Science Advances</i>, 6, eaba2634). In our study, we explored whether elastic components, such as EMILIN-2 (elastin microfiber interface-located protein 2) and elastin, are also present in the human BM. In addition, we analyzed the fine morphology of the BM and tympanic covering layer (TCL) at different frequency locations using light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy (LM, TEM, and SEM) in well-preserved human cochlear specimens. Tonotopic estimations were made from model extrapolations using synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI) and 3D reconstruction of matched cochleae with delineated octave bands constructed using Greenwood's formula (Greenwood, 1961, <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 33, 1344). Our immunohistochemistry and gene RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data support that EMILIN-2 and elastin are expressed in the human BM. Expression pattern of both proteins that influence BM architecture vary along the frequency range. TEM analysis suggests that TCL cells are actively involved in the deposition of the amorphous substance and fibrillary network, conceivably serving to assemble extracellular and elastic constituents along the BM. Thus, our findings suggest that TCL cells may play an important functional role in human cochlear tuning, particularly at low frequencies potentially linked to our remarkable speech and music perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"528-543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/joa.70114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146165563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice, 43rd edition By Susan Standring (Ed.), Shane R. Tubbs (Ed.), London: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2025. ISBN 9780443124785","authors":"Asha Venkatesh","doi":"10.1111/joa.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.70138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"249 3","pages":"700-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}