Journal of Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the endocranial anatomy of the early Paleogene north African gavialoid crocodylian Argochampsa krebsi and evolutionary implications for adaptation to salinity tolerance in marine crocodyliforms.","authors":"Carly C Pligersdorffer, Paul M J Burke, Philip D Mannion","doi":"10.1111/joa.14213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Argochampsa krebsi is a gavialoid crocodylian from the early Paleogene of North Africa. Based on its recovered phylogenetic relationship with South American species, it has been inferred to have been capable of transoceanic dispersal, but potential anatomical correlates for a marine lifestyle have yet to be identified. Based on CT scans of a mostly complete and well-preserved skull, we reconstruct the endocranial anatomy of Argochampsa and compare it to that of other gavialoids. We demonstrate that Argochampsa possesses concave depressions on the internal surface of the prefrontals and lacrimals, which have been inferred to represent osteological correlates for salt glands in unequivocally marine metriorhynchoid thalattosuchian crocodyliforms. The presence of these salt glands suggests that Argochampsa likely frequented pelagic environments and provides additional support for the capability of transoceanic dispersal within Gavialoidea. We also newly interpret osteological correlates for salt glands in the Miocene north African gavialoid Sutekhsuchus dowsoni, providing further support that saltwater tolerance was widespread and possibly ancestral in Gavialoidea, given that they have been previously reported in the Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene species Eosuchus lerichei and Portugalosuchus azenhae. In addition to these gavialoids, as well as metriorhynchids, we also identify these osteological salt gland correlates in the Paleocene northwest African dyrosaurid Rhabdognathus aslerensis, which represents another crocodyliform lineage thought to be capable of transoceanic dispersal. Given that dyrosaurids, gavialoids, and metriorhynchoids are distantly related lineages, the evolution of salt glands is likely a convergent ecological adaptation to the occupation of pelagic environments. Nevertheless, we demonstrate limited evaluation of the presence of these osteological correlates across Crocodyliformes, including within most extant species, such that it remains possible that they are much more widespread.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging descriptor learning and functional map-based shape matching for automated anatomical Landmarking in mouse mandibles.","authors":"Oshane O Thomas, A Murat Maga","doi":"10.1111/joa.14196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geometric morphometrics is used in the biological sciences to quantify morphological traits. However, the need for manual landmark placement hampers scalability, which is both time-consuming, labor-intensive, and open to human error. The selected landmarks embody a specific hypothesis regarding the critical geometry relevant to the biological question. Any adjustment to this hypothesis necessitates acquiring a new set of landmarks or revising them significantly, which can be impractical for large datasets. There is a pressing need for more efficient and flexible methods for landmark placement that can adapt to different hypotheses without requiring extensive human effort. This study investigates the precision and accuracy of landmarks derived from functional correspondences obtained through the functional map framework of geometry processing. We utilize a deep functional map network to learn shape descriptors, which enable us to achieve functional map-based and point-to-point correspondences between specimens in our dataset. Our methodology involves automating the landmarking process by interrogating these maps to identify corresponding landmarks, using manually placed landmarks from the entire dataset as a reference. We apply our method to a dataset of rodent mandibles and compare its performance to MALPACA's, a standard tool for automatic landmark placement. Our model demonstrates a speed improvement compared to MALPACA while maintaining a competitive level of accuracy. Although MALPACA typically shows the lowest RMSE, our models perform comparably well, particularly with smaller training datasets, indicating strong generalizability. Visual assessments confirm the precision of our automated landmark placements, with deviations consistently falling within an acceptable range for MALPACA estimates. Our results underscore the potential of unsupervised learning models in anatomical landmark placement, presenting a practical and efficient alternative to traditional methods. Our approach saves significant time and effort and provides the flexibility to adapt to different hypotheses about critical geometrical features without the need for manual re-acquisition of landmarks. This advancement can significantly enhance the scalability and applicability of geometric morphometrics, making it more feasible for large datasets and diverse biological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hindlimb muscles of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri (Aves, Sphenisciformes) at different postnatal ontogenetic stages.","authors":"M A Sosa, C Acosta Hospitaleche","doi":"10.1111/joa.14217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri is the largest living species of penguin, found exclusively in Antarctica, and is unique in breeding during the winter. Consequently, fewer anatomical studies have been conducted on this species over time compared to others. This study aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of the hindlimb musculature of Aptenodytes forsteri. The muscles of the thigh, shank and foot were compared along postnatal development. The results were compared with the muscles of swimming and diving birds and also with ground-dwelling taxa. By dissecting seven specimens, the origin and insertion were described in newborns, chicks and juveniles. Of the 37 muscles recognized, 19 correspond to the thigh, 14 to the shank, and four to the foot. Notably, the hindlimb muscles appear relatively developed compared to the overall body size in the newborns, showing considerable development in independent chicks, and reached full growth in the juvenile. The m. flexor hallucis brevis, m. extensor hallucis longus and m. lumbricalis were absent in all specimens, whereas the m. femorotibialis lateralis was found in only one specimen. Additionally, a branch of the m. flexor cruris medialis, originating in the abdominal area and merging with the pelvic portion before insertion, was observed in the newborn chicks. Aptenodytes forsteri showed similarities with Numida meleagris in the insertion of m. iliofibularis, and m. flexor cruris lateralis p. pelvica. These findings, along with other comparative results, constitute the first comprehensive descriptive study of the hindlimb musculature of Aptenodytes forsteri, including different ontogenetic stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a comprehensive definition of the human fascial system.","authors":"Carla Stecco, Rebecca Pratt, Laurice D Nemetz, Robert Schleip, Antonio Stecco, Neil D Theise","doi":"10.1111/joa.14212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The absence of a clear consensus on the definition and significance of fascia and the indiscriminate use of the term throughout the clinical and scientific literature has led to skepticism regarding its importance in the human body. To address this challenge, we propose that: (1) fasciae, and the fascial interstitia within them, constitute an anatomical system, defined as a layered body-wide multiscale network of connective tissue that allows tensional loading and shearing mobility along its interfaces; (2) the fascial system comprises four anatomical organs: the superficial fascia, musculoskeletal (deep) fascia, visceral fascia, and neural fascia; (3) these organs are further composed of anatomical structures, some of which are eponymous; (4) all these fascial organs and their structural components contain variable combinations and arrangements of the four classically defined tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural; (5) the overarching functions of the fascial system arise from the contrasting biomechanical properties of the two basic types of layers distributed throughout the system: one predominantly collagenous and relatively stiff, the other rich in hyaluronic acid and viscous, allowing for the free flow of fluid; (6) the topographical organization of these layers in different locations is related to local variations in function (e.g. unidirectional arrangements favor tensional loading, interwoven structures favor shear mobility) thereby accounting for both the system's universal functional aspects and the site-specific variations between them. A universal language related to fascia will break down linguistic barriers and facilitate cross-disciplinary cooperation, enabling scientists and practitioners from diverse backgrounds to contribute their expertise seamlessly.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D reconstruction of shoulder muscles in hominoid primates: Correlating scapular attachment areas with muscle volume.","authors":"Julia van Beesel, Stephanie Melillo, Evie Vereecke","doi":"10.1111/joa.14199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital muscle reconstructions have gained attraction in recent years, serving as powerful tools in both educational and research contexts. These reconstructions can be derived from various 2D and 3D data sources, enabling detailed anatomical analyses. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of surface scans in accurately reconstructing the volumes of the rotator cuff and teres major muscles across a diverse sample of hominoids. Additionally, we investigate whether muscle origin area, as a dissection-based observation, can reliably predict muscle volume. Our findings reveal that surface scans provide sufficient coverage to accurately reproduce the in situ volumes of the rotator cuff muscles. However, the volume of the teres major was estimated less reliably, suggesting that muscles with less distinct skeletal boundaries may present challenges for accurate reconstruction. Future studies will explore whether such muscles can be reconstructed with greater precision. Furthermore, we identify a significant correlation between the origin area and muscle volume for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles. These results suggest that muscle origin area can serve as a reliable predictor of muscle volume, offering a skeletal indicator for estimating muscle size in both extant and extinct hominoids. These insights are particularly valuable for paleontological reconstructions, where direct soft tissue evidence is often lacking. By establishing a relationship between skeletal traits and muscle volume, our study provides a framework for evaluating the accuracy of soft tissue reconstructions in hominoid species. This approach not only enhances our understanding of hominoid anatomy but also offers new avenues for exploring the functional morphology of extinct taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Referees","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.14214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14214","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"246 1","pages":"168-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Cover (January 2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/joa.14086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <b>Front cover:</b>\u0000 </p><p>Cover image: see A.B. Lawson and colleagues, ‘Variation in air sac morphology and postcranial skeletal pneumatization patterns in the African grey parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>)’, this issue.</p><p>\u0000 \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":"246 1","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/joa.14086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological analysis of retinal development and remodeling in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei).","authors":"Ashley M Rasys, Shana H Pau, Katherine E Irwin, Sherry Luo, Hannah Q Kim, M Austin Wahle, Douglas B Menke, James D Lauderdale","doi":"10.1111/joa.14193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fovea, a pit in the retina, is crucial for high-acuity vision in humans and is found in the eyes of other vertebrates, including certain primates, birds, lizards, and fish. Despite its importance for vision, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in fovea development remains limited. Widely used ocular research models lack a foveated retina, and studies on fovea development are mostly limited to histological and molecular studies in primates. As a first step toward elucidating fovea development in nonprimate vertebrates, we present a detailed histological atlas of retina and fovea development in the bifoveated Anolis sagrei lizard, a novel reptile model for fovea research. We test the hypothesis that retinal remodeling, leading to fovea formation and photoreceptor cell packing, is related to asymmetric changes in eye shape. Our findings show that anole retina development follows the typical spatiotemporal patterning observed in most vertebrates: retinal neurogenesis starts in the central retina, progresses through the temporal retina, and finishes in the nasal retina. However, the areas destined to become the central or temporal fovea differentiate earlier than the rest of the retina. We observe dynamic changes in retinal thickness during ocular elongation and retraction-thinning during elongation and thickening during retraction. Additionally, a transient localized thickening of the ganglion cell layer occurs in the temporal fovea region just before pit formation. Our data indicate that anole retina development is similar to that of humans, including the onset and progression of retinal neurogenesis, followed by changes in ocular shape and retinal remodeling leading to pit formation. We propose that anoles are an excellent model system for fovea development research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achilles tenocytes from diabetic and non diabetic donors exposed to hyperglycemia respond differentially to inflammatory stimuli and stretch.","authors":"Nils Fleischmann, Sarah Hofmann, Clemens Gögele, Eva Frank, Christian Werner, Maria Kokozidou, Bernd Hoffmann, Jens Konrad, Gundula Schulze-Tanzil","doi":"10.1111/joa.14207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) promotes Achilles tendon (AS) degeneration and exercise could modulate features of DMT2. Hence, this study investigated whether tenocytes of non DMT2 and DMT2 rats respond differently to normo- (NG) and hyperglycemic (HG) conditions in the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α or cyclic stretch. AS tenocytes, isolated from DMT2 (fa/fa) or non DMT2 (lean, fa/+) adult Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, were treated with 10 ng/mL TNFα either under NG or HG conditions (1 g/L vs. 4.5 g/L glucose) and were exposed to cyclic stretch (14%, 0.3 Hz, 48 h). Tenocyte survival, metabolic activity, gene and/or protein expression of tendon extracellular matrix component collagen type 1, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA, Acta2), the stress defense enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) as well as suppressors of cytokine signaling (Socs)1 and Socs3 were analyzed. Tenocyte vitality remained high, but metabolic activity was slightly impaired by HG conditions irrespectively of cell origin. Collagen type 1 alpha protein and gene expression was suppressed by TNFα, but only in cells of non DMT2 animals in NG culture medium. Higher amounts of αSMA were visualized in tendons/tenocytes of diabetic rats or those exposed to TNFα. Cyclic stretch caused cell alignment in zero stretch direction. In addition, it led to a significant reduction of cell perimeters, particularly in cells of DMT2 donor rats under HG conditions. Hmox1, Socs1 and Socs3 were induced by HG, but only in tenocytes of diabetic rats (4 h). Stretch induced significantly Hmox1 transcriptional activity under NG conditions and Socs3 under HG conditions especially in tenocytes of DMT2 rats. The response of tenocytes to TNFα and cyclic stretch depends on glucose supply and origin suggesting their irreversible impairment by DMT2.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The simple morphology of the sunfish heart.","authors":"Bjarke Jensen, Henrik Lauridsen","doi":"10.1111/joa.14198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolutionary conservation of the building plan of the heart suggests this organ is under substantial form-function constraints. Its form varies to such a degree, however, that it questions whether we understand the form-function relations of the heart. A previously published image of the heart of the sunfish (Mola mola, Tetraodontiformes) indicates the presence of an exceptionally simple topology of the chambers. Here, we describe the gross morphology of the sunfish heart (N = 7) because, we assess, this expands the known spectrum of cardiac form that is compatible with function. The usual teleost piscine compartments were present, guarded by valved junctions: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus. Especially, the ventricle was much displaced ventrally and the atrium was dorso-ventrally elongate. The ventricular central cavity exhibited a simple 90-degree curve, or a-quarter circle, and opened into an almost vertical bulbus arteriosus. Overall, the normal piscine S-topology of the cardiac chambers (when seen from the left) appeared distorted to a simpler J-shape. When compared to other fish, including a tetraodontiform boxfish, these highly unusual characters appeared to have evolved recently. The distantly related spotted tinselfish (Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi) resembles sunfish in shape, its heart is almost J-shaped, but the ventricle was sac-like and typically piscine. Surprisingly, the ventricular wall had a comparatively high proportion of compact myocardium, approximately 34%. The relative mass of the sunfish heart was typically piscine, approximately 0.08% of body mass. In conclusion, the sunfish heart may be the least curved cardiac structure described for any fully formed vertebrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}