Journal of affective disorders最新文献

{"title":"Proportion of disordered eating among Latin American university students: A multicountry cross-sectional study.","authors":"Héctor Gutiérrez-Espinoza, Daniela Celi-Lalama, Héctor Padilla-Sánchez, Lucía Fernanda Flores-Santy, Suhaila Mahmoud Smaili, Felipe Araya-Quintanilla, Alexis Arce-Alvarez, Mario Ríos-Riquelme, José Francisco López-Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pursuing a university degree is a complex experience that may increase susceptibility to disordered eating behaviors. However, the proportion of disordered eating among university students in Latin America remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the proportion of disordered eating and their associated factors among Latin American undergraduate university students.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3206 undergraduate students from Ecuador, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Paraguay. The proportion of disordered eating was determined via the Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire. In addition, sociodemographic, academic, anthropometric, and health perception variables were analyzed as associated factors. For statistical analysis, a linear regression model was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall percentage of disordered eating was 35 % (1115 students) according to the SCOFF questionnaire. No statistically significant differences were observed across countries, faculties, or university types (p > 0.05). Poor health perception (55.3 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 52.2 to 58.3; p < 0.001), female sex (39.3 %; 95 % CI 37.4 to 41.2; p < 0.001), and overweight or obesity (35.4 %; 95 % CI 33.8 to 37.0; p < 0.001) were associated with disordered eating. In contrast, being older than 21 years was a protective factor against disordered eating (31.5 %; 95 % CI 29.1 to 33.9; p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More than one-third of the university students reported disordered eating. Poor health perception, female sex, and overweight or obesity were factors associated with disordered eating in our population. These findings highlight the need for preventive and intervention strategies during this critical period. However, longitudinal studies or intervention trials are needed to explore the causal relationship of our findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression and anxiety: A 3-year follow-up study of associated risk and protective factors among university students.","authors":"Maud Nunnink, Laura Ballester, Gemma Vilagut, Itxaso Alayo, Philippe Mortier, José Almenara, Ana Isabel Cebrià, Andrea Gabilondo, Margalida Gili, Carolina Lagares, José Antonio Piqueras, Miquel Roca, Victoria Soto-Sanz, Maria Jesús Blasco, Pere Castellví, Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal, Ronny Bruffaerts, Randy P Auerbach, Matthew K Nock, Ronald C Kessler, Jordi Alonso","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Longitudinal research on anxiety and depression and associated factors in university students can guide public health policies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prevalence and incidence of probable Major Depressive Episode-MDE and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD were estimated in a multicenter cohort study of first-year students from five Spanish universities. Web-based surveys were conducted at baseline, 12, 24, and 36 months using an adapted Composite International Diagnostic Interview-CIDI. Bivariate and multivariate associations with risk/protective factors were estimated using generalized estimation equation models. Sample weights addressed population distribution and loss to follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2118 first-year students (55.4 % women; mean age = 18.8 years, SD = 1.4) completed the baseline survey. Nearly 40 % of the sample reported a lifetime mental health problem. Four-year period prevalence was 36.7 % for 12-month probable MDE and 31.3 % for GAD, with three-year cumulative incidence of 19.7 % and 15.9 %, respectively. Higher proportions were observed in women. Prior episodes showed strongest association with prevalent cases: MDE (adjusted Prevalence Ratio-aPR 1.35) and GAD (aPR 1.46); bipolar spectrum disorder (aPR 1.14) was significant for GAD, and GAD (aPR 1.07) for MDE. Recent breakups/arguments (aPRs 1.04-1.06) were risk factors for both. Parental support significantly protected against MDE, and peer support against GAD.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Self-reported data, with limited survey participation and further losses during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Probable MDE and GAD are common among students. Lifetime disorders, emotional abuse, and interpersonal stressors increased risk, while perceived family and peer support offered modest protection. Findings emphasize the importance of early screening and targeted prevention tailored to specific risk and resilience pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring long-term psychiatric outcomes in post-acute autoimmune encephalitis.","authors":"Julien Hébert, Ramy Gabarin, Sydney Lee, Dilip Koshy, Gregory S Day, Sarah Lapointe, Seth A Climans, Alexandra Muccilli, Palak S Patel, Maria Pleshkevich, Doris Xia, Claude Steriade, David F Tang-Wai","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.119978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.119978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the performance of different measures of long-term psychiatric outcomes in patients with post-acute autoimmune encephalitis (AE) who may require comprehensive psychiatric evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sensitivity of three self-reported measures of mood and anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]; Profiles of Mood States-2 [POMS-2]; Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item [GAD7]) was compared with a structured clinician-administered tool (Mini Neuropsychiatric Inventory 7.0.2 [MINI]). New cutoff scores that optimized accuracy were then identified by Youden Index Method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five patients with post-acute AE completed testing a median of 3 years after symptomatic onset (range = 1-22 years). The median PHQ9 score was 5 (range = 0-18), median POMS2 Total Mood Disturbance T-Score was 52 (range = 37-93), and median GAD7 score was 3 (range = 0-17). Twenty-five patients (71 %) met criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis on the MINI. When compared with the MINI, the sensitivity and specificity of the self-reported psychiatric symptom tools using standard cutoffs were 25 % and 80 % for the PHQ9, 50 % and 87 % for the POMS-2, 23 % and 91 % for the GAD7. Accuracy was improved when cutoffs of ≥5 for the PHQ9, ≥50 for the POMS2, and ≥ 3 for the GAD7 were used, at the cost of lower specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with post-acute AE with psychiatric sequalae may be underrecognized if self-reported measures of psychiatric symptoms are used instead of clinician-administered structured interviews. If self-reported measures are used in AE, consideration should be given into using tools with higher validity in this patient population, such as the POMS-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"119978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144742128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with initial medication adherence with first-line therapy for depression.","authors":"Sourab Ganna, Jieni Li, Rajender R Aparasu","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the well-documented efficacy and long-term adherence, little is known about the initial medication adherence (IMA) to antidepressant medications in the acute phase of therapy in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This study investigated the factors associated with optimal IMA among patients with MDD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used 2017-2019 Merative MarketScan Data, focusing on adults (≥18 years) with MDD initiating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Optimal IMA was defined as the proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥80 % within the first three months after initiation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with optimal IMA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study cohort consisted of 397,976 MDD patients initiating antidepressant therapy, and 60.71 % of them achieved optimal IMA. Logistic regression found that medications such as patients using escitalopram (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.04), fluoxetine (aOR: 1.11), venlafaxine (aOR: 1.05), and levomilnacipran (aOR: 1.58) had higher odds of optimal IMA, while those on paroxetine (aOR: 0.88) and desvenlafaxine (aOR: 0.96) had lower odds. The other significant patient characteristics were age, sex, region, year, employment status, year, and number of medications. The comorbidities that influenced optimal IMA were hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, arthritis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, backache, and substance use disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>About 61 % of the MDD patients had optimal IMA with significant variation in IMA across antidepressant agents, in addition to other patients' characteristics. Findings highlight the importance of IMA and the need for targeted interventions to achieve optimal IMA.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of handgrip strength, walking times, and dementia among Chinese adults: A cross-sectional analysis from CHARLS.","authors":"Lei Zhang, Hong Ding, Fang Liu, Chao Ma, Laiguo Han, Changqing Li, Xiaojiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The progression of dementia poses a major public health issue. While handgrip strength (HGS) and walking times are linked to dementia, their relationship needs clarification. This study explored how walking times mediates the connection between HGS and dementia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed data from 7206 older adults participating in the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Utilizing linear regression models and bootstrap analysis, we explored the mediating role of walking times in the relationship between HGS and dementia, while accounting for various confounding variables. Additionally, stratified and interaction analyses were conducted to assess the stability of this relationship across different subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for confounding variables, HGS is inversely correlated with the incidence of dementia (OR: 0.96, 95 % CI: 0.95-0.99; P < 0.001), whereas walking times exhibits a positive correlation with dementia (OR: 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.35; P < 0.001). Walking times mediated 10.20 % of the total effect of HGS on dementia, with a mediating effect size of -2.51 × 10^-4, indicating an indirect negative association between higher HGS and dementia via reduced walking times.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that HGS is negatively associated with dementia and walking times is positively associated with dementia. Walking times played a mediating role in the association between HGS and dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychiatric disorders among older U.S. women by socioeconomic and veteran status.","authors":"Hind A Beydoun, May A Beydoun, Lauren Hale, Robert B Wallace, Su Yon Jung, Nazmus Saquib, Dorota Szymkowiak, Karen Derefinko, Alan B Zonderman, Robert Brunner, Jack Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine among women ≥65 years: [1] differences in prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders, including substance use and mental health disorders, by veteran status; and [2] relationships of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) with psychiatric disorders by veteran status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 42,031 study-eligible women ≥65 years at enrollment (1993-1998) from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) - including 1512 veterans - were evaluated for approximately 15 years of follow-up through linked WHI-Medicare databases. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were constructed for characteristics associated with prevalent and incident psychiatric disorders, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psychiatric disorders affected a substantial proportion of women ≥65 years of age, with mood and anxiety disorders being the leading types of disorders. The overall prevalence and incidence rates of psychiatric disorders were 37.3 % and 25.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively. In adjusted models, frequencies of psychiatric disorders did not differ by veteran status. Also, lower education, household income, and neighborhood SES were related to higher frequencies of psychiatric disorders only among women non-veterans, whereas managerial/professional occupations were associated with lower frequencies of psychiatric disorders among women irrespective of their veteran status. However, interactions between veteran status and SES indicators in relation to psychiatric disorders were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Disparities in psychiatric disorders by individual-level and neighborhood-level SES may be distinct among older women veterans and non-veterans necessitating in-depth investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12439202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144812047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network pharmacology and molecular docking-based strategy to determine the potential mechanism for escitalopram-mediated long QT syndrome.","authors":"Chuanjun Zhuo, Ying Zhang, Chao Li, Lei Yang, Qiuyu Zhang, Ranli Li, Hongjun Tian, Fuqiang Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify the potential molecular mechanisms for escitalopram-mediated development of long QT syndrome (LQTS) using network pharmacology and molecular docking.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Targets related to LQTS were obtained from the GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM databases, while targets related to escitalopram were retrieved from the PharmMapper, SwissTargetPrediction, SuperPred, GeneCards, DrugBank, and SEA databases. A Venn diagram containing drug-disease intersection targets was generated using the Bioinformatics online tool. A protein-protein interaction network was developed using the STRING database. Core targets were screened using Cytoscape, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of escitalopram-LQTS intersection targets were performed using DAVID. A drug-disease-target pathway network was developed with Cytoscape. AutoDock Vina and PyMOL software were used for molecular docking analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six potential targets of escitalopram-mediated LQTS, including TNF, IL-1β, INS, SRC, STAT3, and GSK-3β, were shown to bind well to escitalopram in molecular docking analyses. The KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that escitalopram caused adverse LQTS reactions by modulating prolactin and lipid levels, atherosclerosis, and the calcium signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Further in vitro or molecular biology experiments are needed to validate the mechanism identified in this study by which escitalopram induced LQTS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on bioinformatic analysis, escitalopram may affect the electrolyte balance, atherosclerosis, and ion channels implicated in LQTS, providing theoretical clues for follow-up studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120069"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Consequence of child and adolescent depressive symptom trajectories for adult depressive disorders and symptoms: A systematic review & meta-analysis\" [J. Affect. Disord. 363, 2024, 643-652].","authors":"H J Portogallo, D R Skvarc, L A Shore, J W Toumbourou","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":"391 ","pages":"120041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of family dysfunction childhood adversities and lifetime attempts in men and women.","authors":"Mathilde M Husky, Christophe Léon, Helen-Maria Vasiliadis","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence of family dysfunction childhood adversities (CAs) by sex in a nationally representative sample and to investigate the sex-specific association of CAs with lifetime suicide attempts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were drawn from the 2005, 2010, and 2017 nationally representative cross-sectional French Health Barometer surveys (n = 47,105) to examine exposure to three types of CAs and their association with lifetime suicide attempts. Logistic regressions were performed to identify associations of every exposure combination with the odds of suicide attempts overall, and stratified by gender.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 43.9 % of adults reported exposure to at least one type of CA: 16.4 % parental separation, 22.4 % parental illness or death, and 22.5 % parental discord. Women reported exposure to CAs more frequently (54.1 %) than did men (45.9 %), (χ² = 132,00, df = 1, p < 0.0001). Overall, 8.7 % of women and 3.7 % of men reported a lifetime suicide attempt. In multivariable models, female sex (AOR = 2.13, 95 %CI = 1.96-2.32) and each form of exposure to CAs was associated with higher odds of reporting a lifetime attempt with exposure to all three types of CAs associated with the highest odds of lifetime attempt (AOR = 5.15, 95 %CI = 4.37-6.07). Parental discord held the strongest association with attempts, compared to illness/death or separation. In stratified analyses, CAs were equally associated with attempts among men and women.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Cross-sectional surveys.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Parental discord was found to be highly prevalent in the general population and strongly associated with suicide attempts. No sex-specific associations were observed in the association of adversity types and number with attempts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth depression: An overview of genetic findings and the challenge of heterogeneity.","authors":"Anita Thapar, Olakunle Oginni, Charlotte A Dennison, Frances Rice","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression in youth is common but a highly heterogenous disorder. In the last decade there have been much larger family and twin studies as well as molecular genetic advances. However, although considered as a unitary diagnostic concept, depression is extremely variable in terms of its definition, measurement, age-at-onset, clinical antecedents or comorbidities, and long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this narrative review, we summarise findings on the genetics of youth depression, as well as consider the many challenges around heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Youth depression is familial, modestly heritable, and inter-generational transmission appears to be explained by rearing as well as genetic contributions. Non-shared environmental factors are a major contributor and gene-environment correlation is especially important for youth depression. Although there is overlap between youth and adult depression in genetic liability, youth-onset depressive disorder may represent a distinct subtype in terms of its genetic profile. Familial loading and heritability are higher when youth-onset depressive disorder is recurrent, chronic and more severe than when depression is milder and defined more broadly. Polygenic scores and pharmacogenetic testing are not ready for clinical use. There are many inconsistencies in findings that may be explained by heterogeneity.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>There are no large genome-wide association studies of youth depression. The lack of diversity in ancestry is a problem.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We highlight that future genetic studies of youth depression need to consider more careful harmonisation of definitions, measures, take into account recurrence or chronicity and severity of depression as well as include more diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14963,"journal":{"name":"Journal of affective disorders","volume":" ","pages":"120049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144846583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}