Journal of Alzheimer's Disease最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic neuroprotection of chitosan-cannabidiol nanoparticles in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Amelioration of cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation.","authors":"Zahra Naserramezani, Mohammad Reza Palizvan, Ali Ganji, Ali Ghazavi, Ghasem Mosayebi","doi":"10.1177/13872877251379420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251379420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Current treatments are largely symptomatic, necessitating novel neuroprotective strategies.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of chitosan-cannabidiol (CS-CBD) nanoparticles in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of AD.MethodsSixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, AD model (STZ-induced), chitosan-treated, cannabidiol-treated, and CS-CBD-treated. AD was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg). Treatments were administered intranasally for 21 days. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Morris water maze. After treatment, oxidative stress markers (NO, FRAP), liver enzymes (ALT, AST), and the expression of inflammatory and neuroprotective genes (IL1β, IL6, IL10, iNOS, PPARγ, BDNF) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Histological analysis of the hippocampus was also performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05).ResultsThe AD group showed significant impairments in memory and learning (p < 0.0001), increased oxidative stress, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (IL1β, iNOS), with decreased neuroprotective markers (BDNF, PPARγ). CS-CBD treatment significantly improved cognitive function (p < 0.001), restored oxidative balance, reduced IL1β and iNOS expression, and elevated BDNF and PPARγ expression (p < 0.05). Histological analysis confirmed reduced neuronal degeneration and increased neuronal density in the CS-CBD group.ConclusionsCS-CBD nanoparticles exerted potent neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in an STZ-induced rat model of AD. These findings support the potential of CS-CBD nanoparticles as a promising adjunctive therapy for AD, warranting further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251379420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke: A 25-year longitudinal analysis of U.S. mortality trends.","authors":"Muhammad Faizan Ali, Husnain Ahmad, Mohamed Fawzi Hemida, Muhammad Faizan Tahir, Talha Qadeer, Sana Rasheed, Zarwa Rashid, Mohammad Hamza Bin Abdul Malik, Ashraf Ahmed, Alexander Morden, Muhammad Abdullah Naveed, Himaja Dutt Chigurupati, Sivaram Neppala","doi":"10.1177/13872877251380689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251380689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke, both of which are age-related conditions, exhibit common risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and the <i>APOE</i> ε4 genotype, which frequently coexist in older adults.ObjectiveThis study investigates disparities in stroke-related mortality among AD patients, categorized by sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region.MethodsThe age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 for adults 65 and older were sourced from the CDC WONDER database using ICD codes for AD (G30) and stroke (I60-I61, I63-I64, I69). Joinpoint regression estimated the Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC), with statistical significance at p < 0.0001.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2023, there were 154,323 deaths related to strokes in AD patients, primarily occurring in nursing homes (53.4%). The AAMRs decreased from 19.4 in 1999 to 10.5 in 2023 (APC: -2.6%, p < 0.01). Women exhibited higher AAMRs than men (15.9 versus 12.6), although men experienced a steeper decline (AAPC: -2.7%). Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks reported the highest AAMR at 16.9, while NH Whites demonstrated the most considerable decline (AAPC: -2.7%, p < 0.01). AAMRs varied considerably, ranging from 27 in Mississippi to 6 in New York, with the Northeast region reflecting the most significant decline (AAPC: -3.5%). Furthermore, rural areas displayed higher AAMRs than urban regions (19.4 versus 14.3), although both populations exhibited declining trends.ConclusionsStroke mortality in AD patients has decreased but remains unevenly distributed, especially among women, NH Black individuals, rural communities, and Western U.S. residents. Targeted interventions are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251380689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in neuronal excitability and AMPA-mediated neurotransmission in an APP/PS1 neuronal culture model derived from nucleus accumbens.","authors":"Paulina Saavedra-Sieyes, Isaías Meza, Nicolás Riffo-Lepe, Loreto San Martin, Juliana González-SanMiguel, Luis G Aguayo","doi":"10.1177/13872877251378468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251378468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease. Recently, alterations in the mesolimbic system have been described, especially in the nucleus accumbens (nAc). We found that intracellular accumulation of Aβ was higher in neurons of the APP/PS1 mice at 10 and 15 days <i>in vitro</i>. At 15 days <i>in vitro</i> (DIV), APP/PS1 accumbal neurons showed alterations in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Specifically, there was an increase in AMPAergic synaptic currents, which was sensitive to the application of NASPM, suggesting a critical role for calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs). Our study indicates that this neuronal culture model accurately replicates alterations in the early stages of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251378468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Easy-to-use and easy-to-interpret quality control of 3D gradient echo T1-weighted MR acquisition sequences for improved test-retest stability of MRI-based hippocampus volumetry.","authors":"Ralph Buchert, Per Suppa, Babak A Ardekani, Fuensanta Bellvís Bataller, Pierrick Bourgeat, Pierrick Coupé, Robert Dahnke, Gabriel A Devenyi, Simon Fristed Eskildsen, Clara Fischer, Jose Vincente Manjón Herrera, Christian Ledig, Andreas Lemke, Bénédicte Maréchal, Roland Opfer, Diana M Sima, Lothar Spies, Aziz M Ulug, Hans-Jürgen Huppertz","doi":"10.1177/13872877251380301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251380301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundMRI-based hippocampus volume (HV) is widely used as neurodegeneration marker in Alzheimer's disease.ObjectiveAn easy-to-use and easy-to-interpret method to categorize T1-weighted MR sequences with respect to test-retest stability of hippocampus volumetry based on general image quality metrics (IQM).MethodsThe study included 446 3D T1-weighted MRI scans of one healthy middle-aged man obtained during 32 months in 122 scanning sessions performed with 96 different scanners at 76 different sites. Each scanning session represented a different acquisition sequence of ≥2 back-to-back repeat scans (3.7 ± 0.7 on average). Unilateral HVs were determined with 18 different tools for automatic volumetry. An acquisition sequence was considered \"poor\" if the z-score of the within-session coefficient-of-variation of the HV estimates from the session, averaged across all volumetry tools and both hemispheres, exceeded one standard deviation. General IQM were computed for each scanning session using the freely available MRI Quality Control Tool. A classification-and-regression tree (CART) was trained to discriminate between good and poor acquisition sequences using the IQM as input.ResultsThe CART selected the left-right width of the acquisition field-of-view and the contrast-to-noise ratio as predictor variables. Overall accuracy of the CART was 79.5%. CART-based classification increased the ratio of good-to-poor acquisition sequences from 3.5 among all sequences to 7.4 among the sequences predicted to be good. This was at the expense of losing 15% of the good sequences.ConclusionsThe IQM-based decision tree model provides useful performance for the differentiation of T1-weighted sequences associated with good versus poor test-retest stability of hippocampus volumetry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251380301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering community health workers in dementia care in South Texas.","authors":"Stephanie Santiago-Mejias, Shanae L Rhodes, Fayron R Epps, Robin C Hilsabeck, Noe Garza, Sudha Seshadri, Neela K Patel","doi":"10.1177/13872877251378463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251378463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease and related dementias disproportionately affect minority racial and ethnic communities. Community health workers are essential in addressing these disparities. We evaluated the impact of an educational workshop focusing on improving knowledge and preparedness in dementia care. Sixty-one CHWs attended in-person sessions in Texas and completed surveys to measure confidence and plans to apply the knowledge gained. Results revealed a significant increase in confidence in providing dementia care post-training (p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis identified five primary roles of CHWs. These findings demonstrate the potential of training interventions to improve knowledge gaps and empower CHWs to address dementia in underserved communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251378463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axonal degeneration and retinal neurovascular dysfunction in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Tienan Qi, Yuan Feng, Natalia Kononenko, Christina Ising, Tim van Beers, Thibaut Sesia, Claus Cursiefen, Verena Prokosch, Hanhan Liu","doi":"10.1177/13872877251379844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251379844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundRecent research suggests that retinal changes occur at early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, gaps remain in understanding the detailed pathophysiological processes and their molecular underpinnings.ObjectiveThis study investigates alterations in the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) and associated proteomic changes in the TgF344-AD rat model to determine how these changes relate to brain and known AD pathology.MethodsTransgenic rats and age-matched wild-type rats were studied. Proteomic analysis was conducted to identify changes in critical signaling pathways across the retina, the visual sensory thalamus (the lateral geniculate body, LGN) and hippocampus. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect amyloid-β, glial, neuronal and vascular markers in the retina, and p-phenylenediamine staining examined axons of retinal ganglion cells.ResultsSignificant axonal degeneration in the optic nerve and optic tract of AD rats was detected, while axonal integrity in the optic chiasm, retinal ganglion cell numbers and retinal layer thickness remained unaffected. Proteomics showed a general downregulation of pathways essential for neural survival, glial function and vascular stability, with striking similarities between the retina and LGN. A significant reduction in amacrine cell numbers, increased microglial reactivity, decreased Müller cell immunoreactivity and reduced retinal pericyte density were also observed.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that retrograde and anterograde axonal degeneration, coupled with NVU dysfunction, are key features of retinal pathology in AD. The TgF344-AD rat model provides valuable insights into these changes, highlighting the retina as a potential site for early AD detection, monitoring and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251379844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Written picture descriptions distinguish variants of primary progressive aphasia.","authors":"Donna C Tippett, Katelyn Surrao, Kyriaki Neophytou, Hana Kim, Jessica Gallegos, Charalambos Themistocleous, Brenda Rapp, Argye E Hillis, Kyrana Tsapkini","doi":"10.1177/13872877251376381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251376381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundFew studies have examined written discourse in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a clinical syndrome due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveWe aim to: (1) determine differences in written discourse in PPA variants and controls using three approaches for analyzing narratives, and (2) make recommendations regarding the clinical utility of these approaches.MethodsIndividuals with PPA and healthy controls wrote descriptions of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Cookie Theft Picture (CTP). We hypothesized that written narratives would be characterized by: (1) fewer total words, lower percentages of CTP content units (CUs) and Core Lexicon Words, and lower communication efficiency in all PPA variants compared to controls; (2) fewer content words in semantic variant PPA (svPPA) than in logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA), nonfluent variant PPA (nfvPPA), and controls; and (3) fewer function words in nfvPPA than in lvPPA and controls.ResultsParticipants with svPPA had significantly lower percentages of total CTP CUs, CTP noun and verb phrase CUs, and Core Lexicon Words than lvPPA. Overall content unit (CU) profile of lvPPA was more similar to controls than to the other two variants. Written narratives of participants with nfvPPA and svPPA had significantly lower percentages of particles, a class of function words, than lvPPA participants.ConclusionsPart of speech analysis showed a deficit in function words in nfvPPA. Content unit analysis distinguished svPPA and lvPPA, and is easily incorporated into the clinical environment when spoken data are scarce or difficult to obtain because of speech production impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251376381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Alzheimer's disease treatment: A literature review on senolytic intervention.","authors":"Victor C Onuh","doi":"10.1177/13872877251376540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251376540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, currently affecting over 50 million people globally. Despite decades of research, therapeutic development has continued to face high failure rates due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. Current drugs like rivastigmine focus on managing cognitive symptoms since there is no known cure to halt the disease's progression. However, recent research has suggested that advanced biological age, particularly the accumulation of senescent cells, is the most significant risk factor for AD pathology, and targeting these aging mechanisms may prove more effective in altering the disease progression. Senescent cells accumulate with age, contributing to inflammatory states and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Senolytic drugs, such as dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q), have shown promise in animal models by clearing senescent cells, delaying aging-related decline, and improving AD-related outcomes. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of senolytic interventions for AD by examining the mechanisms of cellular senescence based on evidence of its accumulation in the human brain, critically analyzing the preclinical and clinical trials involving senolytic compounds, and discussing the implications and limitations of this approach. The findings from recent studies indicate that senolytics may pave the way for effective AD treatments, though further clinical validation is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251376540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Needs of people living with young-onset dementia and family carers, explored by dementia subtype, phase in the disease process, and living setting: A scoping review.","authors":"Maud Ritzen, Kirsten Peetoom, Sara Laureen Bartels, Christian Bakker, Marjolein de Vugt","doi":"10.1177/13872877251372148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251372148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundYoung-onset dementia (YOD) affects the lives of people living with the condition and family carers, such as partners and children, creating complex situations and unique needs. These needs are likely to differ across dementia subtype, disease phase, and living setting, yet, a comprehensive overview of distinct needs is currently lacking.ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to identify needs of people with YOD and family carers in relation to dementia subtype, disease phase, and living setting.MethodsLiterature was systematically searched in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and APA PsycINFO up to October 2024. After screening by two independent researchers, 140 articles were included.ResultsFour main themes of needs emerged: support-, care-, interpersonal-, and personal needs. Needs varied per target group, dementia subtype, living setting, and disease phase. Prominent support needs included practical assistance, and emotional and psychological support. Information on diagnosis and prognosis, and active involvement of healthcare professionals were highlighted within care needs. Interpersonal needs often referred to companionship and togetherness, as well as empathy, understanding, and acceptance. Finally, security and safety, and time for oneself were emphasized as personal needs. Overall, the majority of current evidence pertained to Alzheimer's disease, the post-diagnostic phase, and living at home.ConclusionsYOD-needs vary widely, requiring flexible, person- and family-centered care and support. Future research should address underrepresented areas, including the needs of dyads, families, and YOD care home residents. Additionally, it should address needs related to rarer YOD subtypes and specific disease phases to better capture the diversity of these needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251372148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and safety of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled trial.","authors":"Che-Sheng Chu, Hsin-An Chang, Yu-Te Lin, Hsiu-Chu Shen, Chih-Kuang Liang, Ying-Hsin Hsu, Chih-Chuan Pan, Hsin-Ya Kuo, Wei-Zhe Liang, Shiou-Lan Chen, Cheng-Sheng Chen","doi":"10.1177/13872877251376547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251376547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has shown potential for improving cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).ObjectiveTo evaluate whether HD-tDCS enhances cognitive function in individuals with MCI.MethodsThis was a triple-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study. The anodal electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and surrounded by four cathode electrodes (2 mA for 25 min, daily for 10 sessions). Tests were performed at baseline, after 2-week stimulation, at 1 month, and at 3 months. The primary outcome was global cognition measured by Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument and secondary outcomes included memory, language, executive function, and attention tests. Group differences were analyzed using linear mixed model (LMM).ResultsFifty patients with MCI were randomized to the sham (n = 25) and HD-tDCS groups (n = 25). No significant differences were observed between the HD-tDCS and sham groups in global cognition or other neuropsychological measures. However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between apolipoprotein E (<i>APOE</i>) allele 4 status, tDCS condition, and time. <i>APOE4</i>-positive patients receiving HD-tDCS showed significantly greater improvement in language function, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition vocabulary, compared to <i>APOE4</i>-negative patients in the sham group (p = 0.028). Adverse effects were mild and comparable between groups.ConclusionsHD-tDCS did not enhance global cognition in MCI patients overall. Preliminary findings demonstrated a potential language benefit was observed in <i>APOE4</i>-postitive individuals. These exploratory findings warrant further investigation in larger, biomarker-stratified studies.<b>Trial registration</b>The study was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov under NCT04121156.</p>","PeriodicalId":14929,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":" ","pages":"13872877251376547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}