Journal of animal science最新文献

{"title":"Short Communication: Artificially reared ewes cannot be distinguished from natural reared ewes based on observed maternal behavior or lamb weaning weights","authors":"Christian J Posbergh, Asha M Miles, Natasha L Pettifor, Michael L Thonney","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae283","url":null,"abstract":"Artificially rearing lambs is an important component of United States sheep production as some flocks select for increasing litter size to boost productivity. However, there is a conception among shepherds that artificially reared ewe lambs will ultimately result in poor mothers since they were not naturally raised. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in maternal behavior could be detected between ewes raised artificially and those raised naturally and if dam rearing type had an impact on lamb growth performance. Forty-eight ewes were enrolled comprised of four equal sized groups: artificially reared primiparous, naturally reared primiparous, artificially reared multi-parous, and naturally reared multi-parous. Ewes were observed using remote cameras to record maternal behaviors toward the lambs during and shortly after parturition. Behavior of twenty-nine ewes during the first hour after parturition was analyzed. Independent multivariable regression models were evaluated for: proportion of time spent grooming, proportion of time spent helping the lambs nurse, number of helpful bouts, and the number of negative bouts. No statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was detected between artificially reared and naturally reared ewes for the proportion of time spent grooming and the proportion of time spent helping the lambs nurse. Historical flock data was utilized to evaluate lamb growth between artificially and naturally reared ewes. No detrimental associations between artificially reared ewes and lamb weaning weights were observed. This study shows that artificially reared ewes are no different in terms of mothering behaviors and may be used as potential replacement candidates.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing skeletal muscle fiber characteristics, intramuscular fat deposition and fatty acid composition in broilers under heat stress through combined selenomethionine and Bacillus subtilis supplementation in the diet.","authors":"Weiguang Yang,Junjing Xue,Sha Zhang,Chenge Yao,Na Zhang,Rejun Fang","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae267","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress is the most common environmental stressor in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, meat quality, and welfare. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the nutritional effects of dietary supplementation with selenomethionine, BS, and a combination of selenomethionine and BS on broilers challenged with heat stress. A total of 300 21-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 6 replicates of 10 broilers per each: control group (CON, broilers raised at 22 ± 2℃); heat stress exposure group (HS, broilers raised at 32 ± 2℃ for 8 h/day); HSS group (HS group supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg selenomethionine); HSB group (HS group supplemented with 1 × 109 cfu/kg BS); and HSBS group (HS group supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg selenomethionine and × 109 cfu/kg BS). The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results indicated that, compared to the CON group, heat stress reduces (P < 0.05) broiler growth performance and damages the meat quality in breast and thigh muscles. Dietary supplementation with selenomethionine and BS did not improve the growth performance of broilers under heat stress. However, compared to the HS group, the HSS, HSB, and HSBS groups showed significantly increased (P < 0.05) pH45 min, redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), muscle fiber density, intramuscular fat (IMF), triglyceride content (TG), and expression levels of Myf5, CAPN 2, FM, SLC27A1, A-FABP, H-FABP, APOB-100, and ACC in breast and thigh muscles. Meanwhile, these groups showed reduced (P < 0.05) lightness (L*), drip loss, shear force, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and FM gene expression level. The HSBS group showed greater improvement in the physicochemical quality of muscle and volatile substances compared to the HSS and HSB groups. In conclusion, selenomethionine and BS improved meat quality and flavor in broilers under heat stress by modulating muscle fiber composition and characteristics, as well as increasing intramuscular fat deposition.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is heat stress a growing problem for dairy cattle husbandry in the temperate regions? A case study of Baden-Württemberg in Germany","authors":"Miguel António Leandro, Joana Stock, Jörn Bennewitz, Mizeck G G Chagunda","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae287","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress with measurable effects in dairy cattle is a growing concern in temperate regions. Heat stress in temperate regions differs between environments with different geophysical characteristics. Microclimates specific to each environment were found to greatly impact at what level heat stress occurs and will occur in the future. The landlocked state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, provides several different environments, hence, a good case-study. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) from 17 weather stations for the years 2003-2022 was calculated and milking yields from 22 farms for the years 2017-2022 were collected. The occurrences and evolving patterns of heat stress were analysed with use of a Temperature Humidity Index (THI), and the effect of heat stress on milk yield was analysed based on milking records from Automated Milking Systems (AMS). Daily average THI was calculated using hourly readings of relative humidity and ambient temperature, disregarding solar radiation and wind, as all animals were permanently stabled. Based on studies conducted in Baden-Württemberg and neighbouring regions, cited ahead in the section of Temperature Humidity Index, THI = 60 was the threshold for heat stress occurrence. Findings show that the heat stress period varied between stations from 64 to 120 days with THI ≥ 60 in a year. This aligns with yearly and summer averages, also steadily increasing from May to September. Length of heat stress period was found to increase 1 extra day every year. Extreme weather events such as heat waves did not increase the heat stress period of that year in length but increased the average THI. Milk yield was found to be significantly (α = 0.05) different between counties grouped into different zones according to heat stress severity and rate of increase in daily average THI. Future attempts at managing heat stress on dairy cattle farms in the temperate regions should account for microclimate, as geographical proximity does not mean that the increase in heat stress severity will be the same in the two neighbouring areas.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142276878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of precision feeding standardized ileal digestible lysine and other amino acids to determine and meet the lactating sow’s requirement estimates","authors":"Mikayla S Spinler, Jason C Woodworth, Mike D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M DeRouchey, Hyatt L Frobose, Amanda Uitermarkt, Jordan T Gebhardt","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae285","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments evaluated the effects of precision feeding standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys during lactation. Sows were blocked by parity and allotted to treatment on d 2 of lactation. In both experiments, sow body weight (BW), backfat (BF), loin depth (LD), and estimated N excretion were evaluated as well as litter growth performance. In Exp. 1, 95 sows and litters were used. Three dietary treatments were provided using 2 diets: a low (0.25% SID Lys) and high Lys diet (1.10% SID Lys). Treatments included a control diet (1.10% SID Lys) fed throughout lactation, and NRC or INRA treatment curves for Lys intake. Sows fed NRC or INRA treatment curves received blends of low and high Lys diets using a computerized lactation feeder (Gestal Quattro Opti Feeder, Jyga Technologies, St-Lambert-de-Lauzon, Quebec, CA) to target a specific Lys intake each day of lactation based on NRC and INRA models for parity and litter size. In Exp. 2, 56 sows and litters were used with three treatments, a control diet (1.10% SID Lys fed throughout lactation) and either a static or dynamic blend curve. For both curve treatments, low (0.40% SID Lys) and high Lys (1.10% SID Lys) diets were blended to reach target Lys intake. The difference between the static and dynamic curves was that the dynamic curves were adjusted based on actual Lys intake and static curves were not. Lysine intake curves were based on NRC model estimates, but targets were increased by 20% to target average Lys intake of 60 g/d across parities based on results of Exp. 1. In both experiments, no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in sow average daily feed intake or sow BW, BF, or LD change were observed. Sows fed the control diets had greater Lys intake (g/day; P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to sows fed either of the blended treatment curves. In Exp. 1, pigs from sows fed the control diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) BW at weaning and preweaning average daily gain (ADG) compared to sows fed the INRA treatment curve, with pigs from sows fed the NRC treatment curve intermediate. However, in Exp. 2, no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) were observed in pig weight at weaning or ADG. In both experiments, sows fed the blended treatment curves had lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) calculated N excretion. In summary, for a litter size of 13.5 weaned pigs, 60 g/d of SID Lys is sufficient to maximize litter weight gain and can be achieved through blending low and high Lys diets. Precision feeding reduced N excretion compared to feeding a single diet throughout lactation.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"399 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of fermented soybean meal and supplemental methionine and lysine on growth, digestibility, body composition and amino acid composition of Beluga (Huso huso).","authors":"Ali Khodadoust,Majidreza Khoshkholgh,Hamid A Noveirian,Mahmoud Mohseni,Hossein Khara","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae275","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing concern about using limited high-quality protein sources in the aquafeed industry. The alternative solution to this problem is cost-effective plant proteins such as soybean meal (SBM). However, it is better to improve plant protein-containing diets through processing and supplemental amino acids. This study aimed to examine the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) and supplemental methionine and lysine (ML) in diets on growth, digestibility, and body and amino acid composition in Beluga (Huso huso). Two basal diets (490 g fish meal Kg-1) of fish meal (FM) and fish meal with methionine and lysine (FM+ML) were replaced by 40%, 60% and 80% of FSBM and FSBM+ML (FM, FSBM40, FSBM60, FSBM80, FM+ML, FSBM40+ML, FSBM60+ML and FSBM80+ML; 444 g kg-1 crude protein and 19.77 MJ kg-1 gross energy). The diets were fed to triplicate groups of Beluga (394.6 ± 4.3 g) 3 times daily for 56 days. Results showed that Beluga fed 80% FSBM and FSBM+ML had lower growth and feed utilization. Moreover, Beluga fed FSBM+ML performed poorer than those fed FSBM (P < 0.05). No interactions between fermented SBM and ML were observed in apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) and body proximate composition except for ADC of crude lipid. ADC in Beluga fed 80% were less than other diets. Substitution of FSBM and FSBM+ML in diets significantly reduced dry matter, ash and crude lipid; Crude lipid increased in groups fed FSBM+ML (P < 0.05). FSBM and FSBM+ML in 60% had higher and lower total amino acids in muscle and faeces (P < 0.05), respectively. Also, excreted total amino acids in faeces increased with ML (P < 0.05). Generally, in Beluga, FSBM-containing diets showed better effects on growth, feed utilization, whole-body lipid, and muscle and faecal amino acids than those with FSBM+ML. Fermented SBM could be replaced up to 60%.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of circulating immune cells, analytes, and inflammatory markers in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome.","authors":"Jamie M Studer,Zoë E Kiefer,Lucas R Koester,Erika M Johnson,Stephan Schmitz-Esser,Attila Farkas,Lucina Galina Pantoja,Kimberly A Vonnahme,Laura L Greiner,Aileen F Keating,Lance H Baumgard,Jason W Ross","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae270","url":null,"abstract":"Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is a condition affecting periparturient sows, characterized by a reduction in milk and colostrum synthesis shortly after farrowing. Insufficient milk production results in substantial economic losses due to increased piglet morbidity/mortality and premature sow culling. Since PDS develops within a few days following farrowing, study objectives were to determine if periparturient immune cell profiles and circulating biomarkers differ in sows affected by PDS. We hypothesized differences in immune cells, circulating analytes, and inflammatory markers would exist at farrowing in sows that subsequently developed PDS compared to healthy herd mates. Thirty-six sows with PDS symptoms were matched by parity and day of lactation with thirty-six healthy control (CON) sows. Diagnosis of PDS (timepoint 2) occurred on average 9.25 ± 2.67 days after farrowing. Blood samples and litter weights were collected at farrowing (timepoint 1) and at onset of clinical PDS (timepoint 2). Piglets from PDS sows had lower average daily gain and higher mortality than piglets from CON (P < 0.01). Aspartate aminotransferase was increased (20%; P ≤ 0.06) in PDS sows compared to CON at both timepoints. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen was increased in PDS sows at timepoint 1 and timepoint 2 (13%; P = 0.08 and 16%; P = 0.01, respectively). At timepoint 2, total protein, globulin, magnesium, and cholesterol were increased (P ≤ 0.03) while γ-glutamyl transferase and albumin were decreased (P ≤ 0.02) in PDS sows. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein, an inflammatory biomarker, was increased (48%; P = 0.07) at timepoint 2 in PDS compared to CON sows. Collectively, these data indicate PDS sows have altered metabolism and appear immune activated compared to healthy herd mates, and further investigation is needed to determine if PDS can be predicted at farrowing.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duckweed protein as an alternative plant-based protein source for dog and cat dry diets","authors":"Ching-Yen Lin, Katherine R Kerr, Matthew R Panasevich, Leighann Daristotle, Nolan Z Frantz","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae244","url":null,"abstract":"Duckweed has attracted increasing attention as a high-quality and sustainable novel plant-based protein source. However, little research has been conducted in dogs and cats. We evaluated the effects of inclusion of duckweed protein (Lemna; MCSelect; Parabel; Vero Beach, FL) primarily in replacement of pea protein in dog diets at 0%, 5%, and 10% and cat diets at %, 10%, and 15% on stool quality, nutrient digestibility, and palatability. We hypothesized that duckweed protein would be a viable protein source in both dog and cat diets by showing no detriment to nutritional outcomes. All feeding tests were conducted at an independent research facility (Susquehanna, PA). A standard 2-bowl palatability test over a 2-d period was conducted with adult animals (n = 30 each) to determine intake ratio between test diets (duckweed-containing diets) and control diets (0% duckweed protein). Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility was conducted with 18 adult dogs and 21 adult cats (n = 6 to 7 per diet) with 5 d of diet acclimation followed by 5 d of total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 = non-formed or diarrhea and 5 = hard, formed. Palatability data were analyzed using paired t-test (daily consumption) and chi-square test (first choice). All other data were analyzed by ANOVA and contrast (SAS version 9.4). For cats, 10% duckweed had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) palatability than control, while no difference was observed between 15% duckweed protein and control. For dogs, 5% and 10% duckweed protein had (P &amp;lt; 0.05) lower palatability, demonstrating a preference to control. Both cats and dogs fed duckweed diets had acceptable stool quality (Mean = 3.4 and 3.3, respectively). No detriments in nutrient digestibility were observed in dogs fed 5% and 10% duckweed protein; however, cats fed 10% and 15% duckweed protein had (P &amp;lt; 0.05) lower dry matter, protein, and energy digestibility vs. control. In conclusion, the data collected indicate that duckweed can be a viable replacement for other plant-based proteins in dog diets at inclusion levels up to 10%; more development is needed for duckweed protein inclusion into cat diets.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Microencapsulated Blend Of Botanicals Supports Weaning Piglets During An Lps Challenge By Modulating Liver Inflammation And Intestinal Integrity","authors":"Andrea Bonetti, Benedetta Tugnoli, Federico Ghiselli, Grace Markley, Elizabeth Cooper, Andrea Piva, Chad H Stahl, Ester Grilli","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae277","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the action of a blend of botanicals (BOT) against LPS-induced inflammation on cultured hepatocytes and weaning piglets. In vitro studies examined HepG2 cells treated with BOT and challenged with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 days. BOT treatment reduced IL-6 concentration in cell culture media across time (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression on day 1 and 8 of experiment (TNFα, IL-1β; p &amp;lt; 0.05). BOT also increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes (GPX-2, SOD, CAT) on day 8 (p &amp;lt; 0.05), which was supported by lowered reactive oxygen species concentration after LPS challenge (p &amp;lt; 0.1). The in vivo study was conducted with 72 weaning pigs, allotted into 24 pens and divided into 3 groups: a negative control (CTR-, basal diet), a challenged control (CTR+) that received an intraperitoneal injection of E. coli O55:B5 LPS on day 14 and 16, and a challenged treated group which received a diet containing 1.5 g/Kg of microencapsulated BOT (BOT+) for the whole duration of the study. Growth performance was determined weekly and, on days 21 (one animal per pen) and 28 (remaining animals), pigs were sacrificed to collect liver and jejunal tissues. After challenge, BOT+ pigs had increased BW on day 21 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.1) compared to CTR+. Similar improvements in ADG and FCR on day 14-21 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and 21-28 (p &amp;lt; 0.1) were also seen in BOT+ group. In the liver, compared to CTR+ pigs, BOT+ pigs downregulated the expression of TLR-4, IL-6, IFN-γ on day 21 (p &amp;lt; 0.05), and TLR-4, TNF-α, IL-8 on day 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). BOT+ also increased GPX-2 expression on day 21 and 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05), while also upregulating SOD-1 and SOD-2 on day 21 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and CAT on day 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to CTR+. In the jejunum, BOT+ reduced inflammation by affecting cytokine expression (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and increasing the expression of tight-junction proteins, ZO-1 on day 21 and CLD-1 on day 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, BOT+ pigs had lower crypt depth on day 21 (p &amp;lt; 0.1) and day 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05), and increased villi to crypt ratio on day 21 and 28 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). By day 28, BOT+ intestinal measurements were restored to values similar to the CTR-. Finally, BOT+ also reduced mast cell activation on day 21 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to CTR+. Considering all the findings, BOT controlled inflammatory activation and the oxidative stress in liver cells, enhanced intestinal integrity, and as a result improved the growth performance of weaning piglets challenged with LPS.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142245345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of rifle cartridge and shot placement for euthanizing feral swine (Sus scrofa) in traps","authors":"Michael J Lavelle, Nathan P Snow, Vienna R Brown, Michael J Bodenchuk, Seth M Cook, Kurt C Vercauteren","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae278","url":null,"abstract":"Feral swine are a highly destructive invasive species around the globe. Wildlife managers commonly trap and euthanize feral swine with firearms to reduce their adverse impacts. The utility of euthanizing domestic swine with firearms has been considered when emergency situations arise such as in the event of a foreign animal disease outbreak in domestic swine. Similarly, the rapid depopulation of domestic swine facilities became necessary when the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted pork production in 2020. Evaluation of the effects of caliber, cartridge, size of feral swine, and shot placement on effectiveness and safety of the method is needed. We collected data from feral swine euthanized in traps on how those variables influenced the effectiveness in time to death and number of shots required and safety risks based on the occurrence of bullet pass-through (i.e., bullet exiting the pig). We tested three cartridges of two calibers (.22 long rifle, .22 Winchester magnum rimfire, and .308 Winchester) delivered from a rifle with three shot placements targeting the brain. From 570 euthanization events, we calculated an average time to death of 100.06 (SD = 29.24) seconds, with larger feral swine taking slightly longer. Most feral swine (73%) were euthanized with a single shot but averaged 1.28 (SD = 0.48) shots overall. Safety risks from pass-through shots were more common when using the .308 Winchester cartridge, and when rear and side shot placements were used. Overall, we recommend a .22 long rifle cartridge and frontal shot placement as an effective and safe option for euthanizing feral swine in traps, and likely for domestic swine of similar size and shot distances.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142245336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Impacts of Fescue Toxicosis on the Pulmonary Arterial Pressure of Angus Cows","authors":"E B Rajo-Gomez, M Giurgis, C L Pickworth, A R Weaver, D M Foster, P Khanal, D H Poole","doi":"10.1093/jas/skae279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae279","url":null,"abstract":"Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels is one of the hallmark symptoms of fescue toxicosis in cattle. Thus, it was hypothesized that exposure to ergot alkaloids would increase the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between PAP and different physiological parameters of cows grazing either endophyte-infected (EI) or novel-endophyte (EN) fescue, then evaluate changes in PAP and other physiological measurements in cows exposed to EI pastures and deemed as susceptible or tolerant based on animal performance. Pregnant Angus cows at two different locations grazed either EI or EN fescue pastures for 14 consecutive weeks starting in early April of 2022. Forage measurements were collected to assess ergot alkaloid exposure throughout the study. In addition to measuring PAP, weekly measurements and blood samples were collected to evaluate physiological responses to ergot alkaloid consumption. The Fescue Toxicosis Selection Method (FTSM) was used for a post hoc analysis to identify cattle as either tolerant (EI-TOL) or susceptible (EI-SUS) when challenged with ergot alkaloid exposure. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures. Cows grazing on EN pastures had greater mean PAP values than EI cows, (P &amp;lt; 0.01), whereas a location effect was identified when comparing both EI-TOL and EI-SUS groups (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Cows exposed to EN pastures had greater ADG (P = 0.04) and progesterone (P4) concentrations (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and lower hair shedding scores (HSS; P &amp;lt; 0.01) than EI cows. The EI-TOL cows tended to have greater final BW, ADG, and had lower HSS (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than EI-SUS cows. While cattle consuming EI tall fescue exhibited classical physiological changes, the decrease in PAP of cattle consuming EI fescue was unexpected and contradicts the initial hypothesis. Furthermore, the FTSM provides a means to identify animals with superior performance in spite of the chronic exposure to ergot alkaloids. Continued investigations examining the interaction between ergot alkaloid exposure on cardiovascular parameters will lead to a fuller understanding of the disease, and are pivotal for developing innovative strategies that enhance best management practices to help guarantee the sustainability of the U.S. beef industry.","PeriodicalId":14895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of animal science","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}