Alfonso Rodríguez Ojeda, Raúl Edgar Santacruz Adi, Nelly Gonzalez Audiffred, Rogelio Iván Silva Rueda, Fabiola Pazos Pérez, Maria Inés Gil Arredondo, Javier Rivera Flores, Jorge Velez Silva, Adriana Flores Palacios, Juan Carlos H Hernández Rivera
{"title":"Factors that preclude the conclusion of a kidney transplant protocol from a living donor.","authors":"Alfonso Rodríguez Ojeda, Raúl Edgar Santacruz Adi, Nelly Gonzalez Audiffred, Rogelio Iván Silva Rueda, Fabiola Pazos Pérez, Maria Inés Gil Arredondo, Javier Rivera Flores, Jorge Velez Silva, Adriana Flores Palacios, Juan Carlos H Hernández Rivera","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2024-0157en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2024-0157en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A kidney transplant (KT) is a renal replacement therapy that offers greater survival and quality of life; however, it is not always successfully completed due to social, physical, medical, immunological factors, or lack of adherence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, analytical, longitudinal study included patients in the KT protocol from a living donor between May 2021 and November 2022. Factors preventing completion were evaluated. Comparative analyses and cumulative incidence curves were used to assess time to protocol completion or discontinuation. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 26 (IBM Corp., USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 240 donor-recipient pairs, 116 (48.3%) successfully completed KT, whereas 124 (51.6%) did not. Reasons for non-completion included medical causes (59/124; 47.6%), immunological incompatibility (28/124; 22.6%), psychosocial factors (14/124; 11.3%), and other causes (23/124; 18.5%). The median time to protocol acceptance or discontinuation was 151 days (IQR 115-186). Among individuals who ultimately underwent KT, the median completion time was also 151 days (IQR 109-231).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Medical conditions were the predominant barriers to completing living-donor KT protocols, followed by immunologic and psychosocial factors. Streamlining medical assessments, implementing early immunologic screening, and reinforcing psychosocial support may enhance protocol completion rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20240157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farid Samaan, Lan Hee Suh, Sônia Dias Lanza Freire, Ricardo Sesso, Gianna Mastroianni Kirsztajn
{"title":"Coverage of procedures related to chronic kidney disease care in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): analysis of the 2015-2024 decade.","authors":"Farid Samaan, Lan Hee Suh, Sônia Dias Lanza Freire, Ricardo Sesso, Gianna Mastroianni Kirsztajn","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0144en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0144en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Globally, quantitative information on healthcare coverage for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is scarce. Our objective was to estimate the supply/demand ratio for CKD-related procedures in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) between 2015 and 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The volume of tests, consultations and treatments related to CKD was retrieved from the website of the SUS Information Technology Department. The requirement parameters of these procedures were obtained from the Ministry of Health ordinances as well as from literature review. The percentage coverage of each procedure was defined by the ratio between the volume performed and the estimated need.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Coverage of the following procedures increased between 2015 and 2024: serum creatinine dosage (70% to 122%), proteinuria testing (4% to 12%), kidney ultrasonography (76% to 107%), outpatient consultation with a nephrologist (48% to 164%), multidisciplinary care of pre-dialysis CKD (0% to 3%), and chronic dialysis (69% to 81%). Coverage of kidney biopsy remained nearly stable (19% to 21%). There was a reduction in coverage of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis (HD) (66% to 59%) and of kidney transplantation (46% to 37%). The use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) among chronic dialysis methods (PD and HD) declined from 7% to 4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Possible explanations for these results include excessive creatinine testing and nephrology consultations, neglect of CKD screening for proteinuria, lack of adherence to multidisciplinary pre-dialysis follow-up, underutilization of PD, and insufficient availability of kidney biopsy and kidney replacement therapy (lower coverage of kidney transplantation compared to chronic dialysis).</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20250144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12893125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146157065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues, Ana Flávia Moura, Rodrigo Bezerra
{"title":"Battle of the giants: KDIGO vs. Cochrane - who is the winner in the fight for blood pressure targets in chronic kidney disease?","authors":"Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues, Ana Flávia Moura, Rodrigo Bezerra","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0335en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0335en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension (HTN) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often regarded as the main villain. It represents the leading cause of dialysis-dependent CKD in Brazil and the second most common worldwide, yet it is also a frequent consequence of renal disorders that induce secondary HTN. In other words, HTN in CKD is a double-edged sword-causing disease progression when primary and aggravating existing injury when secondary, through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. The most frequently cited blood pressure targets for CKD management in the current scientific literature come from two major authorities in evidence-based recommendations: the 2024 KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) clinical practice guidelines and the 2024 Cochrane Library systematic review and meta-analysis. This article aims to examine and compare the blood pressure targets proposed for CKD by these two leading institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20250335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum: Cost elements to be considered in estimates for microcosting studies in peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy in Latin America.","authors":"","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0202ener","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0202ener","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0202en] [This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0202pt].</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20250202er"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13183358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of lifestyle modification and atorvastatin on dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction markers in children with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome.","authors":"Vanshika Kakkar, Abhijeet Saha, Prajal Agrawal, Sunita Sharma, Anita Nagia, Prachi Singh, Harish K Pemde","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0212en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0212en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Persistent dyslipidemia in children with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) causes endothelial dysfunction resulting in adverse cardiovascular outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-four patients aged 4-18 years newly diagnosed with SRNS and no previous statin use were enrolled in this longitudinal observational study. Serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and endothelial dysfunction markers (PSCK-9, E-selectin) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of lifestyle modifications in all patients, and atorvastatin was prescribed to those with LDL-cholesterol > 160 mg/dL. Primary outcome measure was change in plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, PSCK-9, and E-selectin at 12 weeks. The secondary outcome was the correlation of PSCK-9 and E-selectin with lipid profile, blood pressure, BMI, serum albumin, and urine-protein creatinine ratio.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant decline in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, E-selectin, and PCSK-9 levels at 12 weeks of lifestyle modification and atorvastatin therapy. In a subgroup analysis between the statin group (n = 16) and the non-statin group (n = 18), both groups showed a significant decline in lipid profile parameters with a more pronounced decline in the statin subgroup. Endothelial dysfunction markers (E-selectin and PSCK-9) showed a declining trend in both subgroups, but the decline was not statistically significant in the statin group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary and lifestyle modifications led to a decline in endothelial dysfunction markers and an improvement in lipid profile. Statins helped improve dyslipidemia but did not significantly improve endothelial dysfunction markers at 12 weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20250212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronic kidney disease in high-risk populations: the urgent need to close the diagnostic gap through systematic screening.","authors":"Joao Roberto de Sa","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2026-E008en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2026-E008en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e2026E008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13286654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutritional paradoxes of the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2025-2030): a critical analysis.","authors":"Carla Maria Avesani, Lilian Cuppari","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2026-PO01en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2026-PO01en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In January 2026, the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans were released, generating substantial international debate. Unlike previous editions, these guidelines were not primarily based on the report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee but on an independent scientific review, a process that raised concerns regarding transparency and potential conflicts of interest. This article critically examines the main recommendations of the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans, with particular emphasis on their implications for metabolic, cardiovascular, and kidney health. While the guidelines appropriately emphasize the reduction of ultra-processed food consumption and the promotion of minimally processed foods, several inconsistencies with contemporary scientific evidence are identified. Key concerns include the use of an outdated inverted food pyramid, a strong emphasis on high-protein intake (1.2-1.6 g/kg/day) predominantly from animal sources, and an internal contradiction between recommended protein intake and limits on saturated fat consumption. The proposed dietary pattern may also inadequately support gut microbiota health due to relatively low recommendations for fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These issues may also be relevant to nephrology, given the growing popularity of high-protein diets and their potential renal implications. Overall, while the guidelines contain positive elements, their scientific coherence and alignment with established evidence-based dietary patterns remain questionable, potentially limiting their effectiveness as a public health tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"2026PO01"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13008419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabiana Baggio Nerbass, Helbert do Nascimento Lima, Bruno Zawadzki, José A Moura-Neto, Jocemir Ronaldo Lugon, Ricardo Sesso
{"title":"Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2024.","authors":"Fabiana Baggio Nerbass, Helbert do Nascimento Lima, Bruno Zawadzki, José A Moura-Neto, Jocemir Ronaldo Lugon, Ricardo Sesso","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0112en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0112en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The annual Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) plays an important role in informing and shaping national health policies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To present the 2024 epidemiological findings from the BDS conducted by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN) and compare them with previous years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was conducted among Brazilian chronic dialysis centers through voluntary participation, utilizing an online questionnaire to assess clinical and epidemiological characteristics of dialysis patients, as well as dialysis center attributes. For specific estimates of prevalence, incidence, and funding source, a nationally representative random sample of dialysis centers stratified by geographic region was selected (n = 258).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 386 dialysis centers (42.7%) voluntarily responded to the online questionnaire, and 162 centers from the randomly selected centers provided data. On July 1st, 2024, the estimated number of dialysis patients was 172,585, with 52,944 new patients starting dialysis in 2024. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates per million population (pmp) were 812 and 249, respectively. Among prevalent patients, 87.3% were undergoing hemodialysis, 7.1% hemodiafiltration, and 5.6% peritoneal dialysis. Compared to the previous year, there was an increase in catheter use for hemodialysis vascular access, along with higher prevalence rates of anemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyper-kalemia, and low Kt/V. The estimated crude annual mortality rate was 16.5%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Data from a random sample of dialysis centers indicate a continued rise in the number and prevalence of chronic dialysis patients in Brazil. Worsening trends in permanent vascular access, dialysis adequacy, and metabolic control underscore the need for targeted improvements in patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 1","pages":"e20250112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12922704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farid Samaan, Fernanda Salomão Gorayeb-Polacchini, Alexandre Minetto Brabo, Paulo Henrique Fraxino, Fábio Humberto Ferraz, Ana Lydia Lédo de Castro Ribeiro Cabeça, René Scalet Dos Santos Neto, Patrícia Ferreira Abreu, José A Moura-Neto
{"title":"Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology for regulating access to outpatient dialysis in the Brazilian Unified Health System.","authors":"Farid Samaan, Fernanda Salomão Gorayeb-Polacchini, Alexandre Minetto Brabo, Paulo Henrique Fraxino, Fábio Humberto Ferraz, Ana Lydia Lédo de Castro Ribeiro Cabeça, René Scalet Dos Santos Neto, Patrícia Ferreira Abreu, José A Moura-Neto","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0261en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0261en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in chronic kidney disease prevalence and its risk factors have pressured universal health systems to expand the supply of kidney replacement therapy (KRT - hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries and those undergoing a fast epidemiological and demographic transition, the access to nephrology consultations and multidisciplinary care is limited, and the majority of patients start KRT in an unplanned manner or during emergency hospitalization. Even patients with adequate pre-dialysis care and elective requests for KRT are at risk of clinical decompensation and requiring hospitalization to start emergency dialysis; this risk increases the longer the delay in starting KRT. In both cases, the patient's access to an outpatient dialysis unit must be timely and the transition of care safe. There are Brazilian and international guidelines for patients who are prevalent on dialysis. However, there are no clear recommendations for regulating access to the start of outpatient KRT, which often leads to divergent opinions among healthcare professionals and contributes to the inefficiency of the regulatory process. This document aims to: (1) list the main challenges in the daily practice of the regulatory professionals in the Brazilian Unified Health System; (2) present recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology based on scientific evidence and available legislation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 1","pages":"e20250261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12904151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146142506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vitoria Cecilia Souza Costa, Monique Moreira Pinheiro, Giulia Triolo Cabreira, Isabella Bacci Bustelli, Julia Ferreira Santos, Sara Ventura, Luciana Soares Costa Santos, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vattimo, Eloiza de Oliveira Silva
{"title":"The role of probiotics in modulating the gut microbiota as a potential inhibitor of diabetic kidney disease progression.","authors":"Vitoria Cecilia Souza Costa, Monique Moreira Pinheiro, Giulia Triolo Cabreira, Isabella Bacci Bustelli, Julia Ferreira Santos, Sara Ventura, Luciana Soares Costa Santos, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vattimo, Eloiza de Oliveira Silva","doi":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0143en","DOIUrl":"10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2025-0143en","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gut dysbiosis is commonly observed in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and may contribute to its pathogenesis. Among microbial metabolites, butyrate plays a key role in regulating antioxidant proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on this, we hypothesized that the administering probiotics to diabetic rats modulates redox status and thereby attenuates renal disease progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in vivo study was performed using 15 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 250-300 g) randomized into three groups (n = 5/group): Control (vehicles: 0.9% saline and 0.1 M citrate, pH 4.2, i.p., on day 1), T2DM (nicotinamide 100 mg/kg, i.p., followed by streptozotocin 60 mg/kg, i.p., in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.2), and T2DM + Prob (T2DM protocol plus a multistrain probiotic-Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus-1010 CFU/mL by gavage for 6 weeks). The parameters evaluated were: serum creatinine, inulin clearance, microalbuminuria, urinary and lipid peroxides, glutathione, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Probiotic treatment significantly increased Nrf2 expression and glutathione levels, reduced urinary and lipid peroxidation, and-beyond attenuating oxidative stress-improved renal function, with lower serum creatinine and microalbuminuria and higher inulin clearance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that probiotics prevented DKD progression, likely by modulating oxidative stress via the gut microbiota. These results suggest that probiotics may serve as renoprotective agents, potentially reducing DKD morbidity in T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14724,"journal":{"name":"Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia","volume":"48 2","pages":"e20250143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12797498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}