International Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits activation of ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and angiogenesis in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells.","authors":"Xin Cao, Yue Di, Ya-Jing Tian, Xiao-Bo Huang, Yue Zhou, Dong-Mei Zhang, Yu Song","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03458-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03458-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To determine the impact of sodium butyrate on the activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway and angiogenesis in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) caused by high glucose (HG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HRMECs were grown for 24 h or 72 h in HG solution (30 mmol/L D-glucose) with 5 mM NaB. Using Cell Counting Kit-8, the effects of HG and NaB levels on the viability of HRMECs were examined. Using various kits, intracellular ROS levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in cell supernatants were measured. Western blot, Immunofluorescence, and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to quantify protein and messenger RNA expression. Using wound-healing and tube formation tests, the migratory proficiency and angiogenesis of HRMECs were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NaB demonstrated a reduction in ROS production, as well as the release of LDH and MDA in HG-induced HRMECs. Additionally, NaB led to a decrease in protein expression of phosphorylation of NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase 1, interleukin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The impact of HG on zonula occluden-1, a tight junction protein, was attenuated by NaB. Furthermore, NaB inhibited the migration and tube formation of HRMECs partly by ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NaB suppresses the activation of ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and angiogenesis in HRMECs induced by HG.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The correlation of clinical and histopathological features of eyelid malignancies: a 5-year retrospective study in Vietnam.","authors":"Ngan-Ha Nguyen, Minh-Phu Nguyen, Hoa Kieu Mai, Son Truong Do, Van Hong Pham, Dung Thi Phuong Vuong, Jay R Maturi, Huong Vu Thuy Le, Peter Mc Cluskey, Van Trong Pham","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03452-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03452-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze the correlation between the clinical and histopathological features of eyelid malignancies in Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational retrospective study was conducted on 190 patients who were diagnosed histopathologically after surgery with eyelid malignancies between 2017 and 2021 at Vietnam National Eye Hospital. Demographic, clinical manifestations, pathological features and outcomes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Basal cell carcinoma was the most common histopathologic type, accounting for 57.9% of cases, followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma at 27.4%. The match between clinical diagnosis and pathological diagnosis was 57.4% across all cases. The majority of basal cell carcinoma cases presented on the lower eyelid, while the majority of sebaceous gland carcinoma cases presented on the upper eyelid. Clinical features with the highest clinical correlation were ulceration (76.4%) for basal cell carcinoma and ill-defined edges (84.6%) among malignant cutaneous melanoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eyelid malignancies present significant challenges in clinical diagnosis, with only moderate concordance between clinical and histopathological findings. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common eyelid malignancy in Vietnam, though its incidence is significantly lower than in Western countries. Clinical findings with the most consistent clinical correlation were high rates of ulceration in basal cell carcinoma and ill-defined edges in malignant melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between retinal vascular fractal dimensions and retinopathy of prematurity: an AI-assisted retrospective case-control study.","authors":"Shuai Liu, Lei Liu, Cuixia Ma, Shu Su, Ying Liu, Bin Li","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03461-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03461-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The main objective of this study was to analyze the fractal dimensions (D(f)) of retinal vasculature in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and determine their correlation with ROP severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a single-center retrospective case-control study involving 641 premature patients with ROP (641 eyes) and 684 normal preterm infants (684 eyes) matched for corrected gestational age (CGA). Computer-assisted techniques were used to quantify peripapillary retinal vascular D(f), vessel tortuosity (VT), and vessel width (VW).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the normal preterm groups, patients with ROP exhibited a significant increase in retinal vascular D(f) by 0.0061 (P = 0.0002). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant association between increasing ROP severity and increased retinal vascular D(f) (P < 0.05). Multivariable-adjusted ordered logistic regression models demonstrated that retinal vascular D(f) (aOR: 3.307, P < 0.0001) was significantly independent and associated with ROP severity. For every 0.1 increase in D(f), the probability of ROP requiring intervention increased by 33.07%. Multiple linear regression models indicated a significant positive correlation between D(f) and VT, as well as VW around the optic disc (P < 0.0001). For every 1 (10⁴ cm^-3) increase in VT, D(f) increased by 0.0010. Similarly, for every 1 (μm) increase in VW, D(f) increased by 0.0025.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that increased D(f) in retinal vessels is a pathological characteristic of ROP. This increase may be attributed to the curvature and width of the retinal vasculature in infants with ROP. Quantitative measurement of retinal vascular D(f) could serve as a valuable vascular indicator for assessing the severity of ROP.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of anterior segment parameters by topography and optical biometry according to the localization of pseudoexfoliation material.","authors":"Furkan Oz, Ali Mesen, Selma Mesen","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03456-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03456-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to classify the anterior segment parameters in cases of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) according to the region where the PEX material was observed.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 90 eyes of 90 patients were included in this prospective study according to the localization of PEX accumulation: 33 on the lens (Group 1), 46 on the lens and at the pupillary edge (Group 2), 11 on the lens, at the pupillary edge, and at the iridocorneal angle (Group 3). Pre-dilation (pre-D) and post-dilation (post-D) corneal topography and optical biometry measurements were performed on the patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pupil diameter (PD) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) increased in post-D compared to pre-D in all three groups (p < 0.05). Group 3 showed wider pre-D PD compared to Groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.02). Iridocorneal angle (ICA) width increased in Group 1 post-D compared to pre-D (p < 0.05). Intraocular pressure was lower in Group 1 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PD, ACD, and ICA may vary in PEX cases, depending on the localization of PEX material accumulation. The extent of PEX in the anterior chamber may have an impact on IOP values. Optical biometry and corneal topography devices are useful, rapid, and non-invasive methods for detecting anterior segment morphological differences in PEX cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reddit users' questions and concerns about glaucoma.","authors":"Khalid El-Jack, Obaidah Bitar, Omer Saeed, Aditya Kashyap, Abdulrahman Allaf, Eydie Miller, Thomasine Gorry","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03453-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03453-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to analyze the discussions of glaucoma patients on the Reddit forum /r/Glaucoma to identify key concerns and explore how these insights can inform clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Posts published on the Reddit forum /r/Glaucoma were used for analysis. Big Query was used to collect posts from /r/Glaucoma. We collected 1593 posts published between the years 2018 and 2019. We collected a control group of 4779 posts from a Reddit forum not related to Glaucoma (/r/AskReddit). Using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) we extracted 30 topics from our data set. The LDA topic themes most associated with posts in /r/Glaucoma compared to the control group were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LDA analysis of posts in /r/Glaucoma relative to a control group produced 8 distinct categories of posts: \"prognosis, diagnostics, medication, optometry role, symptoms, personal inquiries, research, and financial burden.\" The posts most associated with /r/Glaucoma when compared to a control group were posts belonging to the \"Prognosis\" category (Cohen's d = 1.26) while the posts least associated with /r/Glaucoma were from the \"Financial Burden\" category of posts (Cohen's d = -0.12). Example experiences from members of the /r/Glaucoma forum highlight the questions and concerns of patients on the forum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Discussions regarding patient questions and concerns about glaucoma care on the social media site Reddit provide essential insights into the shared experiences patients face while managing their condition. Ophthalmologists can mitigate patient uncertainty by both providing verified physician insights on Reddit as well as incorporating Reddit discussion themes directly in their clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of life in patients with progressive keratoconus treated with corneal collagen crosslinking.","authors":"J Steinberg, P Fischer, A Frings, V Druchkiv, T Katz, S J Linke","doi":"10.1007/s10792-024-03400-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10792-024-03400-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to analyze the vision-related quality of life (vr-QoL) in keratoconus (KC) patients after corneal crosslinking (CXL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective clinical study was conducted, wherein 41 patients underwent assessment using the \"National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire\" (NEI-25) and the \"Keratoconus Outcomes Research Questionnaire\" (KORQ) to evaluate vr-QoL, along with the examination of morphology and functional parameters before CXL, and at three and six months post-treatment. Rasch analyses were used to verify the measurement precision of the KORQ with our study population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant changes observed in corneal morphology and best corrected visual acuity after CXL. Analysis of the NEI-25 questionnaires and KORQ demonstrated no statistically significant changes throughout the follow-up period. Rasch analyses revealed a high measurement precision of the KORQ within our population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study indicates that patients with progressive KC maintain stable vr-QoL after undergoing CXL. Based on our findings, we suggest considering very early CXL treatment for KC patients that are at high risk of progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paired eye comparison of baseline parameters and tomographic characteristics prior to hydrops in patients with keratoconus.","authors":"Priyanka Sudanaboina, Md Hasnat Ali, Sunita Chaurasia","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03454-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03454-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterise the baseline parameters and tomographic features prior to hydrops in patients with keratoconus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Of the 190 patients diagnosed with hydrops, during the study period between 2015 and 2022, 55 eyes of 55 patients who had corneal tomography in both eyes prior to developing hydrops were included in this study. Comparison of clinical and tomography parameters between the eyes was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 22.07 ± 7.9 (16-29) years. The right eye was affected in 27 patients and the left eye in 28 patients. Thirty-four were males. The mean of mean keratometry values, Km (defined as the average of flat and steep keratometry) prior to hydrops episode was 62.4 ± 6.7 (58.9-67.8) dioptres(D). The mean of maximum keratometry values (denoted as Kmax) was 76.7 ± 12.65 (69.1-85) D. Mean thinnest pachymetry was 285.4 ± 74.8 (234-328) microns. The mean intraocular pressure was 11.7 ± 2.9(10-13.25) mm Hg. The mean log MAR uncorrected distance visual acuity at the clinic visit prior to hydrops was 1.6 ± 0.43 (1.3-2). Of the 55 eyes that had hydrops,50 (90.9%) eyes were using contact lenses. There was a statistically significant difference in the uncorrected distance visual acuity, steep keratometry, flat keratometry, and corneal thickness at the thinnest point between the eyes with hydrops, compared to contralateral fellow eyes (p value < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant effect of crosslinking in preventing hydrops; however, this effect was not seen in eyes with paracentral cones.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study characterises the demographic and tomographic features in eyes prior to developing hydrops. These parameters could be taken into consideration in the management of keratoconus patients. A hydrops risk scoring system can be developed from a larger subset of tomography data from hydrops eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of corneal percent tissue altered with visual outcome in small incision lenticule extraction surgery.","authors":"Xiaoman Wu, Yudong Lin, Xu Chen, Jinying Li","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03483-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03483-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We observed the effect of different modified percentage of tissue alteration (mPTA) on corneal higher-order aberrations in small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), and explored safe threshold values of mPTA for SMILE surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>148 patients (270 eyes) was retrospectively analyzed and grouped into two groups based on mPTA between 24%. Mixed linear model analysis was used for preoperative and postoperative 1 week (W1), 1 month (M1), 3 months (M3), and 6 months (M6) follow-ups to compare the differences and changes in visual acuity, and corneal higher order aberrations between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups showed satisfactory surgical results in the postoperative follow-up, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (F = 0.06, P = 0.81), but four of the eyes in the high mPTA group showed small refractive regression in the early postoperative period. Corn-tHOA showed a noteworthy group × time interaction effect (F = 9.308, P = 0.003), and groups had different rates of change at the time of M1, M3, M6. Similarly, Corn-tCOMA intergroup comparison was statistically different (F = 3.993, P = 0.047) and the group × time interaction effect was significant (F = 7.691, P = 0.000), with a different rate at times M1, M3. And corn-tSA varied between-group comparison (F = 11.171, P = 0.001), but the group × time interaction effect was not (F = 0.615, P = 0.606).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Corneal higher-order aberrations increase after SMILE and gradually stabilized at 3 months postoperatively, which was dominated by the increase in coma and spherical aberrations, more and faster the higher-order aberrations were introduced in higher mPTA, which was mainly reflected in the variable rate of increase in corneal coma aberrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How ptosis affects the visual quality: an overview of visual quality impairments and contributing factors in ptotic eyes.","authors":"Jianqin Shen, Hongguang Cui","doi":"10.1007/s10792-025-03468-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-025-03468-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of ptosis on visual quality is a crucial consideration in the oculoplastic surgeon's practice that cannot be ignored before performing corrective surgery. The aim of this review is to summarize the manifestations and mechanisms of visual quality impairment in ptosis.</p><p><strong>Main text: </strong>A literature search was conducted in multiple databases to identify studies reporting changes in various visual quality parameters and mechanisms that affect visual quality loss in ptotic eyes. The studies included both retrospective and cross-sectional designs. This paper comprehensively describes the changes in a variety of subjective and objective visual quality parameters such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, refraction, higher-order aberrations, and OQAS parameters in the ptotic eye, and provides a detailed in-depth analysis of the specific mechanisms by which the eyelids, eyelashes, and ocular position interfere with visual quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The manifestations of the impact of ptosis on visual quality are diverse and influenced by multiple mechanisms. A comprehensive and objective assessment of the manifestations and specific mechanisms of visual quality impairment in patients with ptosis will provide an important reference for treatment selection and prognosis of visual function.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dacryoendoscopy in patients with lacrimal outflow obstruction: a systematic review.","authors":"Nicole Tsz Yan Wong, Fatema Mohamed Ali Abdulla Aljufairi, Kenneth Ka Hei Lai, Joyce Kar Yee Chin, Clement Chee Yung Tham, Chi Pui Pang, Kelvin Kam Lung Chong","doi":"10.1007/s10792-024-03388-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10792-024-03388-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Dacryoendoscopy (DE) is an emerging, minimally invasive, surgical technique for lacrimal outflow obstruction (LOO). This is a systematic review on the diagnostic and therapeutic use, as well as the safety of DE in the lacrimal literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Up to 22nd November, 2024, 259 studies were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ovid MEDLINE. After removing duplicates and applying the selection criteria, 18 eligible studies were included. A risk of bias assessment was conducted. The primary outcomes included diagnostic accuracies, therapeutic outcomes, and treatment-related complications. The specifications of DE, lacrimal stents, key procedural steps, and the use of operative adjuvants were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DE provides additional endoluminal information for LOO by identifying the type (structural or secretory), the location (pre-sac or post-sac), and the pattern (focal or diffuse) of obstruction, while these parameters varied across studies. Notably, pressure-controlled, air-insufflated, high-definition DE (HDDE) provides significantly better image quality than saline-infused system. DE demonstrated variable therapeutic success, both objectively (anatomical and functional patency), and subjectively (symptomatic improvement). The use of adjuvants, such as ballon dacryoplasty, intubation, postoperative topical steroids, antibiotics, and irrigation, appeared to enhance the therapeutic outcomes. Complications were generally mild to minimum, with false passages being the commonest. DE manufactured in Japan and the \"Nunchaku-type\" of silicone tubes were most commonly used in the literature.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With instrumental advances and endoscopic experience, DE showed potential and early promises to be a minimal invasive alternative for diagnosing and treating LOO of different etiologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14473,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology","volume":"45 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11909073/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}