International Wound Journal最新文献

{"title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as an Effective Adjunctive Treatment in the Reconstruction of Tissue Defects With Graft in Diabetic Foot Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Taylan Zaman,&nbsp;Kübra Canarslan Demir,&nbsp;Sukru Hakan Gunduz,&nbsp;Yasin Gulap,&nbsp;Ali Murat Basak,&nbsp;Kerim Bora Yilmaz","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Diabetic foot patients frequently experience delayed wound healing due to compromised vascularity and oxygenation, which increases the risk of graft failure. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has demonstrated potential in enhancing graft survival and accelerating wound healing in these patients. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of HBOT in improving graft success and wound healing rates in diabetic foot patients undergoing foot graft reconstruction. Forty-five diabetic patients with tissue defects requiring graft procedures were included. Among these, 28 patients received HBOT (2.4 ATA for 120 min daily), and 17 served as controls. Wound healing was assessed based on milestones of wound closure (25%, 50%, 75% and complete healing). The control group consisted of patients with adequate graft nutrition who did not require HBOT or were unable to undergo HBOT for other reasons. Statistical analyses were performed to compare healing times and graft retention rates between the two groups. Patients in the HBOT group exhibited significantly faster healing, with a median time to 50% healing of 18 days compared to 30.5 days in the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). A moderate negative correlation was observed between graft retention rates and time to complete healing (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), indicating that higher graft retention was associated with shorter healing times. Despite higher HbA1c levels in the HBOT group, favourable healing outcomes were achieved. No adverse effects were reported in the HBOT group. HBOT significantly enhances graft survival and accelerates wound healing in diabetic foot patients, even in cases with poor glycaemic control. HBOT emerges as a valuable adjunctive treatment for patients with compromised vascular beds and hypoxic tissues. Future randomised controlled trials are needed to validate these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review to Identify Clinical Signs, Symptoms and Biomarkers Reported in the Literature to Be Indicative of Biofilm in Chronic Wounds","authors":"John D. Ivory,&nbsp;Laure Perrier,&nbsp;Akke Vellinga,&nbsp;Duygu Sezgin,&nbsp;Chloe M. Hobbs,&nbsp;Cathal Ffrench,&nbsp;Patricia M. Coutts,&nbsp;James P. O'Gara,&nbsp;Georgina Gethin","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of this review was to identify clinical signs/symptoms reported in the literature to be indicative of biofilm in chronic wounds. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews, and the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence Synthesis manual guided review conduct. Any article/study type reporting signs/symptoms of biofilm in adults with venous, diabetic, pressure and/or mixed arterial/venous ulcers was eligible. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL and the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine were searched. Titles/abstracts and full-text articles were screened against eligibility criteria. One-hundred and eleven reports of 109 articles were included. They provided 830 accounts of clinical signs/ symptoms being indicative of biofilm. These were categorised into 26 statements. Visual indicators such as a shiny, slimy layer on a non-healing wound surface quickly reforming in the absence of frequent cleansing or debridement represented 24% of accounts, followed by failed response to antimicrobial therapies (15%), and failure of wound to close or progress to healing despite optimal management strategies (13%). Wound duration &gt; 6 weeks and extreme tolerance to host defences represented 1% of accounts. Clinical signs/symptoms are recommended and used as indicators of biofilm presence in chronic wounds but with little supporting validation data.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Magnetic Fields: Harnessing the Electromagnetic Symphony for Possible Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Antifungal Properties","authors":"Muhammad Dawood Amjad,&nbsp;Lorenzo Marramiero,&nbsp;Tea Romasco,&nbsp;Alessandro Cipollina,&nbsp;Hamid Heydari Sheikh Hossein,&nbsp;Marco Mantarro,&nbsp;Adriano Piattelli,&nbsp;Stefania Fulle,&nbsp;Natalia Di Pietro,&nbsp;Rosa Mancinelli","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70679","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex magnetic fields (CMFs) represent an emerging frontier in regenerative medicine, offering significant potential for innovative therapeutic strategies. This review examined both the theoretical foundations and practical applications of CMFs, focusing on their roles in tissue regeneration and antifungal activity. A comprehensive review of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) identified seven pivotal studies on in vitro models concerning the CMF topic. Although the number of studies is limited, they collectively highlighted the promising therapeutic potential of CMFs in enhancing wound healing, reducing oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in diabetic neuropathy, positively influencing mitochondrial function, modulating immune responses, promoting cellular communication, inhibiting the growth and adhesion of <i>Candida albicans</i> to medical surfaces, and enhancing dental pulp stem cell proliferation under inflammatory conditions. These findings suggested that CMFs may offer an eco-sustainable approach, effectively targeting pathogens while preserving human cell integrity. While the current body of research is insightful, it remains in its early stages. To fully leverage the therapeutic potential of CMFs, more comprehensive studies are needed to refine their application and confirm their effectiveness across diverse clinical scenarios. This is essential for integrating CMFs into clinical practice, where they promise to revolutionise treatment approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70679","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Diagnostic Delay on Wound Healing—A Cohort Study in a Primary Care Setting","authors":"K. M. Ahmajärvi,&nbsp;K. M. Isoherranen,&nbsp;T. J. Pessi,&nbsp;M. A. Venermo","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The impact of diagnostic delays on wound healing has not been investigated in the primary care setting. The aim of this cohort study was to examine how diagnostic delays influence the healing of a chronic wound. This is a retrospective study on patients who were assessed by a specialized wound care team of a primary health care unit, aiming to reduce diagnostic and treatment delays among patients with chronic wounds. The data consist of 197 consecutive patients who had their first appointment with the wound care team in 2016. Patients whose wounds had appeared less than one year prior to the diagnosis (<i>n</i> = 182) were included in the analyses. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was wound healing and its association with a diagnostic delay. Delays were categorized into three groups by the date of the diagnosis: (1) less than 4 weeks (<i>n</i> = 33), (2) 4–12 weeks (<i>n</i> = 94) and (3) over 12 weeks (<i>n</i> = 55) after the appearance of the wound. A diagnostic delay had a significant effect on the wound healing time. Wounds had a shorter healing time if they were diagnosed early. The cumulative healing rate at 12 weeks was 54.5% in Group 1, 17.0% in Group 2 and 0% in Group 3. And 62.5% of the arterial ulcers and 47.8% of the diabetic ulcers were diagnosed within 4–12 weeks. Most of the venous leg ulcers were diagnosed within 4–12 weeks (54.2%). Our data clearly show that the earlier the diagnosis, the shorter the healing time in a primary care setting. The wounds that were diagnosed the earliest were mainly post-traumatic and venous leg ulcers. On the other hand, wounds requiring prompt diagnosis, such as diabetic foot ulcers and arterial ulcers, were not included in the group of early diagnosis. We conclude that a speedy diagnosis and aetiology-driven treatment of a wound has a direct impact on the wound healing time. Therefore, it is essential to improve the diagnostic pathways from the onset of the wound, starting from the primary care setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Chronic Wound Exudate on the Patient, Clinician and Payer: Addressing the Challenges With Foam Dressings","authors":"Joshua S. Mervis","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chronic wounds are often highly exudative. If not managed properly, chronic wound exudate will result in complications that delay healing and have highly detrimental effects on patients and their carers, as well as add substantial costs to the healthcare system as a whole. This short review article focuses on the role that foam dressings play in achieving moisture balance in the wound while protecting surrounding skin, with emphasis on how their structure and composition contribute to their ability to accomplish these goals. Foam dressing properties can create a conducive environment for wound healing, which ultimately has positive health and economic benefits for patients and society at large. It is hoped that, by reading this article, healthcare professionals will have a better understanding of the role of foam dressings in managing exudate and be better equipped to critique laboratory and clinical studies that have been undertaken to evaluate their performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Evaluations of Wound Dressings: Key Advances to Reflect Clinical Reality","authors":"Erik Nygren,&nbsp;Matthew Malone,&nbsp;Amit Gefen","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Laboratory evaluations are essential for determining the safety and effectiveness of wound dressings. These evaluations assist clinicians in selecting optimal products for their patients. It is crucial that laboratory tests closely mimic real clinical conditions. This review highlights the collaboration between scientists, clinicians and industry experts to improve laboratory testing methods for wound dressings. The goal is to ensure that laboratory tests are relevant to real-world use. Key advancements include a new simulated wound fluid and a fluid handling test system that better reflects actual wound care environments. These improvements aim to support more reliable, evidence-based decisions in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical appraisal of ‘The Diabetic Sausage Toe: Prevalence, Presentation and Outcomes’","authors":"Arefeh Babazadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Barary,&nbsp;Zeinab Mohseni Afshar,&nbsp;Soheil Ebrahimpour","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We read the article titled ‘The Diabetic Sausage Toe: Prevalence, Presentation, and Outcomes’ by Yammine et al.<span>¹</span> with great interest. This study represents an important contribution to understanding diabetic foot infections by exploring the under-recognized condition of ‘sausage toe’, a unique manifestation of diabetic osteomyelitis (OM). Given the study's focus on prevalence and treatment outcomes, its findings provide a valuable basis for improving diabetic wound classification systems and clinical management. However, we believe that addressing certain methodological limitations could enhance the study's robustness and applicability.</p><p>First, while the study provided insightful results, it omitted key laboratory parameters that could have offered a deeper understanding of disease severity and outcomes. Biomarkers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are valuable indicators of inflammatory response and infection activity.<span>^{2, 3}</span> Including these markers would have contributed to a more comprehensive analysis of disease progression and therapeutic effectiveness.</p><p>Second, the study needed more details on antibiotic regimens, such as the types of antibiotics administered, their duration and other medications used. This information is particularly pertinent as multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are known to complicate treatment outcomes in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).<span>⁴</span> Culture results and the specific types of microorganisms involved should also have been reported, as they are essential for tailoring treatment plans.</p><p>Moreover, while the authors documented treatment outcomes, they did not consider comorbidities like nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease, which are prevalent in diabetic patients and can significantly affect recovery.<span>⁵</span> Analysing the impact of these conditions on sausage toe outcomes would have strengthened the study's conclusions regarding prognosis and individualized care.</p><p>Lastly, patient lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and histories of invasive procedures (e.g., amputations or revascularizations), were not addressed. Including these factors could have shed light on their potential influence on the severity of the condition and the differential outcomes between acute and chronic cases.</p><p>In conclusion, Yammine et al. have made a significant contribution by identifying the prevalence and presentation of diabetic sausage toe. However, addressing the outlined limitations could improve the generalizability and clinical impact of their findings. We believe that incorporating these considerations in future studies will further advance the understanding and treatment of this critical condition.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bench to Bedside Evaluation of an Innovative, Non-Bordered Foam Dressing for Use in Exudating Chronic Wounds","authors":"Hadar Lev-Tov,&nbsp;Thomas Serena,&nbsp;Felix Sigal,&nbsp;Erik Nygren","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70414","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate a dimpled, non-bordered foam dressing with a soft silicone wound contact layer, the research spans from bench (fluid handling performance) to bedside (clinical effectiveness on exuding chronic wounds). In vitro methodology was used to monitor the fluid handling capacity and fluid retention capacity of the investigational dressing compared to other commercially available foam dressings according to standard EN 13726:2023. To provide complementary clinically relevant fluid handling results, more advanced laboratory tests were conducted using the FLUHTE (FLUid Handling Test Equipment) wound simulator. In a paired clinical investigation, moderately to highly exuding chronic wounds of patients had the investigational dressing applied as part of the wound management regime, and healing-related parameters were assessed for up to six weeks. The investigational dressing significantly outperformed the other dressings in fluid dispersion ability. Overall, the investigational dressing performed well in terms of fluid handling, including under compression. In the clinical investigation, the use of the dressing was associated with substantial wound improvement, reductions in size and exudate levels, and improved patient quality of life scores. At the final visit, nine (13.2%) patients had wounds that had healed. There were no adverse device effects reported. Data from the advanced laboratory tests highlighted the substantial impact of dressing design on fluid handling performance. The investigational dressing effectively handled fluid, even when subjected to mechanical forces mimicking those that it would be subjected to in the clinical setting. The clinical results support the use of the dressing on moderately and highly exuding chronic wounds of various clinical origins.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Biomarkers in Venous Leg Ulcer Fluid: A Systematic Review","authors":"Renitha Reddi,&nbsp;Matthew Tan,&nbsp;Alun Huw Davies,&nbsp;Sarah Onida","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70675","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are common and cause significant morbidity and poor quality of life. There is a poor understanding of the biology underlying non-healing VLUs. VLU exudates may reflect the underlying wound microenvironment. This systematic review aims to identify potentially diagnostic and/or prognostic protein biomarkers within VLU fluid/exudates reported in the literature. A systematic review was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched up to 31st March 2024. Full text, primary studies in English reporting on proteins identified in VLU fluid/exudate were included. Two independent reviewers performed the abstract and full-text screen. Additional publications were identified by searching the references of included studies. 46 studies were identified, with nine comparing healing and non-healing VLUs. Cytokines (e.g., IL-1a, IL-1ra, IL-6, eotaxin, GM-CSF, PDGF, VEGF) and proteins involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-10, MMP-13, TIMP-4) were significantly increased in non-healing compared to healing VLUs. Collagen subunits (PICP and PIIINP) significantly increased as the VLU healed. Inflammatory proteins (e.g., complement type 6, S100A8, S100A9) and ECM proteins (e.g., fibronectin, lumican) were found to be increased in non-healing VLUs compared to acute surgical wounds. Altered levels of specific proteins in wound exudates may be indicative of healing and non-healing VLUs. Further work is essential to elucidate a comprehensive protein phenotype that may help early identification and prognostication of non-healing VLUs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound Management Amongst Doctors in Training: A Cross-Sectional Study of Education and Capability","authors":"Hamza Duffaydar,&nbsp;Octavi Casals-Farre,&nbsp;Jessica Morgan,&nbsp;Harri Jones,&nbsp;Hassan Duffaydar,&nbsp;Amy Smith,&nbsp;Charles Kimberly,&nbsp;James Brock,&nbsp;Rhidian Morgan-Jones,&nbsp;Arwel Poacher","doi":"10.1111/iwj.70674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70674","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wound care in the UK is a resource-intensive challenge, costing the NHS £8.3 billion annually and growing with an ageing population. However, there is no evidence of whether doctors in training receive adequate teaching to perform wound care competently. Our study aimed to investigate doctors’ confidence when assessing and managing wounds and their preferred learning modality. This cross-sectional study comprised 262 doctors training across the UK. We assessed the correlation between confidence in managing wounds, seniority in training, and trainee speciality. Only 65% of doctors had received teaching on wound healing during medical school, and 25% received further teaching during postgraduate training. Surgical trainees felt more confident in assessing and managing wounds than their medical counterparts (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), and surgeons were the only group demonstrating a positive correlation between seniority and confidence in wound management (<i>p</i> = 0.02). All speciality groups favoured bedside teaching and thought wound management was integral to clinical practice. Our study has shown that training is sub optimally delivered and insufficient for trainee requirements. Incorporating dedicated teaching across specialities will be essential to manage the increasing demand for wound care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14451,"journal":{"name":"International Wound Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/iwj.70674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}