International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Trends in compensation for human-wildlife conflict losses in Kenya","authors":"Joseph M. Mukeka, J. Ogutu, E. Kanga, E. Røskaft","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2019.1278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2019.1278","url":null,"abstract":"Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) can cause substantial losses. Compensation for such losses is essential to foster positive community attitudes toward wildlife conservation. Monetary compensation for the loss of human life, injury, crop and property damage, or livestock depredation by wildlife is a common strategy for mitigating HWC. We analyzed inter-specific, spatial, inter-annual and seasonal variation in human-wildlife conflicts, conflict outcome and the associated monetary costs of compensation in Kenya during 2007-2016. A total of 18,794 compensation claims were filed with the Kenya National Compensation Scheme (KNCS) during 2007 - 2016. Snakes made the greatest contribution to the total cases (44.8%,  = 8,423), human fatalities (43.1%,  = 614) and human injuries (76.9%,  = 7,772). Elephant was the second leading conflict species (22.3%,  = 4,181) and was responsible for 18.8% ( = 266) of human deaths and over 75% of crop and property damage. Spotted hyena, leopard and lion caused 85% of livestock predation cases. The intensity and outcome of conflicts varied across counties such that most human fatalities occurred in arid Tana River and Wajir counties, whereas most human injuries occurred in Kitui and Wajir counties. The intensity of conflicts was strongly influenced by the agro-climatic potential and percentage of a county under protection, rainfall and temperature and their interactions. In consequence, crop damage was highest in counties with high agricultural potential (Meru and Taita Taveta) but livestock predation was highest in counties with large protected areas (Samburu and Taita Taveta). Human fatality and injury were higher among males than females and adults than children. Over the 10-year period, the Kenya Government spent about 3 billion Kenya shillings on compensation of about 30% of all filed claims. Compensation schemes require sustainable funding mechanisms and effective administration to minimize negative unintended consequences. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Human-wildlife conflicts, compensation, snake bites, attack on humans, livestock predation, crop raiding, rainfall, temperature, human population growth.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"750 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116103912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficiency of three bait types for live trapping of small rodents in Central Africa","authors":"Jean‐François Mboumba, E MaximeR.Herv, Katy Morgan, Timy Tionga, Alyssa Taylor, Natasha Lowery, Fabrice Mezeme Ndong, Anicet Christel Maloupazoa Siawaya, N. Anthony","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1249","url":null,"abstract":"Low capture rates are a persistent problem in field studies of small rodents in Central Africa. This study aims to improve trapping efficacy by comparing the effectiveness of three types of bait placed in Sherman live traps: the traditionally used fresh manioc, palm nut and bait composed of peanut butter mixed with corn flakes. Trapping sites were located in the buffer zones of a total of five forest national parks in Gabon and Cameroon. Traps lines were placed in a variety of forest and savanna habitats and were alternately baited with the three different bait types. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software. A total of 212 individuals were trapped (during 3000 trap/night) from five species: Nannomys minutoides, Lemniscomys striatus, Hylomyscus alleni, Hylomyscus walterverheyeni and Praomys misonnei. Traps baited with peanut butter-corn flakes (PbCf) captured significantly more rodents (n=125, Trap success Ts=12.25%) than either manioc (n=31, Ts=3.23%; P <0.001) or palm nut (n=56, Ts=5.49%; P <0.001) for four of the five species. This finding was consistent across all sampled habitats and for both sexes. Taken together, these findings strongly indicate that baiting with PbCf is likely to enhance the effectiveness of studies of small rodent fauna in Central Africa. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bait, Muridae, Sherman traps, Gabon, Cameroon, field sampling.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128425163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breeding biology of red wattled lapwing (Vanellus Indicus) from Southern Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"S. Khalil, T. Hussain, M. Anwar, M. Rafay, M. Abdullah, Muneeb Khalid, Menal Tariq, Saima Sarwar, Rana Tabish, I. Ashraf","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1197","url":null,"abstract":"This study documented some aspects of breeding biology of Red Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) such as breeding season, nest structure, clutch size, incubation period, hatching and fledgling success in Bahawalpur District. We selected 6 sites for the observation; barren, open, cultivated, grassy, area along road sides, and constructed areas with the common vegetation of Cynodon dactylon, Ziziphus mauritiana, Albizia procera, Cincrus ciliarus, Cincrus biflorus, Arva jawanica, Eucalyptus cameldulensis, Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora and Conocarpus spp. During the breeding season, the male selects territory. Breeding season starts from April to June. Both male and female participate in nest formation, incubation and other parental duties. Clutch size was mostly 4 and the mean of the clutch size was 4±0.0 (range 0-4). The incubation period of the eggs was 25-28 days and the average of the incubation period was 27.1±0.4. Total eggs were 24 in 6 nests, out of which 22 were hatched. The percentage of hatched eggs was 91% and the mean hatching rate was 91.6±5.2 per clutch. Fledgling success was 79.1±7.6 and the percentage of the fledging was 79%. Predation rate in red wattled lapwing was also observed; it was very high due to anthropogenic activities. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Red wattled lapwing, breeding biology, Vanellus indicus, Southern Punjab.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130260012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using citizen science in assessing the distribution of Sarus Crane (Grus antigone antigone) in Uttar Pradesh, India","authors":"Adesh Kumar, A. Sinha, A. Kanaujia","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1245","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Sarus Crane (Grus antigone antigone), is the world's tallest flying bird and a globally 'Vulnerable' species as per IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is the only resident breeding crane in India. Citizen scientists currently play active roles in a varied range of ecological assignments, and their contributions have enabled scientists to collect large amounts of data at minimal cost. eBird is a large citizen science database that contains a large and growing volume of bird count data which has been successfully used to analyze diversity, distributions of bird species. The present work deals with the utilization and presentation of citizen science data to map the distribution of Sarus Cranes in Uttar Pradesh in the last 10 years (that is 2008 to 2017). Mapping is done using Arc GIS 10.2 software and resulted in various patterns of Sarus sightings in the state. The study concluded that a total of 1,902 Sarus documented by 342 social groups or e-birders from 43 districts of Uttar Pradesh. This study showed public participation as an important data collection tool for the species, which has a reportedly large distribution range. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Birds, public participation, IUCN, eBird, mapping.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134297882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity budget of captive Drill monkeys Mandrillus leucophaeus (Cuvier) in Limbe Wildlife Center, Southwest Region, Cameroon","authors":"E. M. Melle, A. F. Nkwatoh, Killian Lengha Tim, Bruno Agiamte-Mbom Viku","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2017.1096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2017.1096","url":null,"abstract":"Drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus) are known to be the most endangered species of primates in Africa. Hunting and habitat loss are believed to be the major causes of the species decline in Cameroon. It is for this reason that the study explored the behaviour of captive drills in Limbe Wildlife Centre (LWC) in line with reintroduction plan. Data collection started in May 15th 2016 and ended in August 15th 2016. Scan and focal samples were collected in mixed strategy, continuous sampling started from 6:00 am and ended at 6:30 pm, where the following behavioural categories were recorded: Feeding, foraging, movement, resting, socialization, grooming, play, aggression and vocalization. Simultaneously, data were recorded on weather changes. Data analysis comprised of descriptive and inferential statistics. The time budget was recorded as follows; 52.54% resting, 23.70% foraging, 10.0% feeding, 9.30% moving, 2.02% grooming,2.0% play, 0.40% aggression and 0.20% vocalization. There exist a significant difference between behaviours and age/sex classes, (P<0.05). Adult males spent more time resting than any age-sex class (X2=277.4, df=1, P<0.05). Female adults spent most of their time foraging than any category (X2=93.4, df=1, P<0.05). Female adults also dominated in grooming than any age/sex class (X2=118.5, df=1, P<0.05). Male adults executed more aggressive behaviour than any other category (X2=28.7, df=1, P<0.05), There is a significant difference for resting between adult males and juveniles (X2=273.2 df=1 P<0.05), there is a significant difference for resting between female adults and juveniles (X2=27.58 df=1 P<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference for resting female and male adults (X2=261.469 df=1 P<0.05). The survey revealed a smooth interaction between the adult males, adult females, sub-adult males and sub-adult females, and the juveniles. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Drill monkeys, hunting, habitat loss, reintroduction, wildlife, behavior.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"9 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128008696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of woody species in agroforestry systems around Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Buchura Negesse Wari, D. Feyssa, Zerihun Kebebew","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1207","url":null,"abstract":"Woody species are the major components of traditional agroforestry systems. These species vary across the different types of agroforestry practices in different parts of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess woody species across land use in three different sites around Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 100 plots were laid out on six transect lines with sample plot size of 25 m × 25 m for 20 plots of homegarden, 19 plots of coffee farm and 20 plot of grazing land, 40 m × 40 m for 24 plots of crop field and 10 m × 10 m for 17 plots of woodlots and were calculated in hectares. Species diversity, richness, evenness, density and frequency were analyzed between land uses types and sites. The result showed that a total of 60 woody species belonging to 34 families and 54 genera were identified from these three sites. Fabaceae was the most dominant family with 11 (18.3%) species followed by Euphorbiaceae family with 7 (11.7%) species. Out of the identified species, 53.3% were trees, 45% shrubs and 1.67% climbers. In terms of species diversity, grazing lands (3.1) were more diversified than homegardens (2.87), crop field (2.555), coffee farm (0.667) and woodlots (0.643) in the overall study sites. In terms of tree and shrubs density, woodlots were the most dense (9495 stems/ha). Generally, agroforestry systems are conserving several woody species diversity in their systems and woody species varied among land use types in the study area. Practices which aimed at maintaining these woody species should be encouraged and applied to support the conservation of these species in agroforestry systems. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Agroforestry system, woody species, homegardens, crop field, grazing land, coffee farm, Jimma.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"303 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128626249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of human activities on wildlife: The case of Nile Lechwe (Kobus megaceros) Gambella National Park, Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Mohammed Seid Legas, Behailu Taye","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2017.1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2017.1144","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing human-induced threatening factors to wildlife is the basis in determining and proposing appropriate conservation measures. The present study was conducted to assess impacts of human activities on wildlife in Gambella National Park, Southwest of Ethiopia, from October 2015 to March 2016, focusing on the case of Nile Lechwe (Kobus megaceros). The data in this study were gathered using questionnaires with structured interview and focus group discussion.  Data on the threatening factors were compared among villages using chi-square test in SPSS version 20 software. Out of the 384 respondents, 139(36.2), 51(13.2) 49(12.8), 43(11.2) and 41(10.7%) of them informed that agricultural investment, illegal hunting, overgrazing, rice cultivation in the area and habitat loss, respectively, were the most predominant human factors affecting Nile Lechwe. Thus suggests that agricultural expansion and illegal hunting are those human activities with the highest impact on the Nile Lechwe. Before designing and implementing any development investment particularly large scale agricultural expansions, the government and other stakeholders should give consideration and attention to the rapidly declining natural resource beside to the development. Therefore, designing appropriate eco-friendly management with options must be adopted to mediate the effects and minimize future impacts. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Agriculture, anthropogenic disturbance, habitats, Nile Lechwe, Gambella National park, wildlife.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133834990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dynamics of medicinal plants utilization practice nexus its health and economic role in Ethiopia: A review paper","authors":"Yebirzaf Yeshiwas, Esubalew Tadele, Workinesh Tiruneh","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1201","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants play important roles in human and animals disease treatment. 1000 medicinal plant species are identified and reported in the Ethiopian Flora. They contribute and is more preferable for new drug development. Ethiopia has the potential to become an important source country, given the diversity of plants and the rich traditional knowledge regarding their use. The main sources of medicinal plants for utilizers are the wild forests. There is also cultivation practice of medicinal plants in home garden. About 80% of human and 90% of livestock population in Ethiopia depends on utilization of medicinal plants for primary health care. The knowledge transfer of medicinal plants in Ethiopia is largely oral. Most parts of medicinal plants commonly used are leaves and roots. Utilization of leaves for drug preparation is important for conservation of medicinal plants since harvesting leaves may not cause detrimental effect on the plants compared to the root or whole plant collections. Medicinal plants play a crucial role in health care needs in Ethiopia, because modern health care do not have adequate and equitable health service.  Moreover, they depend on medicinal plants due to financial limitations related to rapid population growth and poor economic performance. In Ethiopia the market for essential oils of medicinal plants is very high and increasing in alarming rate. In the year 2011, 1,596.5 tons of essential oils of medicinal plants was imported and more than 30 million USD spent. Through increasing production potential and modernizing the sector of medicinal plants, they play a great role to substitute import and export. Medicinal plants have great potential to contribute to economic development and poverty alleviation in Ethiopia. Environmental degradation, deforestation, agricultural expansion over exploitation and population growth is the principal threats to medicinal plants in Ethiopia. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Medicinal plants, utilization, economic role.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological distribution, diversity and use of the genus Digitaria Haller (Poaceae) in Senegal","authors":"A. Ngom, M. Mbaye, A. Barnaud, M. C. Guèye, Abdoulaye Camara, M. Gueye, B. M. Diop, K. Noba","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2017.1150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2017.1150","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Digitaria Haller is one of the most important of grass flora of Senegal by both its specific richness and the socio-economic value of its species. Despite this importance, no studies have been done specifically on these species. This study aims, therefore, to document the diversity, distribution, ecology and usefulness of the genus of such species for raising public awareness about botanical, ecological distribution, and status of such species and their uses in Senegal. Data collection approach was based on field work conducted in Senegal that has allowed the preparation of distribution maps of species related to ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and soil coupled with a literature review used to determine the use of species. Consequently, literature accessed has revealed that various species of Digitaria exist and they consist mainly of weeds, forage or food crops. Digitaria spp. has a wider distribution with some species having a broader distribution whereas others are restricted to some African regions. They are generally encountered throughout the tropics including in rainforests, savannas and steppes; wherein soils are sandy and acidic types. In Senegal, most of the species are found in the south under a Sudano-Sahelian zone, growing on almost all vegetation and soil types. This study, which is a contribution to the improvement and preservation of the living environment of these species, is an important step for the facilitation of any conservation action. It also encourages a greater appreciation of the value of these species, which are potential sources of genes from Digitaria exilis, the cultivated species. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Digitaria, climatic zones, vegetation types, soil types, conservation, Senegal.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134463210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On farm diversity of barley landraces in North Western Ethiopia","authors":"D. Tadesse, Tazebachew Asres","doi":"10.5897/IJBC2018.1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2018.1247","url":null,"abstract":"Barley is one of the major cereal crops grown in Ethiopia. The diversity of barley landraces kept for generations in Ethiopia is nowadays subject to genetic erosion. This is true in North Gondar highlands of the country as well. This research was therefore initiated with the aim of studying the farm diversity status of barley landraces in Debark, Dabat and Wogera districts. A total of 180 randomly selected farmers from six villages were surveyed with a proportion of 30 farmers/village. Ecological models were employed to analyze the level of diversity. Genetic erosion models were employed to estimate the level of genetic erosion over a ten-year period of time. A total of 24 landraces were described by farmers of the studied sites. Of these, 18 of them are still under cultivation although their area coverage is declining from time to time. The landraces Abat gebs, Nech gebs and Tikur gebs were found to be the most common and widely grown. Debark district was found to have the highest richness (Margalef=2.45; Menhinick=1.43) followed by Wogera and Dabat districts. With regard to evenness as a measure of Shannon diversity index, Wogera district (E=0.85) showed the highest diversity followed by dabat (E=0.83) and debark (E=0.79). Simpson’s diversity index (D) also revealed the abundance of Nech gebs (0.66), Abat gebs (0.6) and Tikur gebs (0.52). The landraces Demo kises, Goreneje, Chankirme, Gabieaswelik, Amedo and Gero tal were found to be out of production in the last ten years and probably eroded. Genetic erosion and genetic integrity over ten years (2006-2016) was found to be 25 and 75%, respectively. The name given to landraces studied was found to be associated with certain characteristics or situations. Thus, policy makers and researchers should give attention to conservation of landraces of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for better use of genetic resources. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: On-farm diversity, genetic erosion, barley, landrace.","PeriodicalId":143839,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125840944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}