International Reviews of Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Immune metabolism: a bridge of dendritic cells function.","authors":"Yuting Sun,&nbsp;Liyu Zhou,&nbsp;Weikai Chen,&nbsp;Linhui Zhang,&nbsp;Hongbo Zeng,&nbsp;Yunxia Sun,&nbsp;Jun Long,&nbsp;Dongping Yuan","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increasing number of researches have shown that cell metabolism regulates cell function. Dendritic cells (DCs), a professional antigen presenting cells, connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The preference of DCs for sugar or lipid affects its phenotypes and functions. In many diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS), diabetes mellitus and tumor, altered glucose or lipid level in microenvironment makes DCs exert ineffective or opposite immune roles, which accelerates the development of these diseases. In this article, we review the metabolism pathways of glucose and cholesterol in DCs, and the effects of metabolic changes on the phenotype and function of DCs. In addition, we discuss the effects of changes in glucose and lipid levels on DCs in the context of different diseases for better understanding the relationship between DCs and diseases. The immune metabolism of DCs may be a potential intervention link to treat metabolic-related immune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"41 3","pages":"313-325"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25538608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer and immunity: who is shaping whom?","authors":"Himanshu Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","url":null,"abstract":"A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division, known as cancer, is a complex multifactorial state involving multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors in development. The host immune system plays a crucial role in the surveillance of cancer or tumor cells. Various cells in the immune system continuously scan for these modified cells and eliminate them. The host immune system broadly consists of two major systems, the innate and the adaptive immune system. Type I interferons and natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immune system that control cancerous cells through their antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and through direct killing, respectively. Adaptive immune components such as subset of CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and type II interferons restrict the growth of cancerous cells. On another hand, the cancerous tissue and its microenvironment skews normal regulatory T (Treg) cells to become cancer-derived Treg cells, which has conspicuous suppressive effects on antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, the suppressive effects are enhanced or maintained by the induction of various cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. All these responses make cancerous cells resistant to apoptosis and promote anticancer immune evasion and establish cancer development. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on extrinsic and intrinsic oncogenic and anticancer factors (Figure 1). Cytokines or interleukins (ILs) are proteins produced by immune cells. These proteins mediate various immunological processes such as inflammation, recruitment and movement of immune cells, regulation of immune responses, and so on. IL-27 is one of the cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and has pleotropic effects on innate and adaptive immunity. IL-27 acts on neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells and involved in fighting during bacterial, viral and parasite infection. It also acts on specialized adaptive immune cells such as subsets of B and T cells. The first review article in this issue by Beizavi et al. discusses the biology of IL-27 and its influence during cancer through various immune cells [1]. The article will be of interest to researchers working in oncology, immunology and translational oncoimmunology (Figure 1). The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays an important role in immune tolerance and maternal-fetal tolerance during the gestation period and it is expressed on fetus-derived placental cells. HLA-G shows high similarity with the HLA I gene. This gene also expresses on different cancerous cells as a neocancer antigen, particularly in the advanced stages of various cancers, and promotes cancer cell survival and development of cancer through its immunosuppressive activity. It has been shown that HLA-G is a potential target for immunotherapy. The second review article in this issue by Marlatta et al. analyzes HLA-G in malignant melanomas and its pr","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 5","pages":"317-318"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39202375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The novel target：exosoms derived from M2 macrophage.","authors":"Yuyang Hou,&nbsp;Yuntong Liu,&nbsp;Shu Liang,&nbsp;Ru Ding,&nbsp;Shuqian Mo,&nbsp;Dongmei Yan,&nbsp;Dong Li","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More and more exosome-based therapeutics are being developed with advances in nanotechnology and precision medicine. Exosome is a kind of tiny vesicles with a bilayer of phospholipids, which can transfer biological macromolecules to recipients to influence the biological process. M2 macrophages are closely related to the occurrence and development of serious diseases such as tumor. In addition to the traditional concept of macrophage functions such as opsonization, secretion of cytokines and other soluble factors, some studies have found that the exosome derived from M2 macrophages can influence the development of disease by carrying microRNA, long noncodingRNA and functional proteins to regulate target gene expression as well as related proteins synthesis recently. Here, we outlined the biogenesis of the exosome and its biological functions in disease. Then we focused on elucidating the effects of the exosome derived from M2 macrophages on several diseases and its mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the appropriateness and inappropriateness in existing potential applications based on exosomes and macrophages.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 3","pages":"183-196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38263276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complement system network in cell physiology and in human diseases.","authors":"Roberta Romano,&nbsp;Giuliana Giardino,&nbsp;Emilia Cirillo,&nbsp;Rosaria Prencipe,&nbsp;Claudio Pignata","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The complement system is a multi-functional system representing the first line host defense against pathogens in innate immune response, through three different pathways. Impairment of its function, consisting in deficiency or excessive deregulated activation, may lead to severe systemic infections or autoimmune disorders. These diseases may be inherited or acquired. Despite many diagnostic tools are currently available, ranging from traditional, such as hemolytic or ELISA based assays, to innovative ones, like next generation sequencing techniques, these diseases are often not recognized. As for therapeutic aspects, strategies based on the use of targeted drugs are now widespread. The aim of this review is to present an updated overview of complement system pathophysiology, clinical implications of its dysfunction and to summarize diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 3","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38494556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions.","authors":"Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 3","pages":"217-251"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25501255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HLA-G expression in melanomas.","authors":"Stefano Marletta,&nbsp;Ilaria Girolami,&nbsp;Enrico Munari,&nbsp;Liron Pantanowitz,&nbsp;Riccardo Bernasconi,&nbsp;Evelin Torresani,&nbsp;Matteo Brunelli,&nbsp;Albino Eccher","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1869732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1869732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical HLA class I molecule involved in inducing tolerance at the feto-maternal interface and in escape of immune response by tumor cells. The aim of the study is to review the published literature on the expression of HLA-G in malignant melanomas and its clinicopathological and prognostic correlates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was carried out in electronic databases. Studies dealing with HLA-G expression in surgically-removed human samples were retrieved and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1737 retrieved articles, 16 were included. The main themes regarded HLA-G expression in malignant melanocytic lesions, assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), soluble or molecular techniques, and its relationship with clinicopathological features, such as tumor thickness and malignant behavior. Overall significant HLA-G expression was found in 460/843 tumors (55%), and specifically in 251/556 melanomas (45%) evaluated with IHC, in 208/250 cases (83%) examined with soluble methods and in 13/23 melanoma lesions (57%) tested with polymerase chain reaction. Despite the correlation with parameters indicating an aggressive behavior, no studies demonstrated any prognostic value of HLA-G expression. Furthermore, uveal melanomas were constantly negative for this biomarker.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, published data indicate that while HLA-G is involved in the interactions between melanomas and the immune system, it is unlikely to be the only factor to play such a role, therefore making it difficult to designate it as a prognostically relevant molecule. Evidence further suggests that HLA-G is not implicated in the immunobiology of uveal melanomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 5","pages":"330-343"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1869732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38805224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How could we forget immunometabolism in SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19?","authors":"Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1840567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1840567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19 has created panic around the world since its first origin in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 46.4 million people, with 1,199,727 deaths. The immune system plays a crucial role in the severity of COVID-19 and the development of pneumonia-induced acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Along with providing protection, both innate and T cell-based adaptive immune response dysregulate during severe SARS-CoV2 infection. This dysregulation is more pronounced in older population and patients with comorbidities (Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, other pulmonary and autoimmune diseases). However, COVID-19 patients develop protective antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV2, but they do not long for last. The induction of the immune response against the pathogen also requires metabolic energy that generates through the process of immunometabolism. The change in the metabolic stage of immune cells from homeostasis to an inflammatory or infectious environment is called immunometabolic reprogramming. The article describes the cellular immunology (macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells and pulmonary epithelial cells (PEC) and vascular endothelial cells) and the associated immune response during COVID-19. Immunometabolism may serve as a cell-specific therapeutic approach to target COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 1-2","pages":"72-107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1840567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38571854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Components of specific immunity in host defense.","authors":"Himanshu Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1928832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1928832","url":null,"abstract":"Invading microbial pathogens are immediately trapped in the nearest specialized organ, known as lymph nodes, where necessary immune responses will develop to clear the microbes. The pathogen is transported to the lymph nodes through a network of channels and, collectively, called as lymphatic system. In these organs, microbial pathogens are ingested by the phagocytic or similar types of cells known as antigen presenting cells (APCs) and its component is processed and presented by these cells to the T cells to develop appropriate immune responses. Another cell type known as B cells produce wide range of molecules that bind to the surfaces of the microbes known as antibody and subsequently inactivate the pathogen. Based on the pathogen, T cells can differentiate into various functional subtypes to provide necessary pathogen-specific immune responses. In addition to microbial pathogens, these cells play an important role in immune homeostasis. The dysregulated B and T cells can also result to the immune catastrophe that may result to the development of cancer or autoimmune diseases. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology discusses some aspects of the tertiary lymphoid structure, APCs, B and T cells in normal immune function and in immunopathogenesis (Figure 1). Inflammation is an essential protective response to infection; however, excessive inflammation could be detrimental and can cause collateral damage to the host. It is also associated with noninfectious diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. Heightened inflammation can result in the formation of new lymphoid tissue aggregates known as Ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organ that consist of various professional immune cells like B and T cells. The first review article in this issue by Marinkovic et al. discusses the organization and biology of ELS in different disease set-ups and its role in disease development. The article also discusses ELS as a therapeutic target for various complex diseases [1]. The audience for this article will be researchers working in different fields of immune-biology, particularly scientists working in development of diagnostics and therapeutics (Figure 1). The dynamicity of immune cells and soluble mediatiors are key for host defense and immune homeostasis. It is mediated through Immune cell trafficking via complex signaling pathways. The movement of immune cells are primarily supported by cell surface molecule like leukocyte adhesion molecules, integrins, lectins, tetraspanines, and/or induction of chemokines and chemokine receptors and so on. A member of the semaphorin family protein known as semaphorin 4 D (Sema4D) is reported to play an important role in axon guidance and an important role in immunity, particularly, cell migration. The second review in this issue by Kuklin et al. discusses the role of Sema4D in immune regulation in cell migration. The article also discusses the underline molecu","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 4","pages":"253-254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1928832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39055686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Killer Cell Defects in Breast Cancer: A Key Pathway for Tumor Evasion.","authors":"Elaheh Arianfar,&nbsp;Sanaz Shahgordi,&nbsp;Ali Memarian","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1845670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1845670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the most important innate immune component cancers invader, natural killer (NK) cells have a magnificent role in antitumor immunity without any prior sensitization. Different subsets of NK cells have distinct responses during tumor cell exposure, according to their phenotypes and environments. Their function is induced mainly by the activity of both inhibitory and activating receptors against cancerous cells. Since the immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer patients has directly deteriorated the phenotype and disturbed the function of NK cells, recruiting compensatory mechanisms indicate promising outcomes for immunotherapeutic approaches. These evidences accentuate the importance of NK cell distinct features in protection against breast tumors. In this review, we discuss the several mechanisms involved in NK cells suppression which consequently promote tumor progression and disease recurrence in patients with breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 3","pages":"197-216"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1845670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38657727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using potential point-of-care electrochemical immunosensor: Toward the future prospects.","authors":"Pushpesh Ranjan,&nbsp;Ayushi Singhal,&nbsp;Shalu Yadav,&nbsp;Neeraj Kumar,&nbsp;S Murali,&nbsp;Sunil K Sanghi,&nbsp;Raju Khan","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1872566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1872566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging and highly infectious disease making global public health concern and socio-economic burden. It is caused due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It has the tendency to spread rapidly through person-to-person. Currently, several molecular diagnostic platforms such as PCR, qRT-PCR, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), CRISPR are utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. These conventional techniques are costly, time consuming and require sophisticated instrumentation facility with well trained personnel for testing. Hence, it is tough to provide testing en-masse to the people in developing countries. On the other hand, several serological biosensors such as lateral flow immunosensor, optical, electrochemical, microfluidics integrated electrochemical/fluorescence is currently utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of rapid and efficient diagnosis on mass scale of SARS-CoV-2 for early stage detection. Early monitoring of viral infections can help to control and prevent the spreading of infections in large chunk of population. In this review, the SARS-CoV-2 and their biomarkers in biological samples, collection of samples and recently reported potential electrochemical immunosensors for the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":"40 1-2","pages":"126-142"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1872566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38822247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}