COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies.

IF 4.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-27 DOI:10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600
Asha Bhardwaj, Leena Sapra, Chaman Saini, Zaffar Azam, Pradyumna K Mishra, Bhupendra Verma, Gyan C Mishra, Rupesh K Srivastava
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引用次数: 28

Abstract

The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with more than 2 million deaths were reported worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines thereby leading to the development of "Cytokine Storm Syndrome." This condition results in uncontrollable inflammation that further imposes multiple-organ-failure eventually leading to death. SARS-CoV-2 induces unrestrained innate immune response and impairs adaptive immune responses thereby causing tissue damage. Thus, understanding the foremost features and evolution of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in anticipating COVID-19 outcomes and in developing effective strategies to control the viral spread. In the present review, we exhaustively discuss the sequential key immunological events that occur during SARS-CoV-2 infection and are involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to this, we also highlight various therapeutic options already in use such as immunosuppressive drugs, plasma therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins along with various novel potent therapeutic options that should be considered in managing COVID-19 infection such as traditional medicines and probiotics.

Abstract Image

新冠肺炎:免疫学、免疫发病机制和潜在治疗。
2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)造成了公共卫生紧急情况,影响了全球数百万人。截至2021年1月,全球报告了1亿例新冠肺炎确诊病例和200多万例死亡病例。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型感染会导致促炎细胞因子的过量产生,从而导致“细胞因子风暴综合征”的发展。这种情况会导致无法控制的炎症,进一步导致多器官衰竭,最终导致死亡。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型诱导无限制的先天免疫反应,并损害适应性免疫反应,从而导致组织损伤。因此,了解SARS-CoV-2先天免疫和适应性免疫的最重要特征和进化对于预测新冠肺炎结果和制定有效策略控制病毒传播至关重要。在本综述中,我们详尽地讨论了在SARS-CoV-2感染期间发生的与新冠肺炎免疫发病有关的连续关键免疫事件。除此之外,我们还强调了已经使用的各种治疗方案,如免疫抑制药物、血浆治疗和静脉注射免疫球蛋白,以及在管理新冠肺炎感染时应考虑的各种新型有效治疗方案,例如传统药物和益生菌。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
4.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: This review journal provides the most current information on basic and translational research in immunology and related fields. In addition to invited reviews, the journal accepts for publication articles and editorials on relevant topics proposed by contributors. Each issue of International Reviews of Immunology contains both solicited and unsolicited review articles, editorials, and ''In-this-Issue'' highlights. The journal also hosts reviews that position the authors'' original work relative to advances in a given field, bridging the gap between annual reviews and the original research articles. This review series is relevant to all immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, translational scientists, industry researchers, and physicians who work in basic and clinical immunology, inflammatory and allergic diseases, vaccines, and additional topics relevant to medical research and drug development that connect immunology to disciplines such as oncology, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Covered in International Reviews of Immunology: Basic and developmental immunology (innate and adaptive immunity; inflammation; and tumor and microbial immunology); Clinical research (mechanisms of disease in man pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, oncology / immunology); and Translational research (relevant to biomarkers, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug development).
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