International Reviews of Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Natural antigen landscape shaping intestinal Treg cells: Self, diet, and microbiota.","authors":"Jaeu Yi","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2677909","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2677909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut represents a melting pot of distinct classes of antigens derived from self antigens, dietary components, and the commensal microbiota. To maintain tolerance to innocuous antigens while preserving the capacity to respond to potentially harmful microorganisms, the immune system has evolved tightly regulated mechanisms centered on the generation of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells at mucosal surfaces. Although early insights into intestinal Treg development were largely derived from studies using model dietary antigens or selected microbial species, a substantial gap remains in our understanding of the natural antigen landscape that elicits Treg responses <i>in vivo</i>. In this review, we discuss recent advances based on TCR classification approaches that define intestinal Treg T cell receptor (TCR) responses according to <i>in vivo</i> antigen reactivity, and we highlight key future directions for elucidating the functional roles of antigen-presenting cell subsets and their associated peptide landscapes in shaping intestinal Treg biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"304-312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148015405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in dendritic cell-derived exosomes in cancer and cancer stem cell therapy.","authors":"Radhwan Abdul Kareem, Hayder Naji Sameer, Zainab H Athab, Mohaned Adil, Ahmed Yaseen, Omer Qutaiba B Allela","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2614776","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2614776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes (EXOs), membrane vesicles, have garnered significant attention in cancer treatments as a novel means by which cells communicate with each other. EXOs are recognized for their pathophysiological participation in cancer therapy and their role in immune activation. Moreover, extensive research has been conducted on EXOs-mediated cancer treatment, demonstrating significant potential for targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs). Dendritic cells (DCs), which orchestrate the immune response, have been extensively utilized in immunotherapy. Similar to other cells, DCs can release nanovesicles, predominantly EXOs. Significant attention has been directed toward dendritic cell-derived EXOs (DC-EXOs) as immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Like DCs, DC-EXOs possess chemicals that engage with immune cells, including costimulatory molecules and functional MHC-peptide complexes on their surface. DC-EXOs offer several benefits over cell-based immunotherapies that employ DCs, including the ability to facilitate immune cell-mediated tumor eradication. Tumor peptide-loaded d DC-EXOs have demonstrated efficacy in Phase I clinical studies; a Phase II clinical trial is underway. This study has examined the therapeutic potential of DC-EXOs for CSCs and various types of cancer. The advantages and disadvantages of this therapeutic method were also reviewed to augment the anticancer efficacy and targeting of DC-EXOs for prospective clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"99-131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of tumor-infiltrating B cells in the development and pathogenesis of head and neck cancers: Implications for therapeutic approach.","authors":"Anita Rezaei, Ava Aghakhani, Farbod Bahreini, Vladimir N Uversky","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2656636","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2656636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Head and neck cancers (HNCs) pose a significant global health challenge, with treatment complexities and profound impacts on patient quality of life. Tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as critical yet dual regulators of HNC immunity, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. This manuscript explores the prognostic and predictive roles of TIBs across diverse HNCs, including squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas. TIBs enhance antitumor immunity through antibody production, antigen presentation, and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which correlate with improved survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Conversely, regulatory B cells contribute to immunosuppression, promoting tumor progression. Notably, high TIB infiltration, particularly within TLSs, is associated with superior outcomes in ICI-treated patients, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, challenges such as data variability and limited study scales underscore the need for further investigation into TIB subpopulations and their molecular dynamics. Future research should prioritize understanding TIB interactions with other immune cells and developing novel immunotherapies, including genetic engineering and oncolytic viruses, to advance HNC treatment and optimize patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"229-244"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapeutic potential of \"Breg-Treg\" vs \"Th9-Th17\" cell axis in post-menopausal osteoporosis.","authors":"Asha Bhardwaj, Leena Sapra, Rupesh K Srivastava","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2601515","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2025.2601515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that affects the microarchitecture and mineralization of the bone, reduces bone strength, and lowers bone mineral density (BMD). Post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO), caused by estrogen deficiency, is the most common type of osteoporosis. Given the chronic nature of PMO, sustained prevention or treatment with targeted bone-specific therapies and comprehensive medical management is crucial. Long-term usage of bone-specific pharmaceutical treatment therapies that include osteoanabolic and anti-resorptive drugs has sparked questions about side effects and possible rebound occurrences following treatment termination. Therefore, new therapy approaches with fewer side effects are needed. Studies in the past decade have demonstrated that immunological factors are crucial in the onset and progression of PMO. Treg and Th17 cells have long been recognized as critical factors in maintaining bone homeostasis, mainly <i>via</i> regulating osteoclast differentiation. However, astonishing data from our recent studies have highlighted the significant role of Breg and Th9 cells in bone homeostasis regulation. Breg and Th9 cells directly influence the development of bone cells and also regulate the Treg-Th17 cell balance to maintain skeletal integrity. We propose that although the Treg-Th17 cell axis is undeniably important in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, the dynamic interplay between Breg-Treg and Th9-Th17 cells may play an even more pivotal role. This broader immune network likely exerts a greater influence on bone homeostasis and the progression of osteoporosis. However, the interplay between Breg-Treg vs Th9-Th17 cell axis in PMO remains limited. This review summarizes the most recent developments regarding the Breg-Treg vs Th9-Th17 cell axis in PMO and discusses the potential novel therapeutic strategies to address this issue. Novel pathophysiological insights into the Breg-Treg-Th9-Th17 cell axis in bone metabolism may pave the way for improved diagnosis and transformative treatments for PMO.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PTX3 promotes macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in granulomatous mastitis.","authors":"Danqing Song, Jiayan Ni, Lijuan Sun, Jia Song, Jiayao Ni, Xiuli Lu","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2661938","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2026.2661938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an inflammatory breast disease. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is frequently dysregulated in inflammatory diseases. <i>C. parakroppenstedtii.</i> infection was applied to establish a rat GM model. Histological analysis showed that the progression of GM was accompanied with the damage of DECs. The serum and mRNA levels and protein expression of PTX3 was increased in GM rat models. PTX3 overexpression drove macrophage to M2 macrophage polarization, inhibiting inflammation response. PTX3 overexpression promoted clearance of apoptotic mammary duct epithelial cells (DECs) by M2 macrophages. However, PTX3 depletion in macrophage inhibited M2 macrophage polarization and impaired the efferocytotic ability, mediating inflammatory response and accumulation of apoptotic DECs. In summary, PTX3 exerts protective function in GM. PTX3-mediated M2 macrophage polarization promotes the clearance of apoptotic DECs. Therefore, targeting the communication between macrophages and DECs may be a promising strategy for GM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"245-254"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147929515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: Immunological mechanisms involved in recurrence.","authors":"Katya Karen López-Aguilar, María Eugenia Vargas-Camaño, Fernando Lozano-Patiño, María Isabel Castrejón Vázquez","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2425428","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2425428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a benign neoplastic pathology in children, young people, and adults. It causes a significant deterioration in the quality of life, with symptoms typically referred to as dysphonia and hoarseness. This disease, with variable clinical courses ranging from spontaneous resolution to dissemination of the lower airway or airway obstruction that puts the individual's life at risk, characteristically requires multiple surgical interventions. Therapy with adjuvant drugs does not yet prove the effectiveness necessary to limit the recurrence and need for surgical reoperation in this condition. The review aimed to synthesize the immunopathogenic mechanisms of relapse in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis published in the current literature and the immunological implication of risk factors and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"113-126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142604076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting antitumor immunity in breast cancers: Potential of adjuvants, drugs, and nanocarriers.","authors":"Ping Chen, Lei Ren, Youwei Guo, Yan Sun","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2432499","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2432499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advancements in breast cancer treatment, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence continue to pose formidable challenges. Therefore, a deep knowledge of the intricate interplay between the tumor and the immune system is necessary. In the pursuit of combating breast cancer, the awakening of antitumor immunity has been proposed as a compelling avenue. Tumor stroma in breast cancers contains multiple stromal and immune cells that impact the resistance to therapy and also the expansion of malignant cells. Activating or repressing these stromal and immune cells, as well as their secretions can be proposed for exhausting resistance mechanisms and repressing tumor growth. NK cells and T lymphocytes are the prominent components of breast tumor immunity that can be triggered by adjuvants for eradicating malignant cells. However, stromal cells like endothelial and fibroblast cells, as well as some immune suppressive cells, consisting of premature myeloid cells, and some subsets of macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes, can dampen antitumor immunity in favor of breast tumor growth and therapy resistance. This review article aims to research the prospect of harnessing the power of drugs, adjuvants, and nanoparticles in awakening the immune reactions against breast malignant cells. By investigating the immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological agents and the synergistic effects of adjuvants, this review seeks to uncover the mechanisms through which antitumor immunity can be triggered. Moreover, the current review delineates the challenges and opportunities in the translational journey from bench to bedside.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"141-164"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma research in mice: An overview of current models and their methodological variability.","authors":"Yan-Jiao Chen, Cai-Tao Chen, Gabriel Shimizu Bassi, Yong-Qing Yang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2431507","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2431507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies in murine experimental models have made significant contributions to the understanding of asthma pathophysiology and the discovery of innovative therapeutic approaches. Nonetheless, there is a plethora of options available for selecting mouse strains, sensitization methods, challenge routes and doses, as well as approaches to evaluating host response in murine asthma model protocols. Due to the diversity of models employed, comparing results across different studies proves exceedingly challenging. The study conducted a search of pertinent PubMed articles from 2022 to April 15th, 2024. After relevant publications had been selected, the characteristics of each study were extracted, including animal strains, animal sex, sensitization methods, challenge methods, and reported outcome measures. The modeling parameters of Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model, and House Dust Mite-induced asthma model were analyzed. Additionally, we extracted data on the dose of OVA sensitization, alum administration, challenge OVA dose, and alum/sensitization OVA ratio from seven included studies. Subsequently, we conducted an analysis to determine the correlation between each of these factors and the lung resistance index (RI). This study presents an overview of the current mouse asthma models, offering valuable methodological guidance for researchers. Furthermore, this study highlights that certain parameters like sensitization dose, challenge dose, and so on, exert specific effects on the asthma lung resistance. However, there is a lack of standardized criteria and guidelines in this regard. The effects and underlying mechanisms of parameters on asthma responses remain unclear, necessitating further investigation into model parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"127-140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming growth factor-β in tumor microenvironment: Understanding its impact on monocytes and macrophages for its targeting.","authors":"Tetiana Hourani, Amit Sharma, Rodney B Luwor, Adrian A Achuthan","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2411998","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2411998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TGF-β is a pivotal cytokine that orchestrates various aspects of cancer progression, including tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in cancer biology, focusing on its intricate interactions with monocytes and macrophages within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We specifically discuss how TGF-β modulates monocyte and macrophage activities, leading to immunosuppression and tumor progression. We conclude with the current translational and clinical efforts targeting TGF-β, recognizing the promising role of this strategy in immunooncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"82-97"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-inventing traditional aluminum-based adjuvants: Insight into a century of advancements.","authors":"Himanshu Gogoi, Rajesh Mani, Rakesh Bhatnagar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2404095","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2024.2404095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminum salt-based adjuvants like alum, alhydrogel and Adju-Phos are by far the most favored clinically approved vaccine adjuvants. They have demonstrated excellent safety profile and currently used in vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, anthrax etc. These vaccinations cause minimal side effects like local inflammation at the injection site. Aluminum salt-based adjuvants primarily stimulate CD4⁺ T cells and B cell mediated Th2 immune response leading to generate a robust antibody response. In this review article, we have compiled the role of physio-chemical role of the two commonly used aluminum salt-based adjuvants alhydrogel and Adju-Phos, and the effect of surface properties, buffer composition, and adjuvant dosage on the immune response. After being studied for almost a century, researchers have come up with various mechanism by which these aluminum adjuvants activate the immune system. Firstly, we have covered the initial works of Glenny and his \"repository effect\" which paved the work for his successors to explore the involvement of cytokines, chemokines, recruitment of innate immune cells, enhanced antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells, and formation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex in mediating the immune response. It has been reported that aluminum adjuvants activate multiple immunological pathways which synergistically activates the immune system. We later discuss the recent developments in nanotechnology-based preparations of next generation aluminum based adjuvants which has enabled precise size control and morphology of the traditional aluminum adjuvants thereby manipulating the immune response as per our desire.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"58-81"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}