International Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Discovery of a C-S lyase inhibitor for the prevention of human body malodor formation: tannic acid inhibits the thioalcohol production in Staphylococcus hominis.","authors":"Ozkan Fidan, Ayse Doga Karipcin, Ayse Hamide Köse, Ayse Anaz, Beyza Nur Demirsoy, Nuriye Arslansoy, Lei Sun, Somdutt Mujwar","doi":"10.1007/s10123-024-00551-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-024-00551-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human body odor is a result of the bacterial biotransformation of odorless precursor molecules secreted by the underarm sweat glands. In the human axilla, Staphylococcus hominis is the predominant bacterial species responsible for the biotransformation process of the odorless precursor molecule into the malodorous 3M3SH by two enzymes, a dipeptidase and a specific C-S lyase. The current solutions for malodor, such as deodorants and antiperspirants are known to block the apocrine glands or disrupt the skin microbiota. Additionally, these chemicals endanger both the environment and human health, and their long-term use can influence the function of sweat glands. Therefore, there is a need for the development of alternative, environmentally friendly, and natural solutions for the prevention of human body malodor. In this study, a library of secondary metabolites from various plants was screened to inhibit the C-S lyase, which metabolizes the odorless precursor sweat molecules, through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In silico studies revealed that tannic acid had the strongest affinity towards C-S lyase and was stably maintained in the binding pocket of the enzyme during 100-ns MD simulation. We found in the in vitro biotransformation assays that 1 mM tannic acid not only exhibited a significant reduction in malodor formation but also had quite low growth inhibition in S. hominis, indicating the minimum inhibitory effect of tannic acid on the skin microflora. This study paved the way for the development of a promising natural C-S lyase inhibitor to eliminate human body odor and can be used as a natural deodorizing molecule after further in vivo analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"411-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptococcus laurentii: a wild yeast for xylanase production from agricultural by-products.","authors":"Deborah Murowaniecki Otero, Bruno Perret, Liliane Teixeira, Gabrielle Vitória Gautério, Helen Treichel, Susana Juliano Kalil","doi":"10.1007/s10123-024-00555-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-024-00555-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of technologies that allow the production of enzymes at a competitive cost is of great importance for several biotechnological applications, and the use of agro-industrial by-products is an excellent alternative to minimize costs and reduce environmental impacts. This study aimed to produce endo-xylanases using agro-industrial substrates rich in hemicellulose as sources of xylan in culture media. For this purpose, the yeast Cryptococcus laurentti and five lignocellulosic materials (defatted rice bran, rice husk, corn cob, oat husks, and soybean tegument), with and without pretreatment, were used as a source of xylan for enzyme production. To insert the by-products in the culture medium, they were dried and treated (if applicable) with 4% (w.v^-1) NaOH and then added in a concentration of 2% (w.v^-1). The cultures were agitated for 96 h, and the aliquots were removed to determine the enzymatic activities. Among the by-products studied, the maximum activity (8.7 U. mL^-1 at pH 7.3) was obtained where rice bran was used. In contrast, corn cob was the by-product that resulted in lower enzyme production (1.6 U.mL^-1). Thus, the defatted rice bran deserves special attention in front of the other by-products used since it provides the necessary substrate for producing endo-xylanases by yeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"437-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulations of synergistic microbial consortia for enhanced systemic resistance against Fusarium wilt in cumin.","authors":"Devendra Singh, Kuldeep Singh Jadon, Aman Verma, Neelam Geat, Rajneesh Sharma, Kamlesh Kumar Meena, Rajesh Kumar Kakani","doi":"10.1007/s10123-024-00553-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-024-00553-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to understand the dynamic interplay between plants and their associated microbes to develop an efficient microbial consortium for managing Fusarium wilt of cumin. A total of 601 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria and fungi were screened for antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini (Foc). Subsequently, ten bacteria and ten fungi were selected for characterizing their growth promotion traits and ability to withstand abiotic stress. Furthermore, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of promising biocontrol isolates-1F, 16B, 31B, and 223B in mono and consortium mode, focusing on disease severity, plant growth, and defense responses in cumin challenged with Foc. Promising isolates were identified as Trichoderma atrobruneum 15F, Pseudomonas sp. 2B, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 9B, and Bacillus velezensis 32B. In planta, results revealed that cumin plants treated with consortia of 15F, 2B, 9B, and 32B showed highest percent disease control (76.35%) in pot experiment. Consortia of biocontrol agents significantly enhanced production of secondary metabolites and activation of antioxidant-defense enzymes compared to individual strain. Moreover, consortium treatments effectively reduced electrolyte leakage over the individual strain and positive control. The four-microbe consortium significantly enhanced chlorophyll (~ 2.74-fold), carotenoid content (~ 2.14-fold), plant height (~ 1.8-fold), dry weight (~ 1.96-fold), and seed yield (~ 19-fold) compared to positive control in pot experiment. Similarly, four microbe consortia showed highest percent disease control (72.2%) over the positive control in field trial. Moreover, plant growth, biomass, yield, and yield attributes of cumin were also significantly increased in field trial over the positive control as well as negative control.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"497-523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal mediated production of novel metabolites of meloxicam and their tankyrase-2 inhibition potentials: an in silico study.","authors":"Srisailam Keshetti, Gurram Shyam Prasad","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00636-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00636-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study focuses on the isolation of a thermophilic fungus capable of biotransforming meloxicam to produce novel metabolites with potential tankyrase inhibitory properties. The isolated strain is identified as Rhizomucor pusillus, confirmed through both morphological and molecular methodologies. The biotransformation process was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with a two-stage fermentation approach. Previous research, along with LC-MS/MS analyses, has successfully characterized the metabolites generated, providing structural validation. This fungus enabled the conversion of meloxicam into four metabolites: 5-hydroxy methyl meloxicam (M1), 5-carboxy meloxicam (M2), and two previously unreported metabolites (M3 and M4), under controlled conditions of pH 6.0 and a temperature of 40 °C over a 3-day shaking culture period. The fungal strain R. pusillus has demonstrated the ability to generate notable metabolites of meloxicam, particularly M1 and M2, as evidenced by research conducted on mammals. Moreover, in silico analyses have revealed the presence of two novel metabolites that may inhibit tankyrase-2. This finding indicates that R. pusillus possesses an enzymatic system comparable to that found in mammals, facilitating the environmentally sustainable and economically viable production of metabolites. Additionally, this strain is capable of synthesizing substantial amounts of metabolites that could potentially exhibit pharmacological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assembly of a synthetic microbial community to ferment rice (Oryza sativa) bran for aquaculture feedstuff.","authors":"Antonio de Oliveira Vieira, Juliano De Dea Lindner, Adriano Faria Palmieri, Caio Francisco Santana Farias, Scheila Anelise Pereira Dutra, Ivan De Marco, Marco Shizuo Owatari, Maurício Laterça Martins, José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00651-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00651-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Raw materials of plant origin, such as rice bran (Oryza sativa; RB), are promising alternatives to fishmeal in aquaculture feeds, offering a low-cost solution. However, due to antinutritional factors and reduced digestibility, direct use of RB is limited. Fermentation is an effective, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique that improves the nutritional quality of RB, enhancing nutrient availability and digestibility and reducing harmful compounds. Fermented RB improved growth, feed utilization, immune competence, and gut health, contributing to more sustainable aquaculture practices. The study aimed to evaluate the solid-state fermentation influence of a synthetic microbial community (SynCom) on RB (RBMC). The fermentation by the microbial consortium showed significant changes in RB physical-chemical composition and crude fiber and protein. Significant reductions were observed for ether extract, mineral matter, phosphate, phosphorus, and potassium compared with the naturally fermented RB (RBNF). Sodium, calcium, and iron contents increased by 43.03, 60.77, and 74.58%, respectively, compared to RBNF. A significant increase was observed in the fermented RBMC for essential and non-essential amino acids. Scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in the microstructure of the RB, in addition to the presence of microbial aggregates morphologically similar to the individuals used as inoculum. The RB fermentation using SynCom significantly improved the quality of the RB by-product feedstuff. The use of fermented RB in diet formulations for aquatic organisms is desirable because it enables the reuse of this industrial co-product, which is rich in nutrients and biological value.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phyto-and myco-chemical profiling, bioactivity, and in silico docking study of endophytic fungi and host-Setaria flavida.","authors":"R Nischitha, M B Shivanna","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00646-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00646-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endophytic fungi are known to produce a wide array of bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical potential. This study focuses on exploring the antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi associated with Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp, in Karnataka, India. The fungi were isolated and characterized using morphological and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses. Five endophytic isolates were screened for antioxidant activity using spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The ethyl acetate extracts of Curvularia protuberata and methanolic extract of S. flavida showed strong antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂, and nitric oxide radicals. Further, C. protuberata and S. flavida metabolites were characterized by Orbitrap High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (OHR LC-MS). Molecular docking studies revealed compounds: (22E)-stigmasta-3,5,22-triene, andrographolide, gingerol, nobiletin, retusin, tangeritin, 1-benzoyl-4-(3,5-dibromobenzoyl) piperazine, 2-pyrazolin-5-ol, 5-tridecafluorohexyl-3-methyl-1-(3-pyridylcarbonyl), dexamethasone, griseofulvin, and S-benzyl-N[(benzyloxy)carbonyl] cysteinyltyrosine with potent antioxidant activity, inhibiting enzymes like xanthin oxidase (3NRZ) lipoxygenase (1N8Q) and myeloperoxidase (1DNU). The study suggests that these endophytic fungi and host grass could lead to the production of promising drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the techno-functional properties of lactobacilli strains originated from Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis calves for probiotic potential.","authors":"Sachin Kumar, Nutan Chauhan, Tejshi Chauhan, Sravani Balaga, Nitin Tyagi, Ashis Kumar Samanta","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00641-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00641-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study was undertaken to isolate, characterize, and cluster lactobacilli strains of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calf origin to develop a species-specific multistrain potential probiotic adjunct. Bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis calves of different breeds, i.e., Sahiwal (SC), Tharparker (TP), and Gir (GC) cattle and Murrah buffalo (MB). The fecal samples were aseptically taken from five healthy calves (5-10 days old) of each breed (a total of 20 animals). Accordingly, 105 bacteria were isolated, 52 of which were catalase negative, Gram-positive, and vancomycin resistant. These isolates were presumed to be Lactobacillus species, and genus-specific PCR was used to confirm their identification. Among the 52 isolates, 22 strains demonstrated greater acid tolerance, while 29 isolates showed superior bile tolerance, with survivability greater than 90%. Fifteen isolates capable of tolerating both acid and bile were further selected, and their identities were confirmed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Cluster analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed three different species: Ligilactobacillus salivarius (8), Ligilactobacillus agilis (1), and Limosilactobacillus reuteri (6). All lactobacilli strains showed coaggregation with Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Salmonella arizonae ATCC13314. All the isolates were found non-hemolytic and non-mucinolytic. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that L. reuteri GC09, L. salivarius GC12, L. agilis MB08, L. salivarius MB14, L. reuteri SC01, and L. reuteri MB11 possessed the most desirable attributes of probiotics. Based on these findings, these strains could be used to develop multi-strain probiotic adjunct for calves.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143467940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of amoebic liver abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis from India.","authors":"Syed Muhammad Sarosh Ghalib, Faizeaab Hashmi, Umra Fatima Zuberi, Sana Aqeel","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00645-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00645-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amoebiasis and its extraintestinal manifestation amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. However, no meta-analysis on the prevalence, associated risk factors, and clinical markers has been performed. This study aims to bridge this research gap. Based on our inclusion criteria, 18 studies were selected for analysis. Using the \"meta\" package in RStudio, forest plots, regression analysis, and funnel plots were used to represent the proportional meta-analysis, significance of the correlation, and quality and publication bias of the included studies, respectively. A high prevalence of ALA (67%, p = 1.762 × 10^-15) was noted in cases of liver abscess. ALA was significantly more prevalent in males (86%, p = 2.25 × 10^-8), individuals with poor socioeconomic conditions (75%, p = 0.02496), history of alcohol consumption (63%, p = 1.421 × 10^-8), and diabetic comorbidity (35%, p = 0.01169). There was a significant correlation with abdominal pain (91%, p = 1.286 × 10^-12), infected right lobe (81%, p = 0.002), fever (73%, p = 2.567 × 10^-12), hepatomegaly (69%, p = 1.223 × 10^-5), anemia (69%, p = 1.223 × 10^-5), and jaundice (11%, p = 0005258) in the affected individuals. We conclude that the above-stated risk factors and clinical markers are significantly associated with ALA and suggest that medical professionals in endemic regions must attribute liver abscess to be etiologically amoebic and correlate the disease manifestation with the risk factors and clinical markers. Further, research is needed to better understand disease manifestation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143467939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity of strains belonging to the freshwater genus Aquirufa in a riparian forest restoration area in Salzburg, Austria, with a focus on the description of Aquirufa salirivi sp. nov. and Aquirufa novilacunae sp. nov.","authors":"Alexandra Pitt, Stefan Lienbacher, Johanna Schmidt, Meina Neumann-Schaal, Jacqueline Wolf, Hannah Wenng, Aharon Oren, Zoe Huber, Martin W Hahn","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00642-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00642-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During a citizen science project, four freshwater habitats in a riparian forest restoration area in Salzburg, Austria, were sampled. The primary aim was to obtain bacterial strains of the genus Aquirufa, a group of typical and widespread freshwater bacteria. Numerous pure cultures of Aquirufa strains could be obtained, three of them originating from the river Salzach, a newly created pond and the lake Ausee represented new species. Strain 1-SAACH-A3^T was characterized by a genome size of 3.2 Mbp and a G + C value of 38.4 mol% and encoded genes predicted for nitrate uptake and nitrous oxide utilization. Strains BAHN-186B^T and 2-AUSEE-184A6 were characterized by a genome size of 2.4 Mbp and a G + C value of 42.4 and 42.2 mol%, respectively, and encoded genes predicted for the light-harvesting rhodopsin system. Calculated whole-genome average nucleotide identity values with Aquirufa type strains resulted in a maximum value of 93.65% for comparison of strain 1-SAACH^T with the type strain of Aquirufa ecclesiirivi, which is slightly under the proposed threshold of species demarcation. The calculated gANI value comparing strains BAHN-186B^T and 2-AUSEE-184A6 revealed 95.76%, thus a value slightly above the threshold. Further analyses revealed that the three new strains represent two new species, proposed here as Aquirufa salirivi sp. nov. with type strain 1-SAACH-A3^T (= DSM 117800^T = JCM 37097^T) and Aquirufa novilacunae sp. nov. with type strain BAHN-186B^T (= DSM 118143^T = JCM 37099^T). Analyses of 123 publicly available metagenomes and a metagenome of the lake Ausee resulted in no detection of A. salirivi sp. nov. In contrast, A. novilacunae sp. nov. could be detected in 15 water samples of rivers, mainly from Asia, but also from North America and Australia. The analyses suggested that the species occurs in most of these samples in low relative abundance, detections derived from metagenomes of water samples from the river Yangtze in the subtropical zone could be interpreted as occurrence in higher abundances.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of different salt concentrations on the morphology, physiology, and antioxidant properties of the rice-field cyanobacterium Nostochopsis lobatus HKAR-21.","authors":"Ashish P Singh, Amit Gupta, Jyoti Jaiswal, Prashant R Singh, Rajeshwar P Sinha","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00638-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00638-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physiological and biochemical responses of organisms, including cyanobacteria, are greatly influenced by environmental change. Salinity significantly affects global rice output, and cyanobacteria are major contributors to rice productivity. Therefore, in our study, we explore the effects of varying concentrations of three (i.e., MgSO₄, CaCl₂, K₂HPO₄) agriculturally important salts on the biomass, growth, and biochemical status of the rice-field cyanobacterium Nostochopsis lobatus HKAR-21. A significant decrease in the photopigment activity, growth, and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (F_v/F_m) was observed in the cells treated with 0 μM K₂HPO₄ and 0 μM MgSO₄. There was minimum effect on the growth and photopigment in samples treated without CaCl₂ (0 μM CaCl₂). Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) and carbohydrate content were largely regulated by MgSO₄. However, K₂HPO₄ had an optimum effect on all three macromolecular components. Brightfield imaging revealed that each salt had a characteristic role in the morphology of the cells. Additionally, in vitro lipid peroxidation with in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were examined with the help of DCFH-DA and Nile red fluorescence, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the carotenoid was checked by using DPPH and ABTS assays. Our study conclusively highlights that the increasing salt concentration will have a negative impact on the cyanobacterium growth which in turn will affect the productivity of rice paddy fields which is one of the most important crops on which more than a billion people are dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}