International Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Correction to: Population dynamics of a bacterial consortium from a marine sediment of the Gulf of Mexico during biodegradation of the aromatic fraction of heavy crude oil.","authors":"Maria-Pilar Muñoz-Rivera, Fernando Martínez-Morales, Daniel Morales-Guzmán, Abraham Rivera-Ramírez, Ayixon Sánchez-Reyes, María R Trejo-Hernández","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00684-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00684-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the novel Escherichia coli bacteriophage Jgk1 as a potential antimicrobial agent.","authors":"Mengxin Gong, Mingyuan Li, Jilian Wang, Jiaxuan Liu, Qing Meng","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00687-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-025-00687-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterobacteriaceae are significant opportunistic pathogens in the environment, impacting both biological and human health. The rise in antibiotic-resistant strains has compelled the exploration of bacteriophages as alternative biological control agents. In this study, we isolated a bacteriophage JgK1 specific to Escherichia coli from environmental samples. This bacteriophage can effectively lyse Escherichia coli jg1, exhibiting an optimal MOI of 0.01 and an average mutation rate of 1.96 × 10^-7. One-step growth curve analysis revealed an incubation period of 25 min and a release amount of approximately 430.75 pfu/infection center. It can withstand high temperatures of 55 °C. Additionally, whole genome sequencing (WGS) confirmed a genome size of 74,059 bp, containing 107 open reading frames (ORF), with no virulence or resistance-related genes, nor lysogenic genes. Comparative genomic analysis indicated lower coverage compared to other known isolated bacteriophages, with the highest coverage being 72%. This study suggests that bacteriophage JgK1 has the potential to serve as an effective biological control antibacterial agent, offering a promising alternative to antibiotics for managing Escherichia coli infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial community composition and diversity associated with developmental stages of Anopheles subpictus.","authors":"Ankita Agrawal, Aishwarya B Acharya, Bijayalaxmi Sahu, Tapan Kumar Barik, Amiya Kumar Patel","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00688-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-025-00688-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria remains the deadliest vector-borne disease globally. Among different malaria vectors, Anopheles subpictus has been regarded as the potent vector across many Indian states. Microbiota in mosquitoes are critical determinants for their development, physiology, and vector competence, which differ significantly among mosquito species, life stages, and environmental parameters. Microbial profiles linked with various life stages of the emerging malaria vector, An. subpictus remain unexplored. In this study, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V1-V9 regions) was used to explore and analyze the microbial community dynamics within and between life stages. A total of 287,077 bacterial reads were generated and distributed into 40 phyla, 75 classes, 160 orders, 334 families, 961 genera, and 2398 species. Diversity analyses revealed that bacterial community structure varied significantly across the three life phases (larvae, pupae, adult) of An. subpictus. The larval stage has higher species richness compared to subsequent developmental stages. The sequence-based taxonomic profiling revealed that Methylobacterium, Clostridium, Bradyrhizobium, Cytophaga, Roseateles, Mitsuaria, Sphingomonas and Wolbachia were the dominant bacterial genera across the different life stages. Moreover, Methylobacterium sp. (51.6%) was the most abundant taxa in the adult female stage, whereas the larval stage was mainly dominated by Cytophaga (15.2%). This research advances our understanding of bacterial community composition and dynamics across the developmental succession of An. subpictus. The finding pinpoints dominant bacterial candidates that could be harnessed to develop microbial-based control strategies aimed at limiting mosquito-borne diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and genome analyses of the novel phages targeting extraintestinal Escherichia coli clones ST131 and ST410.","authors":"Md Shamsuzzaman, Yoon-Jung Choi, Shukho Kim, Jungmin Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00686-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10123-025-00686-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) poses a severe healthcare threat, necessitating alternative treatment strategies such as bacteriophage therapy. In this study, four lytic phages (EC.W2-9, EC.W5-4, EC.W8-1, and EC.W14-2) were isolated from hospital wastewater and characterized for their efficacy against MDR ExPEC isolates. A total of 44 ExPEC isolates were analyzed, with 41% belonging to sequence type (ST) 131 and 59% to ST410, all exhibiting MDR phenotypes. Among these, 49% produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and 86% were identified as carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC). Phages EC.W2-9, EC.W8-1, and EC.W14-2 displayed high lytic activity against ST131 (≥ 90% lysis) but were significantly less effective against ST410 (≤ 30% lysis). Phage EC.W5-4 exhibited intermediate efficacy, lysing 78% of ST131 and 23% of ST410 isolates. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses classified EC.W2-9, EC.W5-4, and EC.W14-2 within the Tequatrovirus genus of the Straboviridae family, while EC.W8-1 belonged to the Kuravirus genus of the Podoviridae family. These phages demonstrated favorable biological properties, including short latent periods (10-25 min), high burst sizes (115-158 pfu/cell), and stability across a broad temperature (≤ 70 °C) and pH range (3-10). Genomic analysis (46,328-116,943 bp, 35.2-39.9% G + C content) confirmed the absence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Furthermore, combined phage therapy effectively reduced planktonic and biofilm growth of MDR-ExPEC. These findings demonstrate the potential of these phages as effective therapeutic agents against MDR ExPEC, particularly ST131 and ST410, in combating antibiotic-resistant infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of bioactives from Paenibacillus dendritiformis isolated from Lonar Soda Lake, Maharashtra, India.","authors":"Pradip Bawane, Santosh Yele","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00682-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00682-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Constant research is being conducted to discover potent antibacterial and anticancer agents from natural sources like plants and microorganisms. Gram-positive Paenibacillus dendritiformis is a spore-forming bacterium with recognized industrial and economic significance in the production of important biomolecules applicable to the agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of bioactives produced by P. dendritiformis isolated from Lonar Lake sediment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>P. dendritiformis was isolated from Lonar Soda Lake and characterized using colony morphology, biochemical, and phylogenetic evaluations. The process was carried out using starch casein broth (SCB), and the bioactives were characterized by LC-MS/MS. The antibacterial assay was performed by the disc diffusion assay. The cytotoxic activity was performed by employing HeLa cell culture. To understand the molecular mechanism, oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory markers, and apoptotic markers were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LC-MS/MS spectra reveal the presence of phytyl palmitate and phytol acetate. These bioactives from P. dendritiformis exhibit moderately significant to significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activity by substantially inhibiting the HeLa cell viability via MTT assay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of bioactive compounds from P. dendritiformis with significantly lower IC₅₀ values as compared to standard probes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic surveillance of invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates circulating in Paraguay, 2009-2021.","authors":"María Eugenia León, Anibal Yasunari Kawabata, Cristina Minako Nagai, Liliana María Rojas, Gustavo Chamorro, Natalie Weiler, María Verónica Orrego, Lucía Jazmín Martínez, Ana Paula Silva de Lemos, Carlos Henrique Camargo, Evelyn López, Juan Irala, Raquel Blasco, Gloria Gómez, Juana Ortellado, Myrian Leguizamón, Rosana Ortiz","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00685-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00685-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) remains a significant public health concern and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Paraguay, IMD continues to pose a serious health challenge.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Whole-genome sequencing was employed to perform multilocus sequence sequence typing (MLST), vaccine antigens characterization, and antimicrobial resistance gene profiling of Neisseria meningitidis isolates obtained from children and adults with IMD, as part of the Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance Program in Paraguay during 2009-2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight clonal complexes were identified, with cc103 being the most frequent, followed by cc11, cc35, cc167, cc41/44, cc865, cc32, and cc60. Regarding vaccine antigens, the fHbp variant A05 peptide targeted by MenB-FHbp was absent, whereas the B01 variant was detected in 3 out of 70 isolates (4.3%). For the 4CMenB vaccine components, peptide 1 of fHbp (subfamily B/variant 1), NHBA peptide 2, and NadA peptide 8 were absent, while PorA P1.7-2,4 was found in one isolate (1.4%). Mutated penA alleles were present in 73.7% of the isolates. Major peptides (PorA, PorB, FetA, NHBA, fHbp) were correlated with clonal complexes and serogroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first genomic study of Neisseria meningitidis conducted in Paraguay, enabling a novel understanding of the genetic characteristics of invasive isolates. The generation of genomic data is essential for monitoring the spread of circulating lineages or clones that may alter their antigenic profiles to evade host immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phospholipid membrane permeabilization and leakage of cell content by surfactin-C₁₅ from novel B. subtilis B-11 strain: a computational and experimental analysis.","authors":"Asma Sani, Jia-Yi Li, Chaudhry Haider Ali, Hong-Ze Gang, Yi-Fan Liu, Shi-Zhong Yang, Bo-Zhong Mu","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00683-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00683-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surfactin-C₁₅ produced by novel Bacillus subtilis B-11 strain has the potential to inhibit phytopathogens by permeabilizing their phospholipid cell membranes at the water/bilayer interface. This permeabilization leads to the disintegration of cell membranes, thus inhibiting growth, replication, and pathogenicity of phytopathogens. Model dipalmitoyl phosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles for pathogenic membranes were prepared by liposomal assays and used as representatives for phospholipid bilayer cell membrane. Results show that the hydrophobic fatty acid tail of surfactin-C₁₅ binds with the hydrophobic acyl chains of the DPPC bilayer membrane rather than with their hydrophilic head groups which tilt these acyl chains, causing the lipid headgroups to reorient forming pores in the membrane. AFM results show that structural disorderness increases at the nanoscale, specifically within the range of 0 to 3 nm. The fluorescence intensity of the encapsulated carboxyfluorescein probe increases in a concentration-dependent manner with surfactin-C₁₅ at 25 µM, 50 µM, and 75 µM, measured at a constant DPPC concentration of 10 µM, showing an emission increase from 200 to 800 nm. Heat flow decreases from DPPC: surfactin-C₁₅ (100:0) with a pretransition temperature of T_m 42.2 ± 0.1 (T_onset 40.9 ± 0.1) to DPPC: surfactin-C₁₅ (10:90) with a pretransition temperature of T_m 39.2 ± 0.1 (T_onset 36.9 ± 0.1). An increase in cholesterol concentration causes the size of DPPC vesicles to increase from 240 to 285 nm. These results confirm that larger vesicles exhibit higher interfacial activity compared to smaller vesicles, due to their greater surface area exposed to surfactin-C₁₅ at the membrane-water interface. This increase in vesicle size with cholesterol content is likely due to cholesterol's ability to modulate membrane fluidity and packing, resulting in altered vesicle morphology. The larger vesicles provide a more extensive contact area for surfactin-C₁₅ molecules at the membrane-water interface, facilitating stronger interactions that disrupt membrane integrity and enhance antimicrobial efficacy. This study suggests that surfactin-C₁₅ could be exploited for developing major biocontrol strategies in agriculture field.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the potential agricultural biocontrol of chitin-degrading Paenibacillus alvei FS1 through dual screening approaches and poison food agar assay.","authors":"Aina Sofea Mohd Shafullah, Muhamad Firdaus Syahmi Sam-On, Shuhaimi Mustafa, Aisyah Nabilah Ramlan, Mohd Termizi Yusof","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00678-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00678-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural pests, such as insects and fungi, contain chitin in their exoskeleton and cell walls, respectively. Chitin has become the target for biocontrol of these pests as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Thus, this study aims to isolate and characterise chitin-degrading bacteria from soil using dual screening approaches and poisoned food agar assay. Seven bacteria were isolated from soil samples. The selection of chitin-degrading bacteria was carried out using dual screening methods. Screening via agar well diffusion assay showed that isolate FS2 exhibited the largest halo zone diameter at 30.83 mm, followed by FS1. However, only isolate FS1 exhibited chitin degradation in the secondary screening via shrimp shell degradation. Thus, the antifungal activity of isolate FS1 was further investigated via the poisoned food agar assay involving cell-free supernatant (CFS) and bacterial culture against Curvularia lunata and Colletotrichum truncatum, which yielded the highest growth inhibition by CFS against C. lunata at 18.33 mm. Media culture screening exhibited that isolate FS1 in Trypticase Soy Broth showed the highest chitinase activity at 25.33 mm via agar well diffusion assay. Next, isolate FS1 at 3% of chitin yielded the highest chitinase activity at 350.30 U/mL. This isolate was further identified as Paenibacillus alvei with 99.79% accuracy via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. These findings revealed that P. alvei FS1, isolated from soil, can degrade chitin and may be considered a potential biocontrol agent for insect and fungal pathogens in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification, refolding, and pH-dependent stability evaluation of Zika virus EDIII protein.","authors":"Manjima Das, Vivek Kumar, Rishav Madhukalya, Anjali Saroj, Archana Rout, Anushka Upadhyay, Goutami Naidu, Krishna Mohan Poluri, Shailly Tomar, Dilip Kumar, Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00679-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00679-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, primarily spread through mosquito bites, poses a significant threat as global temperatures continue to rise. While vector control remains the primary strategy for mitigation, the design and development of cost-effective vaccines are essential to prevent future outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In our study, we have produced recombinant ectodomain III (rEDIII) of ZIKV from the E. coli host expression system. Further, we optimized the effect of temperature and growth media on the expression of ZIKV rEDIII. Our study establishes a systematic protocol for extracting functional ZIKV rEDIII since the majority of the expressed protein goes into inclusion bodies (IBs). We have optimized the refolding process of rEDIII in buffers with varying pH levels and demonstrated the association between the buffer environment and the refolding efficiency of ZIKV rEDIII. Among these, Tris-HCl pH 8.8 buffer successfully restored the native conformation of ZIKV rEDIII, as confirmed by CD spectroscopy. We further confirmed the biological activity of refolded ZIKV rEDIII protein by inhibiting ZIKV entry into the host cells in an in vitro competitive viral inhibition assay. Our study proposes suitable conditions required for refolding bacterially expressed ZIKV rEDIII protein into its functionally active form with a median 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) value of 29 µg. The results of this investigation extend beyond the current study as the presented approach can be used to purify and refold other viral proteins expressed as IBs, thereby contributing to the advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for flavivirus infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic analysis of viral communities in the polluted Varuna River reveals site-specific diversity patterns associated with environmental aspects.","authors":"Arpit Srivastava, Piyush Kant Rai, Vivek Kumar Agnihotri, Kamlesh Choure, Reena Vishvakarma","doi":"10.1007/s10123-025-00677-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-025-00677-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Varuna River, which is native to Varanasi, is of great importance as a water reservoir for the people and is contaminated with heavy pollutants due to urbanization. In this study, four sites (VR1, VR2, VR3, and VR4) of Varuna River water were sampled to assess the viral diversity. The metagenomics approach was used to study the viral diversity and functional analysis, suggesting the overall quality of the water at the sampled location. The analysis shows that VR1 had the most species richness (3000 species), followed by VR3 (2500), VR2 (2000), and VR4 (1500). The PCA analysis revealed distinct spatial patterns and community differentiation where VR2 and VR4 clustered while VR1 and VR3 were distant.Diversity analysis showed that Negarnaviricota dominated all samples at the phylum level. Yunchangviricetes, a non-reported virus, and Insthoviricetes were the dominant classes. Pakpunavirus was the leading genus, followed by the human pathogen Mimivirus. The highest species abundance in VR1 and VR2 was Mimivirus, Megavirus, chilensis, while VR3 and VR4 had Hpunavirus and Pseudomonas phage O4, indicating human involvement. Functional analyses of enzymatic activity and KEGG Orthology in microbial communities from VR1 to VR4 samples showed that VR4 exhibited maximal enzymatic activity, genetic flexibility, and advanced regulatory control compared to the other samples. The increased presence of transporter genes alongside signal transduction proteins and metabolic enzymes in VR4 indicates enhanced functional diversity, which aids in coping with environmental stresses. On the basis of viral species, ecological, biotechnological aspects were also interpreted. This study concluded that the Negarnaviricota plays a key role in maintaining the overall water quality and there is an urgent need for remediation of the Varuna River especially at site VR4 (25° 19' 46.7″ N 83° 02' 38.3″ E).</p>","PeriodicalId":14318,"journal":{"name":"International Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}