Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory最新文献

{"title":"Coalitions and dynamics in network routing games","authors":"M. Hoefer","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807410","url":null,"abstract":"Congestion games are an elegant model to study the effects of resource usage and routing with strategic agents, but due to their simplicity they are inadequate to realistically model many features of traffic in computer and/or road networks. In my talk I survey our recent results on extensions of congestion games towards more realistic modeling of network routing scenarios. Our results concentrate on the existence and computational complexity of exact and approximate pure-strategy Nash and strong equilibria. Whereas in some cases it is possible to provide efficient algorithms for centralized computation, for a sufficient level of generality we can establish lower bounds by proving computational hardness results. In addition, we study the more demanding goal of reaching equilibria using decentralized protocols and the duration of the resulting improvement dynamics. More fundamentally, our treatment sheds light on the tractability of coordinated behavior of players in network routing.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125104259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lottery mechanism design for school choice","authors":"Onur Kesten, M. Utku Ünver","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807504","url":null,"abstract":"A new centralized mechanism was introduced in New York City and Boston to assign students to public schools in district school-choice programs. This mechanism was advocated for its superior fairness property, besides others, over the mechanisms it replaced. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for investigating school-choice matching problems and two notions of fairness in lottery design, strong ex-ante stability and ex-ante stability. This framework generalizes known one-to-many two-sided and one-sided matching models. We first show that the new NYC/Boston mechanism fails to satisfy these fairness properties. We then propose two new mechanisms, the fractional deferred acceptance mechanism, which is ordinally Pareto dominant within the class of strongly ex-ante stable mechanisms, and the fractional deferred acceptance and trading mechanism which is constrained ordinally Pareto efficient within the class of exante stable mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123957758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altruistic kidney exchange","authors":"Tayfun Sönmez, M. Utku Ünver","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807479","url":null,"abstract":"Although a national live-donor kidney exchange program is being launched in the US, the kidney shortage is increasing faster than ever. A new solution paradigm is able to incorporate compatible pairs in exchange. In this paper, we consider an exchange framework that has both compatible and incompatible pairs, and patients are indifferent over compatible pairs. Only two-way exchanges are permitted due to institutional constraints. We explore the structure of Pareto-efficient matchings in this framework. The mathematical structure of this model turns out to be quite novel. We show that under Pareto-efficient matchings, the same number of patients receive transplants, and it is possible to construct Pareto-efficient matchings that match the same incompatible pairs while matching the least number of compatible pairs. We non-trivially extend the famous Gallai-Edmonds Decomposition in the combinatorial optimization literature to our new framework.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122376896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflexive theory-of-mind reasoning in games: from empirical evidence to modeling","authors":"Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807435","url":null,"abstract":"Theory-of-mind (ToM) is the modeling of mental states (such as belief, desire, knowledge, perception) through recursive (\"I think you think I think ...\") type reasoning in order to plan one's action or anticipate others' action. Such reasoning forms the core of strategic analysis in the game-theoretic setting. Traditional analysis of rational behavior in games of complete information is centered on the axiom of \"common knowledge,\" according to which all players know something to be true, know that all players know it to be true, know that all players know all players know it to be true, etc. Such axiom requires recursive modeling of players to the full depth, and seems to contradict human empirical behavior revealed by behavioral game literature. Here, I propose that such deviation from normative analysis may be due to players' building predictive mental models of their co-players based on experience and context without necessarily assuming a priori full rationality and common knowledge, rather than due to any lapse in \"instrumental rationality\" whereby players (and co-players) translate the predictions from their mental models to optimal choice. I investigate this mental model account of theory-of-mind reasoning by constructing a series of two-player, sequential-move matrix games all terminating in a maximal of three steps. By carefully designing payoff matrices, the depth of recursive reasoning (i.e., first-order ToM versus second-order ToM) can be contrasted based on participants' choice behavior in those games. Empirical findings support the idea that depth of ToM recursion (related to perspective-taking) and instrumental rationality (rational application of belief-desire to action) constitute separate processes. Finally, I present a theoretical analysis of repeated games, such as the Iterated Prisoner Dilemma, and show how mutual cooperation can arise as individually rational outcome due to expected future interaction with the opponent.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"91 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128010390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How flow can you go?: a logistic management game and profit sharing","authors":"R. Heesen, H. Hamers, K. Huisman","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807414","url":null,"abstract":"The management game \"How flow can you go?\" is developed to convince decision makers of international logistic providers that their current planning methods of their transportation flows may be considerably improved using OR-techniques. In fact, we have tested the game with several planners of several logistic providers and it turns out that the mathematical tool included in the management game outperforms the planners' solutions, on average, by 10%. Next, we show that cooperation among different logistic providers or between individual business units of one provider may increase profit even more. Since a fair allocation of these extra profits is essential for a successful cooperation, we use cooperative game theory methodology. More precisely, we propose the Shapley value of a cooperative game that arises from the management game as a fair allocation. Finally, the management game is illustrated by means of a case of an international logistic provider.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"16 19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128949410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transshipment prices and pair-wise stability in coordinating the decentralized transshipment problem","authors":"Behzad Hezarkhani, W. Kubiak","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807439","url":null,"abstract":"The decentralized transshipment problem is a two-stage decision making problem where the companies first choose their individual production levels in anticipation of random demands and after demand realizations they pool residuals via transshipment. The coordination will be achieved if at optimality all the decision variables, i.e. production levels and transshipment patterns, in the decentralized system are the same as those of centralized system. In this paper, we study the coordination via transshipment prices. We propose a procedure for deriving the transshipment prices based on the coordinating allocation rule introduced by Anupindi et al. [1]. With the transshipment prices being set, the companies are free to match their residuals based on their individual preferences. We draw upon the concept of pair-wise stability to capture the dynamics of corresponding matching process. As the main result of this paper, we show that with the derived transshipment prices, the optimum transshipment patterns are always pair-wise stable, i.e. there are no pairs of companies that can be jointly better off by unilaterally deviating from the optimum transshipment patterns.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131035358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disclosure of belief-dependent preferences in the trust game","authors":"G. Attanasi, Pierpaolo Battigalli, R. Nagel","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807457","url":null,"abstract":"We adopt a psychological games perspective to analyze behavior and beliefs in a Trust Game experiment. Subjects are randomly assigned to the role of \"truster\", A player, and \"trustee\", B player. Assuming that B subjects may be affected by guilt aversion and reciprocity, we try to elicit their belief dependent motivations with a set of hypothetical questions. We design the experiment so that subjects have no incentives to manipulate and we check that answers are reliable. We have two main treatments. In the No-Transmission (control) treatment, B's (belief dependent) preferences cannot be common knowledge, hence the game has incomplete information. In the Transmission treatment, B's answers to the hypothetical questions are transmitted and made common knowledge between the two matched subjects. In so far as such answers reveal the \"psychological type\" of B, this treatment approximates a psychological game with complete information. In this case, assuming that players coordinate their expectations on the efficient equilibrium, we should observe trust/cooperation when the revealed type of B is guilt averse (or reciprocal) and no-trust/defection when he is selfish. We also provide qualitative predictions for the incomplete information case, based on a simplified Bayesian psychological game. The main insight is that average behavior is intermediate.\u0000 We analyze the set of answers of each B subject with a grid estimation algorithm. Most B subjects are not selfish and we observe a dominance of guilt aversion over reciprocity. Coherently with our theoretical insights, our experimental results show that in the Transmission treatment inducing a psychological game with (approximately) complete information behavior is more extreme: in the subpopulation of matched pairs where B is highly guilt averse there is more trust and cooperation than in the corresponding incomplete information setting without transmission; whereas in the subpopulation of matched pairs where B has low guilt aversion there is less trust and cooperation than in the corresponding incomplete information setting. In both information settings, we find that the B subjects' cooperation rate is positively related to guilt aversion.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129973652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective communication in cheap-talk games","authors":"Navin Kartik, J. Sobel","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807466","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies cheap talk games by imposing a monotonicity condition on Sender strategies and then applies iterative deletion of weakly dominated strategies. This procedure selects among Crawford and Sobel (1982) equilibria, typically selecting the outcome with the maximal number of induced actions. Other refinements, such as NITS, select the same outcome. It also predicts that Senders will inflate their communication using only relatively high messages in equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121393083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endogenous group formation and efficiency: an experimental study","authors":"G. Charness, Chun-Lei Yang","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807463","url":null,"abstract":"We test a mechanism whereby groups are formed endogenously, through the use of voting. These groups play a public-goods game, where efficiency increases with group size (up to a limit, in one treatment). Information is provided about the contributions of others and it is feasible to exclude group members, exit one's group, or to form larger groups through mergers involving the consent of both merging groups. We find a great degree of success for this mechanism, as the average contribution rate is very high. The driving force appears to be the economies of scale combined with the awareness that bad behavior will result in (potentially-reversible) exclusion.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117011513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic drift resolves Selten's Chain Store Paradox","authors":"W. M. Tracy","doi":"10.1145/1807406.1807421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807421","url":null,"abstract":"Recent behavioral evidence suggests that mutation-susceptible, best-practice emulation is a common strategy updating mechanism among real world human actors. Unlike purely analytical models of non-cooperative strategic behavior, computational models employing mutation-susceptible emulation-based strategy updating mechanisms (e.g. elitist Genetic Algorithms) are susceptible to a process similar to genetic drift. This drift is known to disrupt the stability of an equilibria. This paper uses a computational, Genetic Algorithm based model to demonstrate that such equilibrium-disrupting drift resolves Selten's Chain Store Paradox. More broadly, this paper hopes to modestly demonstrate how results from behavioral game theory can fruitfully be used to select the mechanisms used in computational game theoretic models.","PeriodicalId":142982,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126942458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}