International Journal of Pharmacy Practice最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists regarding red eye management in Jordan: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Rania M Jammal, Rami Al-Omari, Samah Al-Shatnawi, Yousef Khader, Hisham M Jammal","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess community pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and practices regarding red eye management in Jordan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey of 430 community pharmacists was conducted in northern and central regions of Jordan between July and October 2025. A questionnaire assessed knowledge (nine items scored 0-9, categorized: low <6, moderate 6-7, high ≥8 per modified Bloom's taxonomy), attitudes and confidence (five-point Likert scales), and practices (single and multiple-response items reported as frequencies).</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Mean knowledge score was 6.67 ± 1.38 out of 9; 53.3% of pharmacists demonstrated high knowledge, 44.2% moderate, and 2.6% low. Pharmacists demonstrated good knowledge of red eye aetiology, red-flag symptoms, and medication safety, but lower performance in complex items requiring comprehensive clinical judgement. Attitudes were generally cautious and safety-oriented, with most pharmacists endorsing red-flag recognition (84.6%), acknowledging that improper red eye management may cause serious complications (91.6%), and supporting prescription-only corticosteroid dispensing (70.5%). Confidence ranged from 93.2% for patient education on eye-drop use to 47.0% for distinguishing conjunctivitis subtypes. Practice patterns were generally appropriate; however, a subset of participants recommended antibiotic and steroid-containing preparations, raising medication-safety concerns. Higher knowledge was significantly associated with more frequent referral behaviour (P = .001), greater opposition to non-prescription corticosteroid dispensing (P = .026), > 5 years of experience (P = .015), and geographic location (P = .010).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Jordanian community pharmacists demonstrated generally good knowledge and referral awareness regarding red eye. Gaps in advanced knowledge and certain medication safety practices highlight the need for targeted training, stronger ophthalmic medication dispensing regulation, and structured continuing professional development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148989961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing pharmacists as researchers: the experience in the United States of America.","authors":"Spencer E Harpe, Adati Tarfa, John P Bentley","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health-care interest-holders in the United States of America are increasingly calling for the delivery of value-based care rooted in evidence-based practices. This requires that pharmacists have a strong understanding of the research process, including knowing how to apply and communicate published research findings to support patient-care decisions. The focus of pharmacy education, training, and practice necessarily has been on clinical knowledge and skills, and application of evidence in practice. In the current environment, pharmacists are taught to be research evidence consumers, with less emphasis on being research evidence producers. Many individuals and groups have documented the importance of pharmacists' engagement in research. However, research is not a common activity in most non-academic or non-industry pharmacy positions, regardless of practice setting. A number of efforts have been described to enhance the involvement of pharmacists holding the entry-level professional degree (PharmD) in the research process. While not necessarily leading the effort, practicing pharmacists frequently participate in clinical and outcomes research. Although the 'clinician researcher' conceptualized as an independent researcher should continue to be advanced, broader pharmacist participation in the research process, along with recognition of these contributions, should also be a priority. Engagement in research can help develop and sustain advanced pharmacy practices and support the delivery of value-based patient care. After a brief overview of demographics and the economic and health environments, this paper reviews pharmacy education and practice and examines opportunities to expand research training for pharmacists in the United States of America.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148976705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research, leadership, and teaching skills-a realist review and synthesis of how and why these develop in pharmacy residency programs.","authors":"Chih Yuan Wang, Karen Luetsch","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Pharmacy residency programs accelerate the skill development of early career pharmacists. To establish a program theory of how and why pharmacy residents develop skills most effectively and consistently a realist review was performed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A realist review of articles reporting on skill development by pharmacy residents through completion of a pharmacy residency program was conducted. Reports describing the development of clinical skills were scarce and the review was focused on the investigation of contexts and mechanisms which favor the development of non-clinical skills, such as research, leadership, and teaching skills. The review findings were synthesized with interviews of recent pharmacy residents to further elucidate contexts and mechanisms which have to be activated to achieve these outcomes.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Thirteen Context-Outcome-Mechanism Configurations were synthesized from data presented in 57 articles and former resident interviews to develop a program theory of how and why pharmacy residency programs advance non-clinical skills. The program theory was validated by theories of workplace and experiential learning. Contexts, which influence the development of leadership, research, and teaching skills, were affordances provided by workplaces through the structure of residency programs, workplace capabilities, and culture. In favorable contexts, mechanisms of resident engagement, accountability, understanding of strengths and development needs, support by experts, mentors and peers, and learning through observation, reflection and practice were activated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The program theory established via a realist synthesis provides guidance on how workplaces and pharmacy residency programs can support the accelerated development of leadership, research, and teaching skills by early career pharmacists.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing items for a patient-reported experience measure for post-discharge medicines management in older patients: a stakeholder-led approach.","authors":"Justine Tomlinson, Adam Nyende, Nazreen Butt, Boris Burnell-Anderson, Beth Fylan, Heather Smith, Jonathan Silcock, Rebecca Lawton","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Medication-related harm following hospital discharge is a well-documented patient safety concern, particularly among older adults with multiple health conditions. Despite increasing attention to transitions of care, there is no patient-reported experience measure (PREM) specifically focused on post-discharge medicines management. Existing tools primarily measure clinical outcomes, overlooking how patients experience and manage medicines during this vulnerable period. The overarching aim was to develop PREM items for post-discharge medicines management in older adults using a stakeholder-led approach. This paper outlines the methods used to generate, refine, and pilot the PREM items.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed PREM items by drawing on existing literature and working with patient and public involvement (PPI). We organised four iterative co-design workshops involving patients, carers, and healthcare professionals, and we generated, refined, and prioritised items. Items were grouped into domains and revised based on feedback. Readability was assessed and further refined through piloting.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>The initial pool of 147 items was reduced to an 18-item PREM tool for use two weeks post-discharge and a 15-item PREM tool for three months post-discharge. Items cover five domains: information, involvement, relationships, systems, and autonomy. Piloting indicated good readability and acceptability, with feedback highlighting the importance of clear language and logical question sequencing. Notable differences emerged between patient and healthcare professional perspectives on care and communication priorities, which we reconciled through a collaborative approach.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work presents PREM items developed through stakeholder-led methods, focused on capturing patient experience in post-discharge medicines management, offering a potential mechanism for assessing care quality. Further validation in diverse populations is underway to support safer, person-centred medicines management.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated encounters reveal gaps in counselling on St John's Wort-oral contraceptive pill interactions among pharmacy personnel.","authors":"Ting Yee Chan, Wai-Jo Jocelin Chan, Betty Chaar, Joanna E Harnett","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Complementary medicines (CM) are widely used and commonly taken with conventional treatments, raising concerns about possible interactions. The primary objective of this study was to explore whether pharmacists and pharmacy staff are identifying and preventing potential CM-drug interactions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A simulated-patient study involving visits to 100 pharmacies in Sydney Australia. The simulated-patient requested advice about the safety of a herbal product containing Hypericum perforatum [St John's Wort (SJW)] and the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) using a scripted scenario. A standardized survey checklist was used to document the encounter.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Of the 100 pharmacy visits made, advice was provided by a pharmacist (n = 85, 85%) or pharmacy assistant (n = 15, 15%) across 59 franchise and 41 independent pharmacies. Most pharmacists (n = 68, 80%) were able to identify the interaction between the OCP and SJW and advised not to take them concurrently. Referral to another healthcare professional was made by some pharmacists (n = 25, 29.4%), predominantly to medical practitioners and specialists (n = 25, 92%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While most pharmacists and pharmacy staff who were consulted during this study were able to recognize the interaction between the OCP and SJW, overall there was limited history-taking, inconsistent referral practices, and variable quality and completeness of advice. These findings highlight the need for CM-specific counselling guidelines, and pharmacists' training and continuing professional education to support safer integration of CM in pharmacy practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing pharmacists' contributions to the identification and resolution of drug therapy problems in Alberta emergency departments: PHARMACIST-ED.","authors":"Sydney Jackson, Jodi Kerr, Cheryl Harten","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the types of drug therapy problems (DTP) identified by emergency department (ED) pharmacists in Alberta and the interventions proposed to resolve them. In addition, to determine the proportion of proposed interventions implemented either through pharmacist independent prescribing or by other health care professionals, and the proportion addressing the patient's main reason for ED presentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multicenter, retrospective chart review examined DTPs identified by pharmacists during ED visits between 15 October 2023 and 15 December 2023, across 13 hospitals in Alberta, Canada. A random sample was reviewed, and DTPs and associated interventions were classified using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe V9.1 system. Data were also collected about implementation and whether prescribing was performed independently by the pharmacist.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Across 211 visits, 387 DTPs were identified. Medication reconciliation DTPs accounted for 26%, while non-reconciliation DTPs included adverse drug events (23%), suboptimal therapy (21%), and untreated indications (20%). Pharmacists proposed 316 prescribing interventions, most commonly to start, stop, or adjust medication doses. Overall, 73% of proposed interventions were implemented, including 39% through independent pharmacist prescribing. Among non-reconciliation interventions, 64% were related to the patient's presenting complaint, yet only 27% of these were resolved through pharmacist prescribing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prescribing pharmacists in Alberta EDs identified a broad range of DTPs, and while most proposed interventions were implemented, there is an opportunity to expand the use of independent prescribing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148929993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of pharmacy education and pharmacy practice in developing pharmacists as researchers in Australia.","authors":"Esther Lau, Lisa Nissen, Megan DelDot","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148929902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community antibiotic access, use, and reported impacts in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.","authors":"Mohamed S Jalloh, Holly Seale, Alhaji Njai, Harold Ibrahim Williams, Hossam Almadhoon, Daniel Gomado, Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara, Abdullah Al Masud, Ramesh Lahiru Walpola","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Antibiotic access is crucial for reducing infectious diseases, but in sub-Saharan Africa, poor regulation leads to inappropriate use and increased antimicrobial resistance. This review aimed to synthesise evidence on community-level antibiotic access, use, and the reported impacts associated with these practices across sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL for studies published between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2025. Eligible studies examined antibiotic access, utilisation, or related impacts in community settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Data were extracted and thematically analysed across five dimensions of access, and related use outcomes were identified. Risk of bias was assessed using the quality assessment for diverse studies tool.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Forty studies were included. Antibiotics are accessed through formal channels, healthcare facilities, and licensed pharmacies, and through informal sources, drug shops, and unauthorised vendors. Access was common in rural settings due to affordability and convenience. Contributing factors included limited enforcement of prescribing regulations, restricted availability of diagnostic tools, and market vulnerabilities. Stewardship interventions, audit and feedback, improved prescribing quality. Outcomes varied: access supported by diagnostic testing and supervised dosing improved treatment outcomes, childhood pneumonia, and maternal infections. In contrast, unregulated access was associated with treatment failure and increased risk of resistance, although evidence on community care pathways remained limited.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Antibiotic access in sub-Saharan Africa is essential yet problematic. Sustained progress should integrate strategies that combine regulation, diagnostic support, stewardship, affordability measures, and surveillance. Additionally, research is needed to understand the link between community antibiotic use and trends in resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Lebanese community pharmacists' perceptions and practices towards pharmaceutical waste disposal.","authors":"Rajaa Al-Qudah, Muna Barakat, Katia Iskandar, Diana Malaeb, Souheil Hallit","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Pharmaceutical waste poses increasing environmental and public health risks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where regulatory systems are often weak. In Lebanon, little is known about the work undertaken by community pharmacists in managing such waste, despite their accessibility and central role in medication distribution. This study aimed to investigate and quantify the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists in Lebanon regarding pharmaceutical waste disposal, and to identify perceived challenges and recommendations for improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey, administered via a structured online questionnaire, was completed by 470 community pharmacists across Lebanon between July and September 2025 using convenience snowball sampling.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Three hundred thirty-one community pharmacists completed the survey. A total of 70% of pharmacists were aware of the environmental hazards of inappropriate drug disposal, and 42.7% reported returning unwanted medications to manufacturers or warehouses as their primary disposal method. However unsafe practices, such as disposing of drugs in household waste, persisted (48.3%). Awareness was high, but formal training was limited (58.3% had never received related education). Nearly all respondents (91.5%) supported the need for a national take-back system, and most favored funding by public authorities and pharmaceutical companies. Major barriers included a lack of infrastructure, regulatory clarity, and enforcement. Training and pharmacy-based return schemes were the most favored interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lebanese community pharmacists demonstrate strong knowledge and willingness to implement safer pharmaceutical waste management practices, but are hindered by existing challenges. Establishing a national disposal network, enhancing regulatory control, and providing focused training are essential to facilitate effective pharmaceutical waste management.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of service provision and use of consultation rooms and clinical records in community pharmacies.","authors":"Natalie Gauld, Frances Redmond, Arier Lee, Trudi Aspden","doi":"10.1093/ijpp/riag127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riag127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine consultation room use, services delivered, and use of clinical records in New Zealand (NZ) community pharmacies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Community pharmacies were surveyed. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Fisher exact tests, t-tests, and ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Of 104 responses (42% response rate), 92.2% had consultation room/s, used on average eight times per day. Most respondents wanted to improve their consultation room. Micro-credentialled services usually used consultation rooms, but some sensitive services often did not, and use of external clinical records was low.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consultation rooms and new services have been well-adopted in NZ pharmacy, but some improvements would be helpful.</p>","PeriodicalId":14284,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacy Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}