International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"Theoretical analysis of the optimal ejector operation and design within an ejector-based refrigeration system","authors":"Antoine Metsue ,&nbsp;Hakim Nesreddine ,&nbsp;Yann Bartosiewicz ,&nbsp;Sébastien Poncet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimal operation and design of ejectors are the subject of recent concerns, especially for the enhancement of refrigeration and heat pump cycles based on natural refrigerants like carbon dioxide. In this study, a thermodynamic analysis of an ejector-based refrigeration cycle is performed to determine both what operating pressures lead to the highest physically possible performance depending on the ambient conditions, and what are the main dimensions of the ejector leading to the best performance at a given ambient temperature. A state-of-the-art thermodynamic model for the prediction of the ejector performance is for the first time utilized to generate reliable operation and performance maps of the ejector cycle. Most notably, it is found that the optimal coefficient of performance is not necessarily found when the ejector operates at critical conditions but mostly when the device is under off-design regime, depending on the ejector internal efficiency and the hot side temperature. In addition, the analysis reveals that the performance of the cycle is not highly sensitive to the throat area ratio of the ejector given that the latter lies within an acceptable range. Those findings contribute to getting a better understanding of how the cycle benefits from the ejector and define design and control strategies for the cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of cooling performance and water consumption of a solid desiccant-assisted indirect evaporative cooling system using response surface methodology","authors":"Lanbo Lai ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang ,&nbsp;Gholamreza Kefayati ,&nbsp;Eric Hu ,&nbsp;Kim Choon Ng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid desiccant-assisted dew-point indirect evaporative cooling (SD-DPIEC) systems have gained considerable attention as a potential eco-friendly alternative to vapour-compression cooling systems in building cooling applications. However, one major drawback of these systems is their substantial water consumption during evaporative cooling. To tackle this issue, this study aims to improve the cooling efficiency and water utilisation of an SD-DPIEC system using response surface methodology (RSM). This research focuses on optimising four key parameters: supply air temperature, humidity ratio, water consumption rate and coefficient of performance (COP). The independent variables encompass the ambient temperature, relative humidity, regeneration temperature, and recirculation air ratio. Employing a multi-objective optimisation approach via the desirability function, the optimised SD-DPIEC system is subsequently tested in two prevalent weather patterns in Australia. The results demonstrated that the regression models derived from RSM exhibited commendable predictive capability, with the determination coefficient <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> and Adequate Precision exceeding 0.97 and 40.46, respectively. The outcomes revealed that the system attained its optimal performance with a supply air temperature of 20.36 °C, humidity ratio of 12.56 g kg^-1, a water consumption rate of 3.11 kg/hr, and COP of 2.03 under the ambient temperature of 33.79 °C, relative humidity of 68.48 %, regeneration temperature of 51.78 °C, and recirculation air ratio of 60 %. Based on the optimisation results, a case study was undertaken to evaluate the system's applicability in representative Australian climates. The results demonstrated that the system could uphold air conditions with the supply air temperature below 19 °C and humidity ratio below 11.51 g kg^-1 under the studied Australian climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 376-388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of two-phase pressure-drop in horizontal return bends with ammonia","authors":"Atif Muzaffar ,&nbsp;Ahmad Abbas ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Cremaschi ,&nbsp;Zahid Ayub","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In evaporators and condensers of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, various straight tubes are joined via U-bends. These U-bends result in higher pressure drops due to flow disturbances and centrifugal effects. Accurate prediction of pressure drops in these bends is essential for reliable design and operation. This study investigates the two-phase flow pressure-drop in horizontal U-bends with ammonia under wide range of experimental conditions. Three pipes with nominal outer diameter between 22.2, 15.9, and 9.5 mm were used, each with three bend radii (<em>R/d_o</em> ratio) between 1.2 and 2.5 in horizontal configuration. Tests were conducted at saturation temperature of +10 and -15 °C, with mass flux varying between 10 and 50 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and vapor quality between 0.1 and 0.9. The pressure-drop increased with mass flux and vapor quality while decreased with saturation temperature, pipe diameter and <em>R/d_o</em> ratio of the bend.</div><div>Large tubes exhibited a greater increase in pressure drop with rising mass flux and decreasing bend ratio compared to small tubes, which showed higher absolute values and more consistent performance across the vapor quality range at both saturation temperatures. The tube diameter had a less significant effect at high saturation temperature and high mass flux, while the bend curvature ratio predominantly influenced the pressure drop performance for large diameter tubes. One correlation from the literature predicted the data well only if the vapor quality was below 0.5. For wider range of quality, the existing models in the literature were not well-suited for predicting pressure drops in ammonia U-bends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 593-606"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced-dimension Bayesian optimization for model calibration of transient vapor compression cycles","authors":"Jiacheng Ma ,&nbsp;Donghun Kim ,&nbsp;James E. Braun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Development and calibration of first-principles dynamic models of vapor compression cycles (VCCs) is of critical importance for applications that include control design and fault detection and diagnostics. Nevertheless, the inherent complexity of models that are represented by large systems of differential–algebraic equations leads to significant challenges for model calibration processes that utilize classical gradient-based methods. Bayesian optimization (BO) is a sample-efficient and gradient-free approach using a probabilistic surrogate model and optimal search over a feasible parameter space. Despite the benefits of BO in reducing computational costs, challenges remain in dealing with a high-dimensional calibration task resulting from a large set of parameters that have significant impacts on system behavior and need to be calibrated simultaneously. This paper presents a reduced-dimension BO framework for calibrating transient VCCs models where the calibration space is projected to a low-dimensional subspace for accelerating convergence of the solution algorithm and consequently reducing the number of transient simulations. The proposed approach was demonstrated via two case studies associated with different VCC applications where 10 parameters were calibrated in each case using laboratory measurements. The reduced-dimension BO framework only required <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>th</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> of the iterations associated with a standard BO method that deals with high-dimensional calibration parameters for converged solutions and yielded comparable accuracy. Furthermore, both calibrated models revealed significant accuracy improvements compared to uncalibrated models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 246-258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential improvement of the JT cryocooler working at liquid helium temperature for space: Efficient and lightweight","authors":"Zhichao Chen ,&nbsp;Shaoshuai Liu ,&nbsp;Xinquan Sha ,&nbsp;Yunwei Shen ,&nbsp;Wang Yin ,&nbsp;Zheng Huang ,&nbsp;Lei Ding ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Gan ,&nbsp;Yinong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to long lifetime, low level vibration and negligible electromagnetic interference, the Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler working at liquid helium temperature has been used in space. However, its cooling capacity and thermodynamic efficiency still need to be further improved under a certain mass limit, which is an essential improvement for space-efficient application of the JT cryocooler. Therefore, in this study, optimization design is carried out for a JT cryocooler working at liquid helium temperature. Based on the modification of Stirling cryocooler, pulse tube cryocooler and JT compressor, the developed JT cryocooler can provide a cooling capacity of 0.36 W at 4.18 K while the total input power and the total mass (without cryostat) are 1157 W and 26.8 kg, respectively. Compared with the literature research, it can be found that the developed JT cryocooler is suitable for space applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 89-94"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the impacts of refrigerant leakage on the performance and environmental benefits of heat pumps using R513A as replacement of R134a","authors":"Yansong Hu,&nbsp;Zhao Yang,&nbsp;Zhaoning Hou,&nbsp;Yanfeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating threat of global warming has highlighted the imperative to address the greenhouse effect. R513A is recognized as a viable substitute for R134a, providing a lower global warming potential (GWP) while preserving similar thermodynamic properties. However, refrigerant leakage is one of the common faults in heat pump equipment. For industrial heat pumps, refrigerant leakage can make the system less stable and affect normal industrial production, while long-term leakage can also affect the carbon emissions of the industry. When substituting refrigerants, it is crucial to consider not only their distinct properties under typical operating conditions but also the stability and environmental impact of the alternative refrigerant in cases of leakage. This paper focuses on experimentally evaluating the impact of using R513A to replace R134a on the performance of refrigeration systems under the condition of rapid refrigerant leakage. Then the life cycle climate performance evaluation (LCCP) theory is used to assist experimental results in evaluating the carbon footprints of R513A and R134a systems at different annual leakage rates. The results show that R513A has better stability than R134a when responding to rapid refrigerant leakage. This paper determines the changes in annual electricity consumption and indirect emissions under several annual leakage rates and finds that the impact of leakage on indirect emissions is also not negligible. During the utilization phase of the equipment, when leakage was taken into account, the carbon emissions of the R134a system were higher.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 399-410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the matching relationship of gas wave oscillation tube under liquid-carrying condition","authors":"Peiqi Liu ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Yu ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhao ,&nbsp;Zewu Wang ,&nbsp;Haigui Fan ,&nbsp;Dapeng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas wave oscillation tube (GWOT) transfers energy directly between gases of varying pressures using non-constant motion waves, and its low rotational speed operation offers a broader application potential in two-phase refrigeration compared to turbomachinery. The GWOTs achieve a high performance by optimizing the relationship between tube length, deflection displacement, rotational speed, and incident excitation wave (S1) velocity. However, under the liquid-carrying conditions, the optimizing matching relationship of the GWOTs deviates, leading to a decline in performance, so it is necessary to explore the matching relationship of the high performance of the GWOTs under the liquid-carrying conditions. This study focuses on \"spoon\" GWOTs, analyzing the impact of rotational speed, liquid-carrying capacity, and deflection displacement on their refrigeration performance under a fixed tube length through experimental analysis. It is found that the refrigeration efficiency at the design parameters of the GWOTs decreases by a maximum of about 25 % with the increase in the amount of liquid-carrying capacity within the study area of this paper, while the refrigeration efficiency can be improved by a maximum of about 8 % by varying the rotational speed. The findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the liquid-carrying performance of the GWOTs and promoting the application expansion of GWOTs in the field of gas-liquid two-phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 318-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and development of flow condensation correlations using the data from low GWP refrigerants in an axial micro-fin aluminum tube","authors":"Yifeng Hu,&nbsp;Samuel Fortunato Yana Motta,&nbsp;Cheng-Min Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate global warming, the world is transitioning to refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP). Supporting this shift requires a model that can accurately predict the heat transfer and pressure drop of new refrigerants, crucial for designing efficient heat exchangers. Existing models, however, are largely based on currently deployed refrigerants and primarily developed for unexpanded micro-fin tubes with spiral angles of 6° to 30°. Their applicability to new refrigerants, especially in expanded micro-fin tubes, is uncertain. This study assesses the performance of four well-known condensation models for six emerging refrigerants—R-32, R-454B, R-454C, R-455A, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E)—against experimental data. Initially, the Han and Lee (2005) model shows the best prediction accuracy with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 22.1 %. To enhance the accuracy of heat transfer models for new refrigerants and geometries with large temperature glides, two approaches are proposed. The first approach applies a simple correction factor, reducing the MAD of the Cavallini et al. (2009) model from 68.2 % to 15.4 %. The second approach uses the variable metric method for minimization, fitting new constants to the data. This optimization results in the Kedzierski and Goncalves (1997) model achieving the highest accuracy, with a MAD of 13.1 %. For pressure drop models, the Cavallini et al. (1997) model is the most accurate with a MAD of 6.4 %, followed by the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model with a MAD of 9.4 %. Due to its simplicity, the Haraguchi et al. (1993) model is a practical option for predicting frictional pressure drop.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 454-468"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of a modified two-stage transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an ejector and a subcooler","authors":"Huanmin Li,&nbsp;Qiuyue Huang,&nbsp;Jianlin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the application scope of large-scale supermarkets, the practicality of transcritical CO₂ refrigeration device has been confirmed to be quite satisfying. A modified two-stage transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle with an ejector and a subcooler (MTC) is proposed in this paper. In the modified cycle, the ejector recovers expansion works and reduces irreversible losses in the throttling process. The subcooler provides subcooling degree for the CO₂ entering the low-temperature (LT) evaporator, thus increasing the refrigeration capacity and improving the COP of the modified cycle. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that the exergy efficiency <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and COP of MTC under given operating condition has been enhanced by 13.7 % and 14.2 % compared to BTC. The discharge temperature at the outlet of high-pressure compressor in MTC is decreased by 8.3℃. Under typical operating condition, the optimal discharge pressure of MTC is 9.07 MPa, which is lower than that of BTC. The correlation to calculate optimal discharge pressure for single-stage CO₂ refrigeration cycle is also suitable for MTC under given operating conditions. The MTC has also shown better performance under variable operating conditions. For MTC, when the temperature at the outlet of gas cooler increases from 35 – 45℃, the COP and <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> are enhanced by 14.1 % - 16.1 % and 12.8 % - 14.2 % compared to BTC, respectively. When gas cooler outlet pressure decreases from 11.0 to 7.5 MPa, the COP and <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> are enhanced by 14.0 % - 22.8 % and 13.4 % - 18.7 %. As the evaporating temperature at the cold side of subcooler increases from -25 to -15℃, the COP and <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> increase from 1.82 to 1.98 and 27.4 % to 29.7 %. With the ratio of refrigeration capacity (<span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) between medium-temperature evaporator and low-temperature evaporator varies from 0.7 to 1.2, the COP and <span><math><msub><mi>η</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> are improved by 10.7 % - 16.3 % and 10.7 % - 15.4 % compared to BTC. There is the maximum exergy loss at gas cooler in the MTC, whereas that of BTC is located in the expansion valve before LT evaporator. The economic analysis shows the cost per unit of exergy of MTC is decreased by 11.5 % under typical operation condition. According to simulation results, the modified cycle has better performance in severe working conditions such as high gas cooler outlet temperature and low gas cooler outlet pressure in the given range of working conditions compared to BTC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 492-505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon emission scenario analysis of data centers in China under the carbon neutrality target","authors":"Feng Zhou ,&nbsp;Ruimin Wang ,&nbsp;Guoyuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low-carbon transformation of data centers is of great significance to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study compared and analyzed the overall situation of data centers in China. Based on China's CO₂ emission and intensity targets in key years, the four variables of energy efficiency improvement rate, nonfossil energy consumption proportion, negative emission technology intensity, and waste energy utilization rate were introduced, and a net zero emission path model of data centers was established. Using scenario analysis to predict the total CO₂ emissions and emission intensity from 2021 to 2060, three emission reduction path scenarios were obtained. Results showed that the energy consumption of data centers increased gradually, the carbon emissions first increased and then decreased, and the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of the data centers decreased gradually. The carbon peak time of the three scenarios is 2030, and the time for carbon neutrality is 2055, 2053, and 2051 in three scenarios. The data center industry should further improve the energy efficiency utilization rate, increase the proportion of nonfossil energy consumption, strengthen the technological innovation of carbon capture and storage, enhance the level of carbon sink, and optimize the utilization rate of waste energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"168 ","pages":"Pages 648-661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}