International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"A metro train air conditioning system fault diagnosis method based on explainable artificial intelligence: Considering interpretability and generalization","authors":"Minhui Jiang,&nbsp;Huanxin Chen,&nbsp;Chuang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of the existing air conditioning system fault diagnosis methods adopt black box models, which lack transparency and interpretability. Given the high-speed, enclosed nature of metro train environments, the requirements for trust and safety in metro train air conditioning fault diagnosis models are even more stringent than those for building. Therefore, this paper presents an interpretable and generalized method for fault diagnosis of metro train air-conditioning system. The importance of features is analyzed a priori, and the XGBoost-Shapely Additional Explanations (XGBoost-SHAP) method is used to explain the single fault diagnosis model. Then the trained single fault model is utilized to predict the simultaneous fault data, obtaining score values for various labels, and a binary classification model is established to differentiate single/simultaneous faults. Additionally, the model's generalization ability is improved by screening generalization features based on the geometric difference across operating conditions. The results show that the features with high contribution to three types of single faults are evaporator outlet enthalpy, condenser outlet air temperature and air flow rate. The scores of various tags for simultaneous faults differ from those for single faults, which is beneficial to the identification of suspicious simultaneous faults. After screening the generalized features, when the number of features is less than 10, the generalization performance of the model across operating conditions is better than other cases. Specifically, the average accuracy increases by 5.84 %, 8.38 %, and the average false alarm rate decreases by 10.22 %, 11.26 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and classification optimization design of ultra-low temperature heat exchangers in dilution refrigerator using local thermal nonequilibrium model","authors":"Yian Lu ,&nbsp;Jun Shen ,&nbsp;Ya'nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Danyang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dilution refrigeration is widely used in a variety of cutting-edge scientific fields such as quantum computations. The ultra-low temperature heat exchangers play a crucial role for the ultimate performance of dilution refrigerator. To study the classification optimization design of ultra-low temperature heat exchangers, an integrated local thermal nonequilibrium model have used. By considering the ultra-low temperature heat exchangers as an integrated unit consisting of a number of interconnected sub-modules, an optimized design study of the geometrical parameter configurations of continuous heat exchanger, three-stage step heat exchanger, and connecting tubes has been carried out. Using the optimized configuration for continuous heat exchanger with a length of 19 m, an inner tube diameter of 10 mm, and an outer tube diameter of 15 mm at a molar flow rate of 1.5 <span><math><mrow><mrow><mspace></mspace><mtext>mmol</mtext></mrow><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>, the classification optimization of step heat exchanger is carried out. By adjusting the ratio of the sintered volume to the whole sintered volume (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.15</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.3</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.55</mn></mrow></math></span>) and the ratio of concentrated heat transfer area to the total heat transfer area of this stage (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.35</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.4</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.45</mn></mrow></math></span>), the heat transfer efficiency of the three-stage step heat exchanger can be further improved without additional resources. And the impact of length and diameter of connecting tubes has also been discussed in this paper. This study provides quantitative guidance for the design of ultra-low temperature heat exchangers, which is important for improving the overall performance of dilution refrigerators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 154-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation research on the effect of magnetic field uniformity on a single-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator","authors":"Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Shen ,&nbsp;Ya'nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenshuai Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Li ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Long Yang ,&nbsp;Yian Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR) are being widely used in space exploration projects and frontier scientific research fields. During the design process of ADR, the assumption of a uniform magnetic field is often used to determine the amount of magnetocaloric material and to predict the cooling capacity. However, the actual magnetic field produced by a superconducting magnet is usually non-uniform, and the non-uniformity inside the salt pill results in reduced cooling capacity. To investigate the impact of magnetic field non-uniformity on the performance of an ADR system by changing the length of the salt pill, a simulation model that incorporates both the superconducting magnet and salt pill is established. The model is verified by experiment with cooling power of 0.76 mW@1 K. Performance of the ADR with different cooling powers, different working temperatures and different pre-cooling temperatures are compared and analyzed. When the maximum magnetic flux density is 4 T, the cooling power is 0.7 mW, the initial temperature is 2.68 K and the working temperature is 1 K, the largest net cooling capacity of 5.39 J can be achieved corresponding to the length ratio of 1.1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of distribution uniformity of evaporator orifice plate distributor","authors":"Yue-Xi Dang ,&nbsp;Shen Du ,&nbsp;Xia Song ,&nbsp;Ya-Ling He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distribution uniformity of the two-phase refrigerant has an important impact on the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger. Uneven liquid distribution leads to thermal imbalance in the heat exchanger, which will reduce the heat transfer efficiency. This study aims to improve the uniformity of two-phase refrigerant distribution and conducts optimization research on orifice plate distributors. It explores the effects of orifice arrangement, size, and cascade effect between multi-stage orifice plates on refrigerant distribution and flow pressure drop. This study proposes the Taguchi design method to obtain the sensitivity analysis of different influencing factors on distribution performance and uses the response surface method to obtain the influence of orifice-plate distributor structural factors on distribution performance. The results show that the uniformity of the optimized structure is improved by 86.0 %, and the pressure drop increases by only 22.9 %. A method coupling multi-stage distribution performance and flow resistance optimization is proposed to improve the uniformity of refrigerant distribution, and obtains an optimized combination plan combining the number of stages, pore diameter, and pore spacing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"175 ","pages":"Pages 107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of the plate-fin heat exchanger coupled with ortho-para hydrogen conversion for hydrogen liquefaction","authors":"Xiangkun Tao ,&nbsp;Qingfeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Lu ,&nbsp;Xiao Song ,&nbsp;Jiangchao Wang ,&nbsp;Hansheng Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalyst-filled plate-fin heat exchangers (CFPFHE) are the preferred choice for converting ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen in hydrogen liquefaction systems. However, the effects of combining heat exchanger structural variations with changes in catalyst particle parameters on ortho-to-para hydrogen conversion are rarely discussed. This study first conducts the sensitivity analysis on the structural parameters of the heat exchanger and the geometric parameters of the catalyst particles. Then, based on the response surface methodology (RSM), the interaction effects of these parameters on the overall performance of CFPFHEs are explored. The results indicate that the fin spacing and porosity are the key factors affecting the comprehensive performance of CFPFHEs.</div><div>The heat transfer enhancement factor <em>TEF</em> is defined to comprehensively assess the thermal performance (<em>j</em> factor) and hydraulic performance (<em>f</em> factor) of the CFPFHE. The ortho-para hydrogen conversion rate <em>η</em> is introduced to evaluate the conversion efficiency of the CFPFHE. Finally, the multi-objective optimization targeting <em>TEF</em> and <em>η</em> is conducted and the optimal parameters for the CFPFHE in the specific commercial hydrogen liquefaction process is obtained. Compared to the initial design scheme, it is found that the <em>TEF</em> of the optimized structure increases by 109.6%, and the <em>η</em> increases by 63.8%. Additionally, the <em>TEF</em> and <em>η</em> calculated through numerical simulation have the errors within 5% compared to the predicted results. Therefore, the multi-objective optimization method for the CFPFHE based on the RSM is relatively reliable. This method can provide guidance for the design and optimization of CFPFHEs in the hydrogen liquefaction process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"175 ","pages":"Pages 47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the flame retarding mechanism of HFC-134a on hydrocarbon refrigerants","authors":"Rui Zhai ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhuang ,&nbsp;Bin Ye ,&nbsp;Xiangnong Liu ,&nbsp;Qingqing Li ,&nbsp;Lei Tang ,&nbsp;Ke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrocarbons (HCs) are ideal candidates for the long-term environmentally friendly refrigerants due to their excellent advantages in environmental protection and energy efficiency. But the flammability properties limit their wide application. To address it, this study focused on the inhibition mechanism of HFC-134a on the combustion processes of hydrocarbon refrigerants (HC-50, HC-170, HC-290 and HC-600a). A kinetic model of HCs/HFC-134a combustion was established to compared the effects of HFC-134a on the adiabatic flame temperature, laminar burning velocity, key species and radical reactions. The results showed that the addition of HFC-134a significantly reduced the adiabatic flame temperatures and laminar burning velocities of hydrocarbons. The concentration analysis of products and rate of production (ROP) revealed that HFC-134a promoted the productions of flame retarding groups CF, CF₂, CF₃, and CHF, while consumed the concentrations of flammable radicals H, O, and OH. Furthermore, sensitivity and reaction path analysis proved the suppressing actions of HFC-134a. It was concluded that HFC-134a not only changed the reaction paths and sensitivity coefficients, but also transformed the promotion path into inhibitory path in combustion. These effects achieved effective inhibition on the combustion processes of HCs. The results of this paper not only supported the safe application of hydrocarbon refrigerants, but also provided new ideas for the development of new efficient flame retardants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the heating performance of a transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater under Multi-Parameter coordinated matching operation","authors":"Rusheng Hu ,&nbsp;Xu Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiong Li ,&nbsp;Youdong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhentao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongyan Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In CO₂ heat pump (HP) water heaters, achieving optimal synergy among operating parameters is essential for maintaining high system performance under varying heating demands. This study investigates a CO₂ HP system equipped with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) and ejector throttling. The comprehensive effects of operating parameters—compressor frequency, EEV opening, inlet water flow rate (IWFR), and temperature—on system performance were quantified through the mean normalization method, along with a comparative analysis of the performance under EEV and ejector throttling modes. The results show that ejector throttling improves the coefficient of performance (<em>COP</em>) by 6.5 %. Within a specific range, reducing the EEV opening improves <em>COP</em>, particularly at lower inlet water temperatures and higher IWFRs, achieving a <em>COP</em> of 3.49 (30 Hz, 60 % EEV, 20 °C, 0.6 m³⸳h⁻¹). Compressor frequency, IWFR, and temperature are identified as the primary factors influencing heat transfer rate. The impact of compressor frequency and inlet water temperature on <em>COP</em> is more significant than that of IWFR and EEV opening. To meet hot water demand and maintain high system performance, the weighted influence of each parameter must be carefully evaluated during adjustments to ensure system stability and optimal performance. This study offers valuable insights for developing multi-parameter control strategies for CO₂ HP water heaters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"173 ","pages":"Pages 212-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FEMCE – A 3D finite element simulation tool for magnetic refrigerants","authors":"R. Kiefe,&nbsp;J.S. Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A critical challenge for magnetic refrigeration is designing shape-optimized refrigerants. When applying a magnetic field to the refrigerant, its magnetocaloric effect (MCE) heterogeneity is directly related to the demagnetizing field (a geometric phenomenon). Striking a balance between the total mass/volume of refrigerant, and its effective performance at a given temperature and applied magnetic field is a complex non-linear magnetostatics problem. We present a tool for estimating both the spatially-resolved and effective MCE for any refrigerant design, via the 3D finite element method - Finite Element Magnetocaloric Effect (FEMCE). FEMCE allows the user to input complex refrigerant shapes, together with the thermophysical properties of the material, to estimate and optimize its refrigerant performance for a given temperature and applied magnetic field change. The tool can be readily employed for both the conventional and demagnetizing-field induced MCE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"173 ","pages":"Pages 180-184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of the thermoelectric package air conditioning for an automotive interior application","authors":"Eid S. mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous researchers are developing air conditioning for vehicles. One of the newest techniques for air cooling is thermoelectric package acr conditioning (TEPAC), numerous benefits include its compact size, low weight, and ability to handle direct current sources. However, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the two modes (water /air and air/air) TEPAC system under the 50 min test period. The cooling characteristics of the TEPAC system with eight thermoelectric cooling (TEC) units are experimentally presented. A TEPAC system with a prototype chamber to simulate the automotive interior is proposed to reach the desired temperature of 24 °C. The effects of TEC input electrical current, air flow rate and water flow rate on the cooling performance are measured. A comparative analysis of the overall coefficient of performance (COP_overall) and electrical power consumption (EPC) has been evaluated for two TEPAC system modes. The COP_overall the water/air TEPAC mode was more effective than the air/air TEPAC mode in all cases studied. It was found that water/air TEPAC mode generally had higher COP_overall (18.2: 30 %) than those of the air/air TEPAC mode, and the total EPC in water/air mode was found to be roughly 1.5–4.5 % greater than in air/air mode. The water/air TEPAC mode also proved flexible in maintaining the desired temperature with the pulse width modulation kit (PWMK) technique under % 50 duty cycle. Therefore, the water/air TEPAC mode is more effective for use in automotive interior air conditioning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 34-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical investigation on the performance of R600/R170/R14/R50 four stage regenerator-enhanced auto cascade refrigeration system","authors":"Yongning He ,&nbsp;Su'ao Wang ,&nbsp;Wenliang Cao ,&nbsp;Huihong Wu ,&nbsp;Xuehong Wu ,&nbsp;Linfen Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In multi-stage auto cascade refrigeration (ACR) systems, the component selection and ratio optimization of zeotropic mixed refrigerants is important. A four-stage regenerator-enhanced ACR (RACR) system using R600/R170/R14/R50 was proposed. Influences of refrigerant mixture ratio, high-boiling-point components, gas-phase fraction before throttling (<em>x</em>₄) and gas-liquid separation temperature (<em>T</em>_S1∼<em>T</em>_S3) on the system performance were explored. Exergy loss ratios of components were compared and analyzed. The results demonstrated that increasing the mass fraction of R170 and reducing that of R50 significantly improve the energy efficiency, and reduce discharge temperature. To obtain -140 °C, a minimum <em>x</em>₄ (<em>x</em>₄ _min) could optimize the coefficient of performance (COP). R600/R170/R14/R50 (mass fraction of 0.38/0.20/0.17/0.25 and <em>x</em>₄ _min of 0.12) had the best COP of 0.192 and exergy efficiency of 0.330 under variable <em>x</em>₄ conditions. To improve the energy efficiency, appropriately reducing <em>T</em>_S1 and <em>T</em>_S3, or increasing <em>T</em>_S2 could be adopted. The top three components in the RACR system accounted for the largest exergy loss proportion were compressor, throttle at the evaporator inlet and condenser, accounting for 26.0 %, 18.3 % and 15.7 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}