International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of trans-critical CO2 high-temperature heat pump cycle and study of maximum heating temperature","authors":"Wenqing Li ,&nbsp;Bao Yue ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunyuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Peixue Jiang ,&nbsp;Yinhai Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature heat pump (HTHP) applications can be expanded from building heating to broader industrial heating fields, which is an important direction for developing heat pumps. A detailed study of five trans-critical CO₂ HTHP cycles was conducted: basic cycle, basic cycle with an internal heat exchanger (IHX), ejector cycle, ejector cycle with an IHX, and dual-temperature evaporation ejector cycle. A thermodynamic model and a multi-objective optimization model of each cycle were established, considering the heat transfer pinch temperature difference (PTD) of the heat exchanger and the non-equilibrium phase change phenomenon of the ejector. A cycle optimization method was proposed for the ejector heat pump to solve the phase equilibrium problem. The maximum heating temperature of the trans-critical CO₂ HTHP cycle is limited by the compressor discharge pressure and discharge temperature; the maximum heating temperature is up to 124.0 °C at a 20 °C ambient temperature. When the heating temperature is 85 °C, the COP of each cycle is equal at approximately 4. However, when the heating temperature exceeds 85 °C, the ejector cycle with an IHX demonstrates enhanced performance, attributable to the capability of the IHX to elevate the compressor inlet temperature and reduce the optimal discharge pressure. Conversely, when the heating temperature is &lt;85 °C, the dual-temperature evaporation ejector cycle exhibits superior performance due to higher average evaporation temperature, which increases the COP of the cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 99-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the effect of cooling tower height on PVT system efficiency with a four-inlet air cooling: energy and exergy analysis","authors":"Mahmoud Bady ,&nbsp;Mohammed El Hadi Attia ,&nbsp;Abdelkrim Khelifa ,&nbsp;Abd Elnaby Kabeel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High operating temperatures reduce photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency and longevity, yet few studies explore multi-inlet cooling towers for rooftop PV systems. This study investigates the impact of cooling tower height on PV efficiency using a novel four-inlet air cooling system to optimize airflow and heat dissipation. Numerical analyses assessed 1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 cm tower heights, evaluating temperature reduction, electrical output, and energy efficiency. Results show taller towers enhance cooling, with thermal efficiency rising from 25 % to 55 %, electrical efficiency increasing from 8 % to 14 %, and exergy efficiency improving from 3 % to 6 % at 100 cm. These findings highlight cooling tower height as a critical design parameter for optimizing air-cooled PV systems and advancing sustainable solar solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 207-218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on a novel rack-level integrated cooling system driven by a compressor and liquid pumps","authors":"Tongzhi Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Cheng ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhao ,&nbsp;Weixing Yuan ,&nbsp;Kexian Ren ,&nbsp;Bo Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional air-conditioners generally operate in vapor-compression (VC) cycles year-round for data center cooling, resulting in high energy consumption. An integrated cooling system, composed of a VC cycle and a pump-driven heat pipe (PHP) cycle, allows the VC cycle to be turned off when the cold source temperature is low, which can reduce energy use. However, the PHP cycle only operates efficiently under specific low-temperature conditions, and this restricts the annual energy-saving potential. This paper proposes a novel rack-level integrated cooling system to enhance energy-saving potential, which operates in three modes including liquid-pump-driven (LPD), integration-driven (ID) and vapor-compressor-driven (VCD) modes, corresponding to low, medium, and high cold source temperatures, respectively. Compared with a representative PHP/VC system, a gas–liquid separator near evaporator outlet, which operates in all modes, and a subcooler are introduced here. In the tests, the evaporating temperature was set within the range of 23.5–24.0 °C to maintain a server room temperature of 27 °C in accordance with ASHRAE recommendations. The proposed system exhibited better performance than the PHP/VC system. When the condenser inlet water temperatures were 14.5–18.5 °C, 9.8–13.5 °C, and below 9.8 °C, the energy efficiency ratio (<span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>R</mi><mtext>cp</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span>) values of the proposed system were 10.0 %–22.3 %, 2348.5 %, and 26.5 % higher than those of the PHP/VC system. Furthermore, during transient tests under conditions with severe cooling load fluctuations across multiple parallel evaporators, the proposed system effectively supplied adequate refrigerant to prevent excessive overheating at the outlet of the evaporator with the highest cooling load.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 54-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced heat recovery in a biogas power plant through a multi-stage approach utilizing Brayton, organic flash, and SCO2 cycles; thermal-economic optimization utilizing ANNs, NSGA-II, and LINMAP","authors":"Tianwen Yin ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;LeI Chang ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shaban ,&nbsp;Fahad M. Alhomayani ,&nbsp;Ashit Kumar Dutta ,&nbsp;H. Elhosiny Ali ,&nbsp;Salah Knani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel multi-heat recovery design integrated with a modified gas turbine power plant featuring a biogas-fueled oxyfuel combustion process and a CO₂ capture unit. The proposed method utilizes a multi-stage parallel-series heat recovery approach, integrating a closed Brayton cycle with a modified organic flash cycle alongside a supercritical CO₂ plant paired with a heating provider and an organic flash cycle. Engineering equation solver software is employed to model the suggested configuration, allowing for analyzing its thermodynamic, sustainability, and financial performance metrics. Additionally, an artificial intelligence-aided optimization process is implemented, utilizing artificial neural networks, NSGA-II methodology, and LINMAP decision-making techniques. The optimization focuses on exergy efficiency and payback period as the objective functions. Results indicate an improvement in exergy efficiency by 5.22 percentage points over the baseline model, achieving a value of 42.15%. The payback period has also been reduced by 9.31%, demonstrating a value of 2.63 years. Under optimal conditions, the system can produce an electrical output of 1402 kW and a heating load of 206.7 kW. Furthermore, calculations demonstrate a CO₂ capture potential of 0.278 kg/s, a sustainability index of 1.73, a total net present value of 18.48 M$, and a total unit production cost of 34.83 $/GJ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 466-488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A geothermal multigeneration system integrating an ORC configuration with an open-feed heater for electricity/H2/cooling production: Techno-economic optimization using a genetic algorithm","authors":"Lel Chang ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Ahmad Almadhor ,&nbsp;Dyana Aziz Bayz ,&nbsp;Sarminah Samad ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ayadi ,&nbsp;Essam R. El-Zahar ,&nbsp;Barno Abdullaeva ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Alansari ,&nbsp;H.Elhosiny Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents a novel geothermal-based multigeneration framework engineered to supply electric energy, hydrogen gas, and chilled water. The framework incorporates an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with an open feed heater (OFH), a Kalina cycle (KC), an absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC), and a PEM electrolyzer (PEME). A comprehensive thermodynamic and economic evaluation is performed, followed by a multi-objective optimization using NSGA-II in MATLAB to maximize exergetic performance and minimize cost. Key parameters include geothermal fluid temperature, mass flow rate, ORC turbine inlet temperature, and evaporator pinch point temperature difference (PPTD). The ORC exhibits the highest exergy destruction (42 %), trailed by the KC (26 %) and PEME (19 %), while the ARC contributes the least (13 %). Elevating geothermal fluid temperature significantly enhances exergy efficiency and hydrogen output, although costs increase. Enhancing the mass flow rate from 5 kg/s to 18 kg/s substantially improves power generation and cooling capacity but diminishes efficiency and escalates equipment expenses. Increasing the evaporator PPTD reduces power output and hydrogen production yet increases chilled water generation and slightly lowers the overall cost rate. Under optimal conditions, the plant achieves the exergetic performance of 38.56 % and a cost rate of 17.11 $/h, highlighting the potential of this integrated approach to deliver sustainable, cost-effective solutions for electricity generation, refrigeration, and hydrogen production from geothermal resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 141-155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated optimization of multi-parameter cooling strategies in data centers using numerical simulation and response surface methodology","authors":"Ahmed A. Alkrush ,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Salem ,&nbsp;A.A. Hegazi ,&nbsp;O. Abdelrehim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data centers struggle with efficient cooling due to high server heat output, leading to excessive energy consumption and operational inefficiencies. Traditional cooling methods, such as CRAC units, often fail to optimize energy use and airflow distribution. This study addresses these issues by analyzing rack spacing, air velocity, and inlet air temperature using computational modeling and Response Surface Methodology. Key findings indicate that reducing rack spacing to 0.02 m improves heat dissipation, yielding a Return Heat Index (RHI) of 0.85. In contrast, increasing spacing to 0.5 m raises the Supply Heat Index (SHI) by 143 %, signifying reduced cooling efficiency. Additionally, SHI increases by 13.3 % as air velocity rises from 2 m/s to 3 m/s but stabilizes at 4 m/s, indicating diminishing returns. An inlet air temperature of 10 °C results in an 86.3 % Return Temperature Index (RTI), representing peak cooling efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of precise parameter adjustments and the effectiveness of response surface methodology in optimizing cooling efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and lowering operational costs in data centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 393-416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the effect of uneven temperature distribution of horizontal cold surface on 3D ice transparency in vertical ice-making process","authors":"Zekang Zhen ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoye Dai ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Long Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clear ice has been widely used in food preservation and ice sculpture fields due to its excellent transparency. Temperature is a key factor affecting transparency in the process of ice production. To understand and clarify the effect of uneven temperature distribution on ice transparency, three-dimensional ice vertically freezing experiments are carried out under different temperature control strategies. Under even cold source surface temperature distribution, the transparency of the ice body is found negatively correlated with the freezing rate. When the freezing rate increased from 0.57 to 0.70 cm/h, the transparency decreased from 48.41 % to 16.04 %. Under the condition of temperature unevenness, the transparency of the ice body had no obvious correlation with the freezing rate. The larger the temperature difference of the cold surface, the more uneven the temperature distribution, which corresponds to the lower transparency of the ice slices. The transparency of the ice slices is 30.76 % and 12.42 % when the temperature unevenness of the cold surface is 0.22 °C and 2.36 °C, respectively. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for the optimization of the ice-making process and cold energy storage technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of measuring circulation composition for zeotropic binary mixture refrigerants","authors":"Muhammad Haider ,&nbsp;Stefan Elbel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zeotropic blends allow for tailoring refrigerant properties to achieve desirable global warming potential (GWP) and flammability characteristics. However, composition shift between the circulation and the nominal composition in blends, necessitate accurate measurement of the circulation composition. This study reviews existing <em>ex-situ</em> and <em>in-situ</em> methods for measuring circulation composition, and introduces a novel, cost-effective <em>ex-situ</em> measurement technique based on the pressure-temperature-density (PTD) gas method. This method measures binary mixture composition in the presence of oil, with an uncertainty of ±0.02 in mass fraction. It is more portable and affordable than traditional gas chromatography (GC), though with some tradeoffs in accuracy. In a chiller system using R134a and R32 blends, the PTD gas method detects a circulation composition shift of 0.03–0.06 from the nominal value. Additionally, three <em>in-situ</em> estimation techniques – pressure-temperature-quality (PTx), pressure-temperature-enthalpy (PTh), and pressure-temperature-density (PTD) liquid – are evaluated for measuring circulation composition without sample withdrawal. The PTx and PTh methods underestimate composition by 0.02–0.08, while the PTD liquid method overestimates by 0.08–0.12. These discrepancies cause the peak COP to shift relative to the <em>ex-situ</em> PTD gas measurement. The peak COP is 2–3 % lower using nominal composition, PTx and PTh methods, whereas the PTD liquid method overestimates it by nearly 3 %. Thus, calibration of <em>in-situ</em> methods is recommended to enhance accuracy <em>of in-situ</em> methods using an <em>ex-situ</em> technique. These findings may aid experimental analysis, blend system control and field diagnosis, potentially enabling precise topping-off of leaking systems without full refrigerant replacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 232-243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the influence of droplets on the flow characteristics and energy separation in vortex tube based on CFD analysis","authors":"Lijuan He,&nbsp;Zhong Zhou,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Jianzi Yang,&nbsp;Fa Zhang,&nbsp;Xingyu Meng,&nbsp;Wenxi You,&nbsp;Chenlei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In industrial sectors such as natural gas, vortex tubes have attracted attention as potential alternatives to throttling devices. Current research on vortex tubes primarily focuses on gas-phase operations, whereas studies on two-phase (gas-liquid) vortex tubes remain scarce. In this study, the mixture of nitrogen and water droplets is used as working fluid. Investigate the influence of adding droplets with different sizes or different volume fractions on the flow characteristics and energy separation in the vortex tube through a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. The research results show that increasing the droplet diameter entering vortex tube reduces the amount of droplets discharged from the cold outlet, thereby improving the gas-liquid separation performance of the vortex tube. An increase in the droplet diameter or the volume fraction entering the vortex tube has a significant negative influence on the energy separation within the vortex tube. Meanwhile, both the tangential and axial velocities inside the tube decrease, and the direction of the radial velocity may change simultaneously. In the range of cold flow fraction from 0.2 to 0.8, cold and hot temperature differences of the vortex tube are at their best when <em>d</em> = 0 μm and δ = 0. When μ = 0.2, the optimal cold temperature difference of 37.80 K is achieved. While when μ = 0.8, the optimal heat temperature difference is 47.86 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injection performance analysis of scroll compressors with varying spiral turn configurations for electric vehicle applications: An experimental approach","authors":"Kang Li ,&nbsp;Zhaotiannuo Tan ,&nbsp;Soheil Mohtaram ,&nbsp;Yafen Tian ,&nbsp;Ni Liu ,&nbsp;Hua Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinjun Yan ,&nbsp;Qize He ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel approach to enhancing the performance of scroll compressors in electric vehicle (EV) heat pump systems, particularly under low-temperature conditions. Despite their critical role in EV heating systems, scroll compressors often experience reduced efficiency in cold climates. To address this issue, the research investigates the integration of vapor injection technology and the optimization of scroll compressor geometry. Eight innovative compressor configurations, varying in spiral turns count and injection port placement, are designed and analyzed. A new theoretical model of the compressor's operating cycle is developed, enabling precise simulations of performance under different conditions. The study demonstrates that increasing the number of spiral turns enhances heat generation but reduces the coefficient of performance (COP), while vapor injection technology improves heating performance by 2.4 % to 4.9 % compared to non-injection designs. To further explore the effects of design modifications, three-dimensional simulations are conducted to analyze temperature and pressure distributions at various injection port locations, revealing that compressors with three spiral turns (<em>N</em> = 3.0) exhibit higher internal temperatures, potentially leading to localized high-temperature accumulation near the discharge port. The theoretical model is rigorously validated through experimental testing, confirming its accuracy and providing practical insights for compressor design. The findings establish an optimal spiral turns range (<em>N</em> = 2.2 to <em>N</em> = 2.6) for maximizing heating efficiency. This research significantly contributes to the development of high-efficiency, low-temperature scroll compressors for EV heat pump systems, offering innovative solutions to enhance energy efficiency and performance in cold-climate applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}