International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"Static magnetic field-assisted impregnation freezing improves crayfish quality: Insights into water mobility and ice crystal morphology","authors":"Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Yaokun Lu ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Lu ,&nbsp;Yuan Song ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Cai ,&nbsp;Beibei Zhou ,&nbsp;Lin Lin ,&nbsp;Wenhua Miao ,&nbsp;Bin Zheng ,&nbsp;Changhu Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-intensity (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mT) static magnetic fields (SMF)-assisted impregnation freezing on crayfish quality during freezing. Results demonstrated that the application of SMF reduced freezing time by 7.6 % to 35.8 %. Microscopic analysis revealed that the ice crystals in the SMF treatment group were smaller and more uniformly distributed. Additionally, the water holding capacity of crayfish muscle improved after SMF treatment, with the 4 mT treatment group showing a 3.88 % increase compared to the immersion freezing after six weeks of storage. Texture analysis indicated that the 4 mT treatment group exhibited improved springiness and chewability of crayfish. Furthermore, pH levels in the SMF-treated group approached those of fresh samples more closely than the control group during frozen storage. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results showed shorter relaxation times in the SMF treatment group, indicating reduced molecular mobility during crayfish freezing. Moreover, the degree of damage to the fibrillar muscle tissue was lighter compared to the control group. The total sulfhydryl content in crayfish treated with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mT decreased by 58.81 %, 39.22 %, 36.76 %, 46.66 %, and 56.63 %, respectively, after six weeks, suggesting that SMF treatment could delay protein oxidation. Mechanistically, SMF regulated water rearrangement to form uniform ice crystals, thereby minimizing mechanical damage to muscle tissue. In conclusion, SMF-assisted impregnation freezing effectively reduces water loss and delays quality deterioration of frozen crayfish, with the 4 mT treatment demonstrating the most significant impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106889"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryoprotectant efficacy across fruit matrices: A comparative study of apples and grapes","authors":"Masitah Othman ,&nbsp;Nurul Aini Amran ,&nbsp;Wan Nur Aisyah Wan Osman ,&nbsp;Haruna Adamu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of cryoprotectants is a promising strategy to mitigate freezing-induced quality deterioration in fresh-cut fruits; however, comparative evidence across fruit matrices and application strategies remains limited. This study systematically evaluated the cryoprotective efficacy of glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol at 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % concentrations using two exposure strategies which are prolonged soaking and short-term dipping under aqueous and anhydrous conditions in Royal Gala apples and Shine Muscat grapes. Post-thaw quality was assessed in terms of morphological integrity, water loss, and soluble solid (Brix) retention. Across both fruits, soaking treatments resulted in substantial water loss, reaching 27.74–37.58 % in grapes and 48.79–63.77 % in apples, indicating pronounced osmotic dehydration. In contrast, dipping treatments significantly reduced water loss to below 2.5 % for grapes and below 5.2 % for apples, regardless of cryoprotectant type. Among the formulations, xylitol-based systems consistently outperformed glycerol and sorbitol, particularly at higher concentrations. For Shine Muscat grapes, 75–100 % xylitol dipping limited water loss to 1.86–2.17 %, while Royal Gala apples treated with 50 % xylitol dipping exhibited the lowest water loss (2.91 %) among all tested conditions. These treatments also preserved tissue firmness and maintained soluble solid content more effectively than glycerol-rich formulations. Overall, the findings demonstrate that xylitol-dominant, anhydrous dipping protocols provide superior cryoprotection across fruits with contrasting cellular structures, offering a scalable, clean-label strategy for improving frozen fruit quality and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106888"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-experiment-hybrid optimization of refrigerant charge via iterative calibration for a pilot vapor compression system","authors":"Zi-Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun-Lu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refrigerant charge optimization is critical for maximizing efficiency of vapor compression refrigeration and heat pump systems. Conventional multi-step charging experiments determine the optimal charge with high accuracy but are resource-intensive. In contrast, model-based approaches can reduce the experimental burden yet show limited practical effectiveness due to relatively large prediction errors. To tackle these limitations, this paper proposes a model-experiment-hybrid method for refrigerant charge optimization. The approach is founded on the key insight that the optimal subcooling can be reliably predicted by a calibrated system model, whereas the specific refrigerant charge inventory is highly sensitive to void fraction uncertainties. Therefore, the proposed method utilizes experimental feedback to iteratively calibrate the system model. This allows the model to predict optimal subcooling and calculate the iterative charge step size based on subcooling deviations, effectively minimizing reliance on void fraction correlations. Experimental validation under three conditions demonstrates that the method accurately obtains the optimal COP for a pilot vapor compression system. The differences in optimal charge between the conventional method and the proposed method are within 0.05 kg while the deviations of optimal subcooling are &lt;0.4 K. The proposed hybrid method converges to optimal charge within two iterations, regardless of the void fraction correlation used, and achieves an average reduction in experimental workload of 58% compared to the conventional method. The model-experiment-hybrid optimization of refrigerant charge method effectively decouples charge optimization accuracy from void fraction model errors, offering a promising solution in refrigeration and heat pump product development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design method and parameters optimization of finned-tube latent thermal energy storage for heat pump applications","authors":"Shengqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wanchun Hu ,&nbsp;Guangdi Liu ,&nbsp;Liang Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs a finned-tube heat exchanger as the heat-exchange core and modified Sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) as the storage medium to design a 6.0 kWh finned-tube latent thermal energy storage (FT-LTES) unit and investigate performance enhancement via geometric optimization. The modified SAT was subjected to 2000 thermal cycles. Compared with the initial state, the latent heat decreased by 7.0%, while the degree of supercooling increased by 9.2 °C. A 3D transient computational model, integrating shell conduction theory with phase change dynamics, was developed to systematically evaluate five geometric parameters: fin thickness, fin spacing, tube diameter, horizontal tube spacing and vertical tube spacing. The discharging performance was evaluated based on the key metrics: effective discharging time, average discharging power and effective water supply volume. The results reveal that, within the studied parameter range, the effective discharging capacity of the FT-LTES module increases with greater fin thickness, smaller fin spacing, and reduced tube spacing, while exhibiting a non-monotonic relationship with tube diameter, initially increasing and then decreasing. An optimized structure for the FT-LTES unit was identified, with fin thickness, fin spacing, horizontal tube spacing, vertical tube spacing, and tube diameter of 0.2 mm, 1.9 mm, 12.0 mm 16.0 mm and 25.4 mm, respectively. Multi-cycle thermal storage and release tests on the optimized structure demonstrated 128.0% improvement in effective water supply volume compared to the original LTES unit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of an R515B/CO2 cascade refrigeration system for commercial applications","authors":"Bingdong Wang,&nbsp;Yaoxiang Han,&nbsp;Lixin Liu,&nbsp;Yanpeng Li,&nbsp;Chuang Wang,&nbsp;Ziwen Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ has been recognized as an ideal refrigerant for the low-temperature cycle (LTC) in a commercial cascade refrigeration system (CRS). Against the backdrop of global warming, low-GWP refrigerant substitution for the high-temperature cycle (HTC) is becoming increasingly critical, and R515B is regarded as a promising solution. In this paper, an R515B/CO₂ CRS experimental setup is constructed to comprehensively evaluate the system performance under various operating conditions. Moreover, performance variations of the refrigeration compressors in the LTC and HTC are also tested and analyzed. According to the results, the LTC performance is primarily governed by the intermediate and evaporating temperatures, remaining relatively insensitive to the condensing temperature. In contrast, the HTC performance exhibits high sensitivity to the condensing temperature. Consequently, increasing the condensing temperature substantially raises the power consumption of the HTC compressor and leads to a marked decline in the system coefficient of performance (<em>COP</em>_sys). The analysis also confirms the existence of an optimal intermediate temperature. Under typical operating conditions with a condensing temperature of 40°C and an evaporating temperature of −23°C, the system achieves a maximum <em>COP</em>_sys of 1.74. Furthermore, the R515B/CO₂ system demonstrates superior thermodynamic performance compared to similar CRSs utilizing high-GWP refrigerants as reported in the literature. Specifically, at an evaporating temperature of -30°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C, the system achieves a <em>COP</em>_sys of 1.48, representing an improvement of approximately 4.2% over the best-reported R134a/CO₂ CRS under identical conditions. From a life-cycle environmental perspective, the total equivalent warming impact of the R515B/CO₂ CRS is also reduced by approximately 15.0% compared to the R134a/CO₂ CRS. Coupled with its A1 safety classification and low GWP, R515B proves to be a highly promising HTC refrigerant for commercial CRSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where and how to place the injection structure of a cascade high-temperature heat pump with large-temperature differences: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Lingxiao Yang ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenqian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of utilizing cascade high-temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) for heating applications with large-temperature differences, the optimal placement and implementation of the injection structure continue to present an unresolved issue. To this end, this paper develops two otherwise-identical cascade HTHP configurations: the HT-VIE-CS with the injection structure placed in the high-temperature stage and the LT-VIE-CS with the structure placed in the low-temperature stage. Subsequently, performance and stability are compared over wide ambient temperature (<em>T</em>_am) and heating temperature (<em>T</em>_h) ranges, and several refrigerant pairs are screened. Results show that placing the injection structure in the low-temperature stage generally increases heating COP, with a maximum advantage of 4.0 % over HT-VIE-CS in the investigated conditions, while HT-VIE-CS retains a larger stability margin. Across refrigerant pairs, LT-injection remains favorable, and R152a/R245ca provides the best overall trade-off. Based on the stability-performance balance, a flexible selection strategy is proposed: as <em>T</em>_am rises, the recommended configuration shifts from HT-VIE-CS to LT-VIE-CS and then to a simpler two-stage injection system, with transition <em>T</em>_am of -1/5/10°C and 48/56/64°C for <em>T</em>_h = 120/130/140°C, respectively. A techno-economic and carbon assessment indicates that under current conditions, when <em>T</em>_am &gt; 3°C, its operating costs are lower than those of gas boilers, and when <em>T</em>_am &gt; 24°C, its emissions are lower than those of coal boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of conjugate heat transfer in pre-cooling process of cryogenic propellant transfer line by cryocoolers","authors":"Xi Lai ,&nbsp;Jianghan Chen ,&nbsp;Dier Ma ,&nbsp;Ziying Luo ,&nbsp;Shiran Bao ,&nbsp;Limin Qiu ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the instability of two-phase flow, the challenges regarding precise prediction and control, and the significant fluid loss during the quenching of cryogenic propellant pipes, this study introduces a dry pre-cooling process based on cryocoolers. Leveraging the high stability, compactness, and reliability of cryocooler technology-which has demonstrated significant value in applications such as superconducting magnet coils and space infrared telescopes—this work aims to enhance the stability, controllability, and safety of the filling pipe pre-cooling process. Based on the structural features of the aerospace filling pipe and the operational characteristics of cryocoolers, four pre-cooling methods are presented: the external circulation method, the internal circulation method, the copper thermal straps method, and the built-in fin method. A three-dimensional numerical model of the cryocooler-pipe system was developed to simulate conjugate heat transfer during the pre-cooling process. Additionally, the effects of flow rate on the pre-cooling process were investigated, and the cooling performance of various methods was compared and assessed. The results indicated that the internal circulation method achieved the shortest cooling time of 459 min and the highest cooling efficiency of 89.2%. In terms of temperature uniformity, the external circulation method exhibited superior performance, followed by the internal circulation method. This study is anticipated to improve the controllability and reliability of cryogenic propellant pipe pre-cooling, providing technical support for the safe implementation of large-scale and high-frequency space missions in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on a heat pump-boosted closed-cycle desiccant wheel system in deep mine","authors":"Yujie Xu ,&nbsp;Liu Chen ,&nbsp;Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyuan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep mine heat damage critically threatens mining safety, whereas traditional cooling systems suffer from high energy consumption and inadequate dehumidification. To address these issues, a heat pump-boosted closed-cycle desiccant wheel system (HP-CDWS) is proposed, which uses water source heat pump (WSHP) and desiccant wheel system to achieve deep cooling and dehumidification of mine airflow. The evaporator provides chilled water for precooling of mine airflow, and the condenser supplies hot water to heat the regeneration air of the desiccant wheel with purge sector (DW-PS). Condensation dehumidification is used to pre-dehumidify the mine airflow, and DW-PS is used for further deep dehumidification to obtain low air humidity ratio. An experimental platform is built and used to test the performance of the HP-CDWS. The results show that increasing the mine airflow inlet temperature from 28 °C to 38 °C boosts the thermal coefficient of performance (<em>TCOP</em>), moisture removal capacity (<em>MRC</em>), and exergy efficiency by 93.3%, 84.0%, and 11.8%, respectively; higher mine airflow inlet relative humidity (70–95%) increases <em>TCOP</em> and <em>MRC</em> by 29% and 27%, respectively, but reduces exergy efficiency by 21.2%; elevating regeneration temperature (50–100 °C) increases <em>MRC</em> by 29% while decreasing <em>TCOP</em> and exergy efficiency by 51.4% and 6.9%, respectively. Compared with traditional systems, the HP-CDWS achieves a 5.2-year payback period and 4.8% lower life cycle cost, proving an energy-efficient and economically viable solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed acoustic leak detection in R32 multi-split systems via evolutionary machine learning","authors":"Xiaoyu Ma,&nbsp;Zhao Yang,&nbsp;Xueling Liu,&nbsp;Yiping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.02.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to flammable R32 refrigerant requires rapid and interpretable leak detection. Traditional acoustic diagnostics frequently fail under non-stationary conditions because they overlook the effect of Oil Circulation Rate (OCR) fluctuations on acoustic source mechanisms. A decrease in OCR shifts the flow regime from oil-film-damped two-phase flow to a high-frequency, turbulence-dominated pure gas jet. This phase transition and the resulting spectral drift compromise models trained on steady-state features. We propose a hierarchical framework that integrates multi-objective feature selection with explainable machine learning. Using an acoustic database covering the evolution from normal circulation to oil-depleted states, an improved ensemble NSGA-II algorithm identifies 15 features insensitive to oil content variations. A Triangular Topology Aggregation Optimizer then tunes Support Vector Machine hyperparameters. The model achieves 31.8% dimensionality reduction and 97.27% accuracy, mitigating recognition errors caused by OCR fluctuations. A recall rate exceeding 94% is maintained for near-field micro-leaks, enabling alerts before refrigerant accumulation reaches the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL). SHAP analysis demonstrates consistency between model decisions and the physics of acoustic attenuation and fluid phase transitions, offering a physically interpretable solution for HVAC safety monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryoprotective effects of glycerol on the structure and function of myofibrillar proteins in pork patties with multiple freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Huihui Liang ,&nbsp;Xun Gao ,&nbsp;Yunyun Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Zhu ,&nbsp;Cunliu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the cryoprotective effects of glycerol on myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in pork patties subjected to repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Compared with the control, glycerol markedly inhibited the reduction in protein solubility and absolute zeta potential while suppressing the increase in turbidity and average particle size of MPs. It effectively delayed the increase of carbonyl group and surface hydrophobicity, the decline in total sulfhydryl groups and intrinsic fluorescence intensity, and the conformational transition from α-helix to β-sheet. Glycerol also mitigated the loss of whiteness, textural strength, and intermolecular interactions and retarded the thermal denaturation of MP molecules. Moreover, it reduced cooking loss and microstructural degradation in MP gels. In emulsification systems, glycerol alleviated the decline in emulsifying activity and stability, limited the increase in creaming index, and prevented oil droplet coalescence in MP–soybean oil emulsions. Overall, glycerol preserved the gelation and emulsification functionality of MPs by delaying protein aggregation and conformational disruption, thereby maintaining the structural integrity and quality of pork patties during multiple freeze–thaw cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"185 ","pages":"Pages 30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}