International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

Investigation on the influence of droplets on the flow characteristics and energy separation in vortex tube based on CFD analysis 基于CFD分析的液滴对涡流管内流动特性及能量分离影响研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.021

Lijuan He, Zhong Zhou, Zhi Li, Jianzi Yang, Fa Zhang, Xingyu Meng, Wenxi You, Chenlei Zhao

{"title":"Investigation on the influence of droplets on the flow characteristics and energy separation in vortex tube based on CFD analysis","authors":"Lijuan He, Zhong Zhou, Zhi Li, Jianzi Yang, Fa Zhang, Xingyu Meng, Wenxi You, Chenlei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In industrial sectors such as natural gas, vortex tubes have attracted attention as potential alternatives to throttling devices. Current research on vortex tubes primarily focuses on gas-phase operations, whereas studies on two-phase (gas-liquid) vortex tubes remain scarce. In this study, the mixture of nitrogen and water droplets is used as working fluid. Investigate the influence of adding droplets with different sizes or different volume fractions on the flow characteristics and energy separation in the vortex tube through a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. The research results show that increasing the droplet diameter entering vortex tube reduces the amount of droplets discharged from the cold outlet, thereby improving the gas-liquid separation performance of the vortex tube. An increase in the droplet diameter or the volume fraction entering the vortex tube has a significant negative influence on the energy separation within the vortex tube. Meanwhile, both the tangential and axial velocities inside the tube decrease, and the direction of the radial velocity may change simultaneously. In the range of cold flow fraction from 0.2 to 0.8, cold and hot temperature differences of the vortex tube are at their best when <em>d</em> = 0 μm and δ = 0. When μ = 0.2, the optimal cold temperature difference of 37.80 K is achieved. While when μ = 0.8, the optimal heat temperature difference is 47.86 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance analysis of a dual ejector enhanced vapor injection high-temperature heat pump 双喷射器增强型蒸汽喷射高温热泵性能分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.015

Yuefen Gao , Wenjie Yang , Yiying Zhang , Zexian An , Minli Yan

{"title":"Performance analysis of a dual ejector enhanced vapor injection high-temperature heat pump","authors":"Yuefen Gao , Wenjie Yang , Yiying Zhang , Zexian An , Minli Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The traditional vapor injection high-temperature heat pump cycle (VIHPC) has the shortcomings of high compression ratio and limited make-up gas volume for vapor injection, in order to make up for this shortcoming, this paper proposes a dual ejector enhanced vapor injection high temperature heat pump cycle (DEHPC), in which dual ejectors are used, in which the function of ejector 1 is to enhance the refrigerant pressure at the compressor inlet, while the function of ejector 2 is to enhance the make-up gas volume for vapor injection. R1233zd(E) was used as the working fluid for energy analysis and exergy analysis of the two heat pump cycles. The simulation results show that the heating coefficient of performance (COP<sub>h</sub>), exergy efficiency (<em>η<sub>ex</sub></em>), and make-up gas volume for vapor injection (<em>m<sub>i</sub></em>) of DEHPC are better than those of VIHPC. Specifically, the COP<sub>h</sub>, <em>η<sub>ex</sub></em>, and mi of DEHPC are improved by 8.8 %-13.4 %, 8.5 %-13.6 %, and 50 %-74.5 %, respectively, compared with VIHPC. In this paper, the performance of VIHPC is enhanced by the reasonable arrangement of double ejectors in the heat pump, which provides a new idea for the research of heat pump system and proposes a novel and efficient high-temperature heat pump system for factories that need high-temperature heat source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 396-407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of experimental works using ammonia-salt adsorption reactions 氨盐吸附反应的实验研究进展

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.024

G.H. Atkinson, R.E. Critoph

引用次数: 0

Thermal and power consumption model of an electrically refrigerated trailer 电动冷藏拖车的热和功耗模型

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.026

D. Bank , J.P. Kobler , T. Zeller , P. Cujic , T. Seel , S.F.G. Ehlers

{"title":"Thermal and power consumption model of an electrically refrigerated trailer","authors":"D. Bank , J.P. Kobler , T. Zeller , P. Cujic , T. Seel , S.F.G. Ehlers","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the face of escalating climate change concerns, there is a need for reducing CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions in all economic sectors. The transportation sector, particularly freight transportation via trucks and especially refrigerated trailers, is a substantial contributor to these emissions. An energy management system can be used to optimize the energy consumption of electrified refrigerated trailers, for which a model of an electrically refrigerated trailer is needed. This paper aims to develop and validate a thermal model of an electrified trailer. The model is created using over 40 h of test drives across a broad spectrum of internal temperatures, which range between -23 °C and +18 °C, as well as ambient temperatures, which range between 1 °C and 36 °C. The data was collected from test drives conducted in Spain, Sweden, and Germany under varying temperature set-points and loads, ensuring the model’s accuracy across diverse operating conditions. Additionally, for the first time, the Trailer Refrigeration Unit’s (TRU) electric consumption is modeled in detail over complete drive cycles. The paper also outlines a method for identifying the parameters of the trailer and goods across all runs. This comprehensive approach ensures a robust and accurate model, with an RMSE of below 0.7 °C for the open-loop temperature modeling and a total error of below 1.5% for the energy consumption in a closed-loop simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 425-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hybrid forecasting model for central air conditioning load based on CEEMDAN and WTCN-GRU 基于CEEMDAN和WTCN-GRU的中央空调负荷混合预测模型

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.011

Yang Guo , Mengyao Chen , Hong Wang , Pan Chu , Yingjie Sheng , Hao Li

{"title":"Hybrid forecasting model for central air conditioning load based on CEEMDAN and WTCN-GRU","authors":"Yang Guo , Mengyao Chen , Hong Wang , Pan Chu , Yingjie Sheng , Hao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate load prediction is an important foundation for the energy-saving and optimized control of central air conditioning systems, and it is crucial for energy conservation and emissions reduction in buildings. To address the issues of low accuracy in existing load forecasting models, this paper proposes a load prediction method of air conditioning based on hybrid model combining Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and an improved Temporal Convolutional Network (WTCN) -Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Firstly, Pearson correlation analysis is used to select highly correlated influencing factors as feature inputs. CEEMDAN is then applied to decompose and reconstruct the original data to mitigate data non-stationarity and improve data quality. Secondly, the first-layer convolution of each residual block in the TCN is improved to enhance feature extraction capability. Thirdly, the gating mechanism in the GRU is utilized to handle the temporal relationships in the data and predict the air conditioning load. Finally, experiments are conducted using the central air conditioning load data from office building for validation. The results show that the proposed model outperforms other benchmark models, significantly improving the accuracy of building air conditioning load forecasting. It holds promising application prospects in optimizing building energy consumption control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 373-385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation on the discharge port and discharge valve lift in the R32 rotary compressor for performance improvement R32旋转压缩机排气口及排气阀扬程的改进研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.009

Junhong Wu , Guangqian Peng , Songlin Cui , Wang Zeng , Junlong Xie , Xi Pan

{"title":"Investigation on the discharge port and discharge valve lift in the R32 rotary compressor for performance improvement","authors":"Junhong Wu , Guangqian Peng , Songlin Cui , Wang Zeng , Junlong Xie , Xi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of the rotary compressor is critical to the efficiency of air conditioning systems. Cooling capacity, input power and coefficient of performance (COP) are three key indicators used to evaluate the performance of rotary compressors. The discharge area, determined by the discharge port diameter and discharge valve plate (DVP) displacement, significantly influences these three indicators. This paper introduces a conical discharge port aimed at increasing the discharge port perimeter, along with an optimized design of DVP lift, which primarily affects DVP displacement. A mathematical model is developed to investigate the impact of the discharge port and DVP lift on the aforementioned performance indicators. Experimental validation is conducted to verify the calculated results and compare the performance of three compressor prototypes: basic prototype having a cylindrical discharge port and a 2.5 mm DVP lift; Prototype I having a conical discharge port and a 2.5 mm DVP lift; and Prototype II having a conical discharge port and a 2 mm DVP lift. The errors between the calculated and experimental values for cooling capacity, input power, and COP are within 3 %, 2 %, and 4 %, respectively, demonstrating the high accuracy of the developed mathematical model. Furthermore, the comparative analysis reveals that prototype II, equipped with a conical discharge port and a 2 mm DVP lift, exhibits superior performance among these three prototypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 386-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flow simulation and verification of HFC-125 in recirculation zone HFC-125在循环区内的流动模拟与验证

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.021

Qiyong Zhou, Song Lu, Hui Shi, Heping Zhang

{"title":"Flow simulation and verification of HFC-125 in recirculation zone","authors":"Qiyong Zhou, Song Lu, Hui Shi, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire extinguishing agent particles absorb heat and evaporate into gas. Based on the HFC-125 injection experiment, the HFC-125 injection simulation model is established. Comparing the simulated values with the experimental values, simulated extinguishing agent flow pattern is consistent with the experiment. The errors between the simulated and experimental values of the free flow and the recirculation zone are within ±30 % and ±15 %, respectively. With the increase of wind speed, the simulated value of residence time is approximately equal to the experimental value. The error of the simulated characteristic mixing time is within ±30 %, and the error after the calculation of the modified model is within ±10 %. The corrected simulated characteristic mixing coefficient is 34.84, which is close to the experimental value. The reliability of the model is proved. The model is used to simulate the effect of different obstruction types on extinguishing agent flow. The results show that the semi-circular obstruction has the least influence on the flow of fire extinguishing agent, which is more conducive to extinguishing the fire in the recirculation zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 192-204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Testing and characterisation of a scroll compressor with vapour injection using R454C as a drop in refrigerant in a water source heat pump 在水源热泵中使用R454C作为制冷剂滴剂的蒸汽喷射涡旋压缩机的测试和特性

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.006

George Meramveliotakis , George Kosmadakis , Sotirios Karellas

{"title":"Testing and characterisation of a scroll compressor with vapour injection using R454C as a drop in refrigerant in a water source heat pump","authors":"George Meramveliotakis , George Kosmadakis , Sotirios Karellas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transition to low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants is a significant issue for reducing the environmental impact of heat pumps to comply with stringent regulations. This study evaluates the performance of a scroll compressor with vapor injection (VI) using R454C as a low GWP drop-in replacement for R407C in a water source heat pump. Key performance indicators, including isentropic and volumetric efficiency, heating capacity and COP, are investigated across a wide range of operating conditions. These include varying compressor speeds, superheats at both the main and economizer electronic expansion valves as well as condensation and evaporation temperatures. Results indicate that R454C achieves higher volumetric efficiency (+2 %) and mass flow rate (+11–13 %) compared to R407C but leads to a lower heating capacity by 13–14.8 % and a decreased COP by 6 % due to lower latent heat. Vapor injection boosts the heating capacity by up to 30 % while decreases discharge temperatures, especially at high pressure ratios, despite an 8 % reduction in isentropic efficiency. These findings underscore the potential of R454C as a low-GWP replacement in heat pumps and highlight the critical role of VI in enhancing system performance even at moderate temperature lifts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 359-372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RE170 (Dimethyl Ether) and ternary mixtures (R744 / RE170 / R600) as alternatives to R290 for refrigeration and heat pump applications RE170（二甲醚）和三元混合物（R744 / RE170 / R600）作为R290的替代品，用于制冷和热泵应用

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.005

Daniel Calleja-Anta, Manel Martínez-Ángeles, Rodrigo Llopis

引用次数: 0

Performance study of dual-layer active magnetic regenerators with different filling ratios in the room temperature magnetic refrigerator 不同填充率双层有源磁蓄热器在室温磁性冰箱中的性能研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.003

Jiaxin Li , Peng Hai , Zhenxing Li , Xinqiang Gao , Zhaojun Mo , Jun Shen

{"title":"Performance study of dual-layer active magnetic regenerators with different filling ratios in the room temperature magnetic refrigerator","authors":"Jiaxin Li , Peng Hai , Zhenxing Li , Xinqiang Gao , Zhaojun Mo , Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic refrigeration technology is a solid-state cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect and possesses significant potential to replace vapor compression cooling technology. However, current magnetic refrigeration systems remain less competitive compared to vapor compression systems in terms of both cooling power density and energy efficiency. Employing a layered regenerator with magnetocaloric materials of different Curie temperatures is one of the promising strategies to improve the performance of magnetic refrigeration systems. Four regenerators composed of a packed bed of 0.36 mm - 0.60 mm Gd and Gd<sub>94</sub>Er<sub>6</sub> spheres were constructed in this paper. The filling ratios were 1:0, 8:2, 6:4, and 4:6 (Gd: Gd<sub>94</sub>Er<sub>6</sub>) respectively. Based on the previous magnetic refrigerator, the performance of four regenerators was evaluated for different operating conditions, which based on the temperature span with zero thermal load, cooling capacity, magnet power consumption, and <em>COP</em>. Experimental results indicate that the regenerator with a filling ratio of 6:4 exhibited optimal temperature span performance under all tested conditions. When operated at 1 Hz frequency, 0.6 utilization factor, and 30 °C hot-side temperature, it achieved a maximum temperature span of 22.7 K with zero thermal load. The magnet power consumption decreases as the filling ratio of Gd<sub>94</sub>Er<sub>6</sub> increases. In consideration of <em>COP</em> values, single-layer Gd regenerator and those with filling ratios of 8:2 and 6:4 perform similarly at a 5 K temperature span, but the regenerator with a 6:4 filling ratio outperforms at spans over 15 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 226-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0